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   COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ELECTORAL SYSTEMS (CSES) - MODULE 6 (2021-2026)

                  CODEBOOK PART 2: VARIABLES DESCRIPTION

                SECOND ADVANCE RELEASE - DECEMBER 16, 2025

                             CSES Secretariat
                               www.cses.org

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HOW TO CITE THE STUDY:

The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (www.cses.org). CSES MODULE 6
SECOND ADVANCE RELEASE [dataset and documentation]. December 16, 2025 
version. doi:10.7804/cses.module6.2025-12-16.

These materials are based on work supported by the American National
Science Foundation (www.nsf.gov) under grant numbers SES-1760058 and
SES-2214278, the GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, 
the University of Michigan, in-kind support of participating election
studies, the many organizations that sponsor planning meetings and 
conferences, and the numerous organizations that fund national 
election studies by CSES Collaborators.

Any opinions, findings and conclusions, or recommendations expressed
in these materials are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily
reflect the views of the funding organizations.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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))) CSES ADVANCE RELEASE - WHAT USERS NEED TO KNOW


))) CSES DESIGN, DOCUMENTATION, & WEIGHTS - ADVICE TO USERS


))) OVERVIEW OF "CODEBOOK PART 2: VARIABLES DESCRIPTION"


))) HOW TO NAVIGATE THE CSES MODULE 6 CODEBOOK


))) CSES CODEBOOK - VARIABLE NOTES AND ELECTION STUDY NOTES


))) DERIVATIVE VARIABLES


))) CSES MODULE 6 CODING OF PARTIES/COALITIONS & LEADERS


))) CSES DATA BRIDGING: NEW FRONTIERS


))) LIST OF TABLES IN CODEBOOK PART 2


))) CSES MODULE 6 VARIABLE LIST


))) CSES MODULE 6 VARIABLES: IDENTIFICATION, WEIGHT, AND STUDY
                             ADMINISTRATION DATA


))) CSES MODULE 6 VARIABLES: MICRO-LEVEL (SURVEY) DATA
                             DEMOGRAPHIC DATA


))) CSES MODULE 6 VARIABLES: MICRO-LEVEL (SURVEY) DATA
                             THE CSES MODULE 6 QUESTIONNAIRE


))) CSES MODULE 6 VARIABLES: DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA


))) CSES MODULE 6 VARIABLES: MACRO-LEVEL DATA


))) CSES MODULE 6 VARIABLES: DATA BRIDGING WITH CSES PRODUCTS


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))) CSES ADVANCE RELEASE - WHAT USERS NEED TO KNOW
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This dataset and all accompanying documentation is the "Second Advance 
Release" of CSES Module 6 (2021-2026).

An Advance Release is a preliminary version of this CSES product. It thus 
lacks some of the checking, cleaning, processing, documentation, data, and 
variables that we anticipate in the Full Release of this product. The 
product is still in development, and data will be added gradually. Many 
election studies and variables that will eventually be present in the CSES 
Module 6 Full Release are unavailable in this file. Advance Releases are 
provided as a service to the CSES user community for those analysts who find 
it valuable to work with preliminary versions of the dataset. 

Users should anticipate future changes and improvements to the naming, data, 
and documentation of variables and election studies that appear in an 
advanced release file. If users wish to re-use their programming syntax/code 
on a future release of this product, we recommend that the code be written 
to accommodate these potential changes.

Users of the Advance Release may also wish to monitor the errata for CSES 
Module 6 on the CSES website to check for known errors that may impact their 
analyses. To view errata for CSES Module 6, go to Data Download on the CSES 
website, navigate to the CSES Module 6 download page, and click on the 
Errata link in the white box to the right of the page.

We hope that until the Full Release of CSES Module 6 is available, users 
will find this and future CSES Module 6 Advance Releases helpful in their 
work. 


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))) CSES DESIGN, DOCUMENTATION, & WEIGHTS - ADVICE TO USERS
===========================================================================

We recommend that researchers become familiar with the CSES design, units 
of analysis, documentation, and dataset weights before beginning their 
investigations. For instance, while the set of respondents appearing within
each election study represents their respective nations, the group of 
nations that appear within CSES is not a random sample of countries 
worldwide. Furthermore, while many election studies include 1,000 or so 
respondents, other election studies may consist of over 10,000 respondents. 
Some nations will have studies of more than one election in a CSES module,
and occasionally there will be two independent studies of a single 
election. Last, some election studies include over samples of specific 
sub-populations or would otherwise benefit from use of the included weight
variables. We hope you find our website and documentation useful as you 
proceed with your work, and welcome any questions or suggestions you have.


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))) OVERVIEW OF "CODEBOOK PART 2: VARIABLES DESCRIPTION"
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Part 2 of the CSES Codebook provides users with information about the 
variables in the CSES dataset as well as accompanying information about
each polity's election study. 


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))) HOW TO NAVIGATE THE CSES MODULE 6 CODEBOOK
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In the CSES MODULE 6 dataset, all variables begin with the letter "F" 
(F being the sixth letter of the English alphabet and thus signifying 
MODULE 6).

The CSES Codebook is especially extensive and users are advised that the 
best way to navigate it is electronically. It is a .txt format which 
allows it to be accessed via a variety of programs. 

In this part of the Codebook (Part 2), the headers for individual variables
are surrounded by two lines of dashes. For e.g., 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
VARIABLE NAME                  VARIABLE DESCRIPTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

The CSES Codebook can be navigated quickly in the electronic files, with 
the following commands allowing for quick searching:

))) = Section Header. 

>>> = Sub-section Header 1.

<<>> = Sub-section Header 2. 

+++ = Tables.

CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION = For survey level variables only, CSES  
Question Classification details whether the variable is part of the CSES  
Core component, which are questions asked repeatedly in CSES Modules, 
whether a variable is part of the CSES Module Theme component, which are  
questions specific to the Module Theme under exploration and might not be 
included in CSES repeatedly, or whether a variable is a Derivative Variable, 
which is explained below. 

VARIABLE NOTES = Notes for particular variables.

ELECTION STUDY NOTES = Notes for a particular election study.

DERIVATIVE VARIABLE = Highlights a variable derived from another variable or
variables within the CSES.

POTENTIAL POLITY LEVEL BRIDGING IDENTIFIER = Highlights a variable that may
be used for data bridging at polity level.

POTENTIAL REGIONAL LEVEL BRIDGING IDENTIFIER = Highlights a variable that  
may be used for data bridging at regional level.

POTENTIAL TIME BRIDGING IDENTIFIER = Highlights a variable that may be used
for data bridging by time.

POTENTIAL PARTY/COALITION LEVEL BRIDGING IDENTIFIER = Highlights a variable 
that may be used for data bridging at party/coalition level.

POTENTIAL CSES PRODUCT BRIDGING IDENTIFIER = Highlights a variable that may
be used for data bridging with other CSES products.

For further details on the CSES MODULE 6 documentation, users are advised
to consult Part 1 of the CSES Codebook. 


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))) CSES CODEBOOK - VARIABLE NOTES AND ELECTION STUDY NOTES
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<<>> VARIABLE NOTES

Variable notes provide information on the rationale of a variable 
as well as source information for that variable. It also details the 
polities for which no data for that particular variable are available. 
VARIABLE NOTES are listed below the descriptive information for the said
variable and can be navigated in the Codebook by searching for 
"VARIABLE NOTES" in Part 2 of the CSES Codebook. 

<<>> ELECTION STUDY NOTES

A unique dimension of the CSES are the inclusion of ELECTION STUDY NOTES. 
They are notes which are attached to each variable included in the dataset
and refer to case-specific information regarding a particular variable. 
Their purpose is to provide users with more detailed information on the 
case or explain essential deviations specific to cases from CSES 
conventions. They are also used to provide source data information for 
users. Where applicable, ELECTION STUDY NOTES are listed below a particular
variable and any VARIABLE NOTES in Part 2 and 3 of the CSES Codebook. They
can be navigated in the Codebook by searching for "ELECTION STUDY NOTES" in
Parts 2-4 of the CSES Codebook.


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))) DERIVATIVE VARIABLES
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CSES MODULE 6 includes several derivative variables. A derivative variable 
is a variable that is derived from another variable or variables within the 
CSES. Their purpose is to facilitate speedier analysis for users with 
derivative variables capturing some of the most common analytical concepts 
in the discipline.

A list of the DERIVATIVE VARIABLES are below this explanation and can be
navigated in the Codebook by searching for DERIVATIVE VARIABLES in Part 2 
of the CSES MODULE 6 Codebook.
      
  - F2001_A         AGE OF RESPONDENT (IN YEARS) 
  - F2001_GG        BIRTH GENERATION: GREATEST GENERATION
                    (BORN 1927 OR BEFORE)  
  - F2001_GS        BIRTH GENERATION: SILENT GENERATION
                    (BORN FROM 1928 TO 1945)
  - F2001_GBB       BIRTH GENERATION: BABY BOOMERS
                    (BORN FROM 1946 TO 1964)
  - F2001_GX        BIRTH GENERATION: GENERATION X
                    (BORN FROM 1965 TO 1980)
  - F2001_GY        BIRTH GENERATION: GENERATION Y
                    (BORN FROM 1981 TO 1996)
  - F2001_GZ        BIRTH GENERATION: GENERATION Z
                    (BORN FROM 1997 ONWARDS) 
  - F3010_TS        TURNOUT SWITCHER BETWEEN CURRENT ELECTION AND
                    PREVIOUS ELECTION   
  - F3010_FTV       FIRST-TIME VOTER IN CURRENT MAIN ELECTION
  - F3011_OUTGOV    CURRENT MAIN ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE -  
                    OUTGOING GOVERNMENT (INCUMBENT)
  - F3011_VS_1      VOTE SWITCHER BETWEEN CURRENT ELECTION AND 
                    PREVIOUS ELECTION          
  - F3011_LR_CSES   CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - 
                    VOTE FOR LEFTIST/CENTER/RIGHTIST - CSES
  - F3011_LR_MARPOR CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE FOR LEFTIST/RIGHTIST (RILE)
                    - MARPOR/CMP
  - F3011_IF_CSES   CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE CHOICE BY
                    IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY CLASSIFICATION - CSES
  - F3100_LR_CSES   CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE CHOICE LINKED WITH
                    CSES COLLABORATOR EXPERT JUDGMENT L-R
  - F3100_LR_MARPOR CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE CHOICE LINKED WITH
                    MARPOR/CMP RILE  
  - F3100_POP_CSES  CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE CHOICE LINKED WITH
                    CSES COLLABORATOR EXPERT JUDGMENT ON POPULISM       
  - F3100_IF_CSES   CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE CHOICE LINKED WITH
                    CSES COLLABORATOR EXPERT JUDGMENT IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY
  - F5019_C         PARTY OF THE PRESIDENT CHANGED
  - F5020_C         PARTY OF THE PRIME MINISTER CHANGED


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))) CSES MODULE 6 CODING OF PARTIES/COALITIONS & LEADERS
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CSES codes parties/coalitions in its dataset numerically and alphabetically.
Below we provide explanations of both of these coding schemes. The details 
of each party/leader classification are available in Part 3 of the Codebook. 

<<>> CSES NUMERICAL PARTY/COALITION CODING

Each party is assigned a unique numerical code which consists of two 
components and six digits in total:
    - the first three digits indicate the numerical country UN code
    - the latter three digits indicate the numerical party code within
      the given election study.

All parties/coalitions or Presidential candidates, where applicable,
participating in the election or the previous election receive a numerical
code. These codes are used to identify the following: 
    - who a respondent voted for in the current election (variables F3011_).
    - who the respondent voted for in the previous election 
      (variables F3016_).
    - the respondent's party identification (variable F3023_3).
      
The numeric coding is also used to identify macro level information about
the parties/coalitions, namely: 
    - numeric party code identifiers for relational data (F5000_)
    - numeric party code identifiers for leaders' party affiliations
      (variables F5000_L_)
    - which party/coalition held the Presidency before and after the
      elections (variable F5019_1 and F5019_2).
    - which party/coalition held the Prime Ministership before and after
      the elections (variable F5020_1 and F5020_2).
    - which party/coalition held the ministry of finance before and after
      the elections (variable F5023_1 and F5023_2).
    - which party/coalition held the foreign ministry before and after
      the elections (variable F5023_3 and F5023_4).
    - which party/coalition held the health ministry before and after
      the elections (variable F5023_5 and F5023_6).

Numerical codes assigned to parties/coalitions are consistent for the 
current and previous election.  

<<>> CSES ALPHABETICAL PARTY/COALITION CODING
 
Parties A through F are the six most popular parties/coalitions, ordered in
descending order of their share of the popular vote in the parliamentary 
election (unless otherwise stated). Thus Party A is the party/coalition
that received the most votes in the election, party B the second most
votes, etc...

Parties/coalitions who achieve at least 1% of the vote nationally are
eligible for an alphabetical A-F assignment. In countries with multiple
electoral tiers and where one vote is cast, parties are ordered according
to their vote share in tier 1 (the lowest tier), unless otherwise stated.
In countries where voters have two votes (i.e., a constituency and a list
vote) simultaneously, for example Germany, parties are ordered by the
national share of the party list vote (tier 2).

Parties G, H, and I are supplemental parties. They may, but do not have to,
accord with how parties A-F are ordered, that is ordered on the popular 
share of the vote in a country. More often, they are codified in no 
particular order. These parties are voluntarily provided by each country's
election study and often reflect important or notable parties within a 
country. They may also include data about individual parties within a 
coalition, where data about the coalition and the individual parties, 
or some of these parties that make it up, are provided.
These codes are used to identify the following in the micro component of 
the CSES dataset: 
    - Respondent's likeability of the party/coalition (variable F3018).
    - Respondent's left-right placement of the party/coalition (variable 
      F3020).
    - Respondent's placement of the party/coalition on an alternative 
      scale, if applicable (variable F3021).

These alphabetical codes are used to identify district and macro level
information about these said parties/coalitions, namely:
    - The said party/coalition's vote share in the respondent's electoral
      district (variable F4004).
    - the said party/coalition's share of the seats in the election in the
      respondent's electoral district (variable F4005).
    - the said party/coalition's share of the vote in the election 
      (variables F5001, F5003, F5005, and F5006).
    - the said party/coalition's share of the seats in the election 
      (variables F5002 and F5004).
    - the said party/coalition's share of cabinet portfolios before and 
      after the election (variables F5021 and F5022).
    - expert judgments by the national Collaborators of the said party/
      coalition's ideological family (variable F5028).
    - expert judgments by the national Collaborators of the said party/
      coalition's left-right placement (variable F5029).
    - expert judgments by the national Collaborators of the said party/
      coalition's placement on an alternative scale, if applicable 
      (variable F5030).
    - expert judgments by the national Collaborators of the said party/
      coalition's level of populism (variable F5031).
    - The said party/coalition's Manifesto Research on Political 
      Representation (MARPOR/CMP) Identifier (variable F5200).
    - The said party/coalition's Parliaments and Government Database
      (ParlGov) Identifier (variable F5201).   
    - The said party/coalition's Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES) Identifier 
      (variable F5202).
    - The said party/coalition's Party Facts Identifier (variable F5203). 
 
<<>> CSES ALPHABETICAL LEADER CODING
         
Leaders A through F tend to be the leaders of the six most popular parties/
coalitions or the Presidential candidates of these parties. They correspond
to parties A-F (i.e., Leader A will be related to Party A in some way,
Leader B will be related to Party B, etc.).

Leaders G, H, and I are supplemental leaders. They may be related to
parties G, H, I, but they do not have to be. These leaders are voluntarily
provided by each country's election study and often include data about
additional personalities of interest. For example, in a parliamentary
system, data about a President might be provided, even if the Presidency
is not being contested. On many occasions, slots Leader G, H, and I will
include additional data for parties/coalitions that have multiple leaders.
These codes are used to identify the following in the micro and macro
components of the CSES dataset: 
    - Respondent's likeability of the leader/personality in question
      (variable F3019).
    - the said leader/personality's biological sex (F5000_L_ABS-IBS).


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))) CSES DATA BRIDGING: NEW FRONTIERS
===========================================================================

Data Bridging enables users to bring together information from CSES with 
other data sources. The concept is part of CSES Data Linkage efforts. CSES
has been a pioneer of Data Linkage with the inclusion of various 
macro-level data originating from other sources (e.g., The World Bank, 
the IDEA) directly in CSES data products, including in CSES MODULE 6. These 
macro data classify the political system's characteristics and contextual 
conditions of a polity at the election time.  
Data Bridging gives users the power to build on the direct data linkage 
in CSES products by enabling users to easily link other data with CSES 
products. CSES MODULE 6 enables users to bridge data with other prominent 
datasets in political science by including standard identifiers at the
polity, year, and party level used by other projects to facilitate 
merging.

CSES MODULE 6 facilitates data bridging with other datasets at the polity 
level with the following variables:
    - F1006_UN       ID COMPONENT - POLITY UN ISO_3166-1 NUMERIC CODE
    - F1006_UNALPHA2 ID COMPONENT - POLITY UN ISO_3166-1 ALPHABETIC
                                    TWO LETTER CODE
    - F1006_NAM      ID COMPONENT - POLITY NAME
    - F1007_VDEM     ID COMPONENT - V-Dem POLITY IDENTIFIER
    
More details can be found on all these variables in CSES Codebook Part 2
by searching for the variable name (e.g., "F1006_UN") or using the search
term "POTENTIAL POLITY LEVEL BRIDGING IDENTIFIER". 


CSES MODULE 6 facilitates data bridging with other datasets at the regional
level through the following variables:  
    - F1007_REG      ID COMPONENT - POLITY UN GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS NUMERIC
                                    CODES
More details can be found on all these variables in CSES Codebook Part 2
by searching for the variable name (e.g., "F1007_REG") or using the search
term "POTENTIAL REGIONAL LEVEL BRIDGING IDENTIFIER". 


CSES MODULE 6 facilitates data bridging with other datasets by date through
the following variables:  
    - F1009          ID COMPONENT - ELECTION YEAR
    - F1010_M        DATE 1ST ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - MONTH
    - F1010_D        DATE 1ST ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - DAY
    - F1010_Y        DATE 1ST ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - YEAR
    - F1010_1        DATE 1ST ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - YYYY-MM-DD
    - F1010_2        DATE 1ST ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - YYYYMM
    - F1011_M        DATE 2ND ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - MONTH
    - F1011_D        DATE 2ND ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - DAY
    - F1011_Y        DATE 2ND ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - YEAR
    - F1011_1        DATE 2ND ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - YYYY-MM-DD
    - F1011_2        DATE 2ND ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - YYYYMM              

More details can be found on all these variables in CSES Codebook Part 2
by searching for the variable name (e.g., "F1009") or using the search
term "POTENTIAL TIME BRIDGING IDENTIFIER". 


CSES MODULE 6 facilitates data bridging with other datasets at the
party/coalition level with the following variables: 
    - F5200_A-I      MANIFESTO RESEARCH ON POLITICAL REPRESENTATION 
                     (MARPOR/CMP) IDENTIFIER - PARTY A-I
    - F5201_A-I      PARLIAMENTS AND GOVERNMENT DATABASE (PARLGOV) 
                     IDENTIFIER - PARTY A-I
    - F5202_A-I      CHAPEL HILL EXPERT SURVEY (CHES) IDENTIFIER - 
                     PARTY A-I
    - F5203_A-I      PARTY FACTS IDENTIFIER - PARTY A-I    

More details can be found on all these variables in CSES Codebook Part 2
by searching for the variable name (e.g., "F5200_A") or using the search
term "POTENTIAL PARTY/COALITION LEVEL BRIDGING IDENTIFIER."
Users can also see the specific bridging codes for each party/coalition
assigned an alphabetical code in CSES by other projects in Part 3 of the
CSES MODULE 6 Codebook.


CSES MODULE 6 facilitates data bridging with other CSES products at the
party/coalition level with the following variables:  
    - F6000_PR_1     IMD BRIDGING VARIABLE: CURRENT PRESIDENTIAL
                               ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - 1ST ROUND
    - F6000_PR_2     IMD BRIDGING VARIABLE: CURRENT PRESIDENTIAL
                               ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - 2ND ROUND
    - F6000_LH_PL    IMD BRIDGING VARIABLE: CURRENT LOWER HOUSE
                               ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE: PARTY LIST
    - F6000_LH_DC    IMD BRIDGING VARIABLE: CURRENT LOWER HOUSE 
                               ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE: DISTRICT CANDIDATE               
     
More details can be found on all these variables in CSES Codebook Part 2
by searching for the variable name (e.g., "F6000_PR_1") or using the search
term "POTENTIAL CSES PRODUCT BRIDGING IDENTIFIER". 


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))) LIST OF TABLES IN CODEBOOK PART 2
===========================================================================

Below, we list the Tables located in Codebook Part 2. Tables can be 
accessed in the electronic version of the CSES Codebook by searching for
"+++". 

   - ELECTION STUDIES BY TYPE OF ELECTION     
   - DATES OF FIELDWORK BY POLITY
   - TYPE OF ORIGINAL WEIGHTS BY INDIVIDUAL ELECTION STUDIES
   - INCOME MEASURE TYPE BY ELECTION STUDY
   - ELECTION STUDIES BY TYPE OF MAIN ELECTION
   - ELECTION STUDIES BY TYPE OF MAIN ELECTION
   - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION (1ST ROUND) AND THE YEAR IN WHICH IT 
     WAS HELD
   - PREVIOUS LOWER HOUSE ELECTION AND THE YEAR IN WHICH IT WAS HELD
   - PREVIOUS UPPER HOUSE ELECTION AND THE YEAR IN WHICH IT WAS HELD
   - FREQUENCIES OF RESPONDENTS REPORTING THAT THEY HAD NOT HEARD OF A 
     SPECIFIC PARTY BUT PROVIDE AN EVALUATION OF THE PARTY ON ANY OTHER 
     SCALE
   - FREQUENCIES ON F3020_ AND F3020_R FOR RESPONDENTS REPORTING THAT THEY 
     DID NOT KNOW OF THE LEFT-RIGHT SCALE BUT PROVIDE AN EVALUATION OF A 
     PARTY ON THE LEFT-RIGHT SCALE
   - FREQUENCIES ON F3021_ AND F3021_R FOR RESPONDENTS WHO SAID THEY DID NOT 
     KNOW OF THE ALTERNATIVE SCALE IN ONE VARIABLE, BUT EVALUATING OTHER  
     PARTIES ON THE ALTERNATIVE SCALE
   - FREQUENCIES ON F3023_3 FOR RESPONDENTS THAT DO NOT FEEL CLOSE 
     (F3023_1) OR AT LEAST CLOSER (F3023_2) TO A PARTY
   - FREQUENCIES ON F3023_4 FOR RESPONDENTS THAT DO NOT MENTION A PARTY IN 
     F3023_3
   - PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT AFTER THE CURRENT ELECTION ASKED 
     ABOUT IN F3024
   - SUMMARY OF POLITY AND WHICH ELECTION IN THAT POLITY THAT THE DISTRICT 
     DATA REFERS TO
   - TOTAL NUMBER OF ELECTORAL DISTRICTS PER POLITY AND TOTAL NUMBER OF 
     ELECTORAL DISTRICTS REPRESENTED IN CSES DATA
   - NAME OF PRESIDENT BEFORE ELECTION BY POLITY
   - NAME OF PRESIDENT AFTER ELECTION BY POLITY
   - NAME OF PRIME MINISTER BEFORE ELECTION BY POLITY
   - NAME OF PRIME MINISTER AFTER ELECTION BY POLITY
   - YEAR WHICH IS REFERRED TO FOR T-4 (F5027_2)
   - YEAR WHICH IS REFERRED TO FOR T-8 (F5027_3)
   - GINI COEFFICIENT YEAR OF CALCULATION BY ELECTION STUDY
   - DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T OBTAINED (F5089_1)
   - DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-1 OBTAINED (F5089_2)
   - DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-2 OBTAINED (F5089_3)
   - DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T OBTAINED (F5090_1)
   - DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-1 OBTAINED (F5090_2)
   - DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-2 OBTAINED (F5090_3)
   - DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T OBTAINED (F5091_1)
   - DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-1 OBTAINED (F5091_2)
   - DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-2 OBTAINED (F5091_3)
   - DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T OBTAINED (F5092_1)
   - DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-1 OBTAINED (F5092_2)
   - DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-2 OBTAINED (F5092_3)
   - DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T OBTAINED (F5093_1)
   - DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-1 OBTAINED (F5093_2)
   - DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-2 OBTAINED (F5093_3)
   - DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T OBTAINED (F5094_1)
   - DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-1 OBTAINED (F5094_2)
   - DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-2 OBTAINED (F5094_3)
   - PARTIES INCLUDED IN F3011_PR_ FOR WHICH IMD NUMERIC PARTY CODES HAVE 
     NOT BEEN ASSIGNED YET
   - PARTIES INCLUDED IN F3011_LH_PL FOR WHICH IMD NUMERIC PARTY CODES HAVE 
     NOT BEEN ASSIGNED YET
   - PARTIES INCLUDED IN F3011_LH_DC FOR WHICH IMD NUMERIC PARTY CODES HAVE 
     NOT BEEN ASSIGNED YET


===========================================================================
))) CSES MODULE 6 VARIABLE LIST
===========================================================================

))) CSES MODULE 6 VARIABLES: IDENTIFICATION, WEIGHT, AND STUDY
                             ADMINISTRATION DATA

    F1001          >>>         DATASET
    F1002_VER      >>>         DATASET VERSION
    F1002_DOI      >>>         DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER
    F1003_1        >>>         ID VARIABLE - RESPONDENT
    F1003_2        >>> A01     ID COMPONENT - RESPONDENT WITHIN 
                                              ELECTION STUDY
    F1004          >>>         ID VARIABLE - ELECTION STUDY
                               (POLITY ALPHABETIC AND YEAR OF ELECTION)
    F1005          >>>         ID VARIABLE - ELECTION STUDY (NUMERIC POLITY)
    F1006          >>>         ID COMPONENT - POLITY CSES CODE
    F1006_UN       >>>         ID COMPONENT - POLITY UN ISO_3166-1 NUMERIC
                                              CODE
    F1006_UNALPHA2 >>>         ID COMPONENT - POLITY UN ISO_3166-1 
                                              ALPHABETIC TWO LETTER CODE
    F1006_UNALPHA3 >>>         ID COMPONENT - POLITY UN ISO_3166-1 
                                              ALPHABETIC THREE LETTER CODE
    F1006_NAM      >>>         ID COMPONENT - POLITY NAME
    F1007_REG      >>>         ID COMPONENT - POLITY UN GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS
                                              NUMERIC CODES
    F1007_OECD     >>>         ID COMPONENT - POLITY MEMBER OF OECD
    F1007_EU       >>>         ID COMPONENT - POLITY MEMBER OF 
                                              EUROPEAN UNION
    F1007_VDEM     >>>         ID COMPONENT - V-Dem POLITY IDENTIFIER
    F1008          >>>         ID COMPONENT - WHETHER POLITY ADMINISTERED 
                               CSES MODULE 6 MULTIPLE TIMES
    F1009          >>>         ID COMPONENT - ELECTION YEAR  
    F1010_M        >>>         DATE 1ST ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - MONTH
    F1010_D        >>>         DATE 1ST ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - DAY
    F1010_Y        >>>         DATE 1ST ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - YEAR
    F1010_1        >>>         DATE 1ST ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - YYYY-MM-DD
    F1010_2        >>>         DATE 1ST ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - YYYYMM
    F1011_M        >>>         DATE 2ND ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - MONTH
    F1011_D        >>>         DATE 2ND ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - DAY
    F1011_Y        >>>         DATE 2ND ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - YEAR
    F1011_1        >>>         DATE 2ND ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - YYYY-MM-DD
    F1011_2        >>>         DATE 2ND ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - YYYYMM   
    F1012_1        >>>         STUDY TIMING    
    F1012_2        >>>         STUDY TIMING WITH RESPECT TO COVID-19 
                               PANDEMIC
    F1013          >>>         STUDY CONTEXT
    F1014          >>>         ELECTION TYPE
    F1015_1        >>>         MODE OF INTERVIEW - STUDY - FIRST
    F1015_2        >>>         MODE OF INTERVIEW - STUDY - SECOND
    F1015_3        >>>         MODE OF INTERVIEW - STUDY - THIRD
    F1016_1        >>>         MODE OF INTERVIEW - RESPONDENT - FIRST
    F1016_2        >>>         MODE OF INTERVIEW - RESPONDENT - SECOND
    F1016_3        >>>         MODE OF INTERVIEW - RESPONDENT - THIRD
    F1017          >>>         SELF-SELECTION INTO MODE OF INTERVIEW
    F1018_1        >>>         DURATION OF FIELDWORK
    F1018_2        >>>         DAYS FIELDWORK STARTED POST ELECTION
    F1019_M        >>> A04a    DATE QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTERED - MONTH
    F1019_D        >>> A04b    DATE QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTERED - DAY
    F1019_Y        >>> A04c    DATE QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTERED - YEAR
    F1020_1        >>>         DAYS INTERVIEW CONDUCTED POST FIRST ROUND 
                               OF ELECTION
    F1020_2        >>>         DAYