Turnout and Vote Choice Data Overview

The below table has been updated through December 16, 2025.

The Turnout and Vote Choice (TVC) Data Overview summarizes the turnout and vote choice data available in CSES data products. Each row lists a polity appearing in CSES. Columns in the table indicate the year of study, the CSES module to which the study belongs, and the turnout and vote choice data for the current election CSES data products have.

CSES collects turnout and vote choice data for lower house elections, upper house elections, and presidential elections were available/applicable. Besides appearing in their respective Standalone Modules, all polities appear in the CSES Integrated Module Dataset (IMD).

• = data on turnout and/or vote choice data for this particular election.
■ = the main election of each election study.
If data is only available for one election for a particular study, this is also represented by ■.

Polity	Year of Study	Module	Turnout: Lower House	Vote Choice: Lower House	Turnout: Upper House	Vote Choice: Upper House	Turnout: Presidential	Vote Choice: Presidential
Albania	2005	2	■	■
Albania	2017	5	■	■
Argentina	2015	4	•	•			■	■
Australia	1996	1	■	■
Australia	2004	2	■	■	•	•
Australia	2007	3	■	■		•
Australia	2013	4	■	■	•	•
Australia	2019	5	■	■	•	•
Australia	2022	6	■	■	•	•
Austria	2008	3	■	■
Austria	2013	4	■	■
Austria	2017	5	■	■
Austria	2024	6	■	■
Belarus	2001	1					■	■
Belarus	2008	3	■	■
Belgium-Flanders	1999	1	■	■
Belgium-Walloon	1999	1	■	■
Belgium	2003	2	■	■	•	•
Belgium-Flanders	2019	5	■	■
Belgium-Walloon	2019	5	■	■
Brazil	2002	2	•	•	•	•	■	■
Brazil	2006	3	•	•		•	■	■
Brazil	2010	3	•	•	•	•	■	■
Brazil	2014	4	•	•	•	•	■	■
Brazil	2018	5	•	•	•	•	■	■
Brazil	2022	6	•	•	•	•	■	■
Bulgaria	2001	2	■	■
Bulgaria	2014	4	■	■
Canada	1997	1	■	■
Canada	2004	2	■	■
Canada	2008	3	■	■
Canada	2011	4	■	■
Canada	2015	4	■	■
Canada	2019	5	■	■
Chile	1999	1					■	■
Chile	2005	2	•	•			■	■
Chile	2009	3	•	•			■	■
Chile	2017	5	•	•	•	•	■	■
Costa Rica	2019	5	•	•			■	■
Croatia	2007	3	■	■
Czech Republic/Czechia	1996	1	■	■
Czech Republic/Czechia	2002	2	■	■
Czech Republic/Czechia	2006	3	■	■
Czech Republic/Czechia	2010	3	■	■
Czech Republic/Czechia	2013	4	■	■
Czech Republic/Czechia	2017	5	■	■
Czech Republic/Czechia	2021	5	■	■
Denmark	1998	1	■	■
Denmark	2001	2	■	■
Denmark	2007	3	■	■
Denmark	2019	5	■	■
Denmark	2022	6	■	■
El Salvador	2019	5					■	■
Estonia	2011	3	■	■
Finland	2003	2	■	■
Finland	2007	3	■	■
Finland	2011	3	■	■
Finland	2015	4	■	■
Finland	2019	5	■	■
France	2002	2					■	■
France	2007	3	■	■
France	2012	4					■	■
France	2017	5					■	■
France	2022	6					■	■
Germany	1998	1	■	■
Germany	2002-1	2	■	■
Germany	2002-2	2	■	■
Germany	2005	3	■	■
Germany	2009	3	■	■
Germany	2013	4	■	■
Germany	2017	5	■	■
Germany	2021	5	■	■
Great Britain	1997	1	■	■
Great Britain	2005	2	■	■
Great Britain	2015	4	■	■
Great Britain	2017	5	■	■
Great Britain	2019	5	■	■
Greece	2009	3	■	■
Greece	2012	4	■	■
Greece	2015	4	■	■
Greece	2015	5	■	■
Greece	2019	5	■	■
Hong Kong	1998	1	■	■
Hong Kong	2000	1	■	■
Hong Kong	2004	2	■	■
Hong Kong	2008	3	■	■
Hong Kong	2012	4	■	■
Hong Kong	2016	5	■	■
Hungary	1998	1	■	■
Hungary	2002	2	■	■
Hungary	2018	5	■	■
Iceland	1999	1	■	■
Iceland	2003	2	■	■
Iceland	2007	3	■	■
Iceland	2009	3	■	■
Iceland	2013	4	■	■
Iceland	2016	5	■	■
Iceland	2017	5	■	■
India	2019	5	■	■
Ireland	2002	2	■	■
Ireland	2007	3	■	■
Ireland	2011	4	■	■
Ireland	2016	5	■	■
Israel	1996	1	■	■			•	•
Israel	2003	2	■	■
Israel	2006	3	■	■
Israel	2013	4	■	■
Israel	2020	5	■	■
Italy	2006	2	■	■
Italy	2018	5	■	■	•	•
Japan	1996	1	■	■
Japan	2004	2			■	■
Japan	2007	3			■	■
Japan	2013	4			■	■
Japan	2017	5	■	■
Kenya	2013	4	•	•	•		■	■
Kyrgyzstan	2005	2					■	■
Latvia	2010	3	■	■
Latvia	2011	4	■	■
Latvia	2014	4	■	■
Latvia	2018	5	■	■
Lithuania	1997	1					■	■
Lithuania	2016	5	■	■
Lithuania	2020	5	■	■
Mexico	1997	1	■	■
Mexico	2000	1	•	•			■	■
Mexico	2003	2	■	■
Mexico	2006	3	•	•	•	•	■	■
Mexico	2009	3	■	■
Mexico	2012	4	•	•	•	•	■	■
Mexico	2015	4	■	■
Mexico	2018	5		•		•	■	■
Montenegro	2012	4	■	■
Montenegro	2016	5	■	■
Montenegro	2023	6	■	■			•	•
Netherlands	1998	1	■	■
Netherlands	2002	2	■	■
Netherlands	2006	3	■	■
Netherlands	2010	3	■	■
Netherlands	2017	5	■	■
Netherlands	2021	5	■	■
New Zealand	1996	1	■	■
New Zealand	2002	2	■	■
New Zealand	2008	3	■	■
New Zealand	2011	4	■	■
New Zealand	2014	4	■	■
New Zealand	2017	5	■	■
New Zealand	2020	5	■	■
New Zealand	2023	6	■	■
Norway	1997	1	■	■
Norway	2001	2	■	■
Norway	2005	3	■	■
Norway	2009	3	■	■
Norway	2013	4	■	■
Norway	2017	5	■	■
Peru	2000	1	•				■	■
Peru	2001	1	•	•			■	■
Peru	2006	2	•	•			■	■
Peru	2011	3	•	•			■	■
Peru	2016	4	•	•			■	■
Peru	2021	5	•	•			■	■
Philippines	2004	2	•	•			■	■
Philippines	2010	3					■	■
Philippines	2016	4	•	•			■	■
Poland	1997	1	■	■
Poland	2001	2	■	■	•	•
Poland	2005	3	■	■		•
Poland	2007	3	■	■		•
Poland	2011	4	■	■
Poland	2019	5	■	■	•	•
Poland	2023	6	■	■	•	•
Portugal	2002	1	■	■
Portugal	2002	2	■	■
Portugal	2005	2	■	■
Portugal	2009	3	■	■
Portugal	2015	4	■	■
Portugal	2019	5	■	■
Portugal	2022	6	■	■
Portugal	2024	6	■	■
Republic of North Macedonia	2024	6	■	■			•	•
Romania	1996	1	■	■			•	•
Romania	2004	2	■	■	•	•	•	•
Romania	2009	3					■	■
Romania	2012	4	■	■	•	•
Romania	2014	4					■	■
Romania	2016	5	■	■	•	•
Russia	1999	1	■	■
Russia	2000	1					■	■
Russia	2004	2					■	■
Serbia	2012	4	■	■			•	•
Slovakia	2010	3	■	■
Slovakia	2016	4	■	■
Slovakia	2020	5	■	■
Slovakia	2023	6	■	■
Slovenia	1996	1	■	■
Slovenia	2004	2	■	■
Slovenia	2008	3	■	■
Slovenia	2011	4	■	■
Slovenia	2022	6	■	■
South Africa	2009	3	■	■
South Africa	2014	4	■	■
South Korea	2000	1	■	■
South Korea	2004	2	■	■
South Korea	2008	3	■	■
South Korea	2012	4	■	■
South Korea	2016	5	■	■
Spain	1996	1	■	■
Spain	2000	1	■	■
Spain	2004	2	■	■
Spain	2008	3	■	■
Sweden	1998	1	■	■
Sweden	2002	2	■	■
Sweden	2006	3	■	■
Sweden	2014	4	■	■
Sweden	2018	5	■	■
Sweden	2022	6	■	■
Switzerland	1999	1	■	■
Switzerland	2003	2	■	■
Switzerland	2007	3	■	■	•	•
Switzerland	2011	4	■	■
Switzerland	2019	5	■	■	•	•
Switzerland	2023	6	■	■	•	•
Taiwan	1996	1	•	•			■	■
Taiwan	2001	2	■	■
Taiwan	2004	2					■	■
Taiwan	2008	3					■	■
Taiwan	2012	4	•	•			■	■
Taiwan	2016	5	•	•			■	■
Taiwan	2020	5	•	•			■	■
Taiwan	2024	6	•	•			■	■
Thailand	2001	1	■
Thailand	2007	3	■	■
Thailand	2011	4	■	■
Thailand	2019	5	■	■
Tunisia	2019	5	■	■			•	•
Turkey/Turkiye	2011	3	■	■
Turkey/Turkiye	2015	4	■	■
Turkey/Turkiye	2018	5	•	•			■	■
Turkey/Turkiye	2023	6	•	•			■	■
Ukraine	1998	1	■	■
United States	1996	1	•	•			■	■
United States	2004	2	•	•	•	•	■	■
United States	2008	3		•		•	■	■
United States	2012	4	•	•	•	•	■	■
United States	2016	5	•	•	•	•	■	■
United States	2020	5	•	•	•	•	■	■
United States	2024	6	•	•	•	•	■	■
Uruguay	2009	3	•	•	•	•	■	■
Uruguay	2019	5	•	•	•	•	■	■

Note: Some studies ask a general turnout question rather than turnout by specific election. Hence why some studies contain vote choice data for a particular election but not a particular turnout variable pertaining to that election.

The turnout variables relating to the current election and the vote choice variables relating to the current election in each CSES data product have the following variable names within their respective datasets:
Module 1: A2028 & A2029 – A2032
Module 2: B3004_ & B3005_ – B3007_
Module 3: C3021_ & C3023_
Module 4: D3005_ & D3006_ – D3008_
Module 5: E3012_ & E3013_
IMD: IMD3001_ & IMD3002_
* _ after a variable name means there are multiple variables classified related to turnout and vote choice.

Users are advised that the above table is not intended to replace use of the CSES Codebooks and other documentation. For more information, users are advised to consult Standalone CSES Module Codebooks Part 2 where detailed descriptions can be found on the variables.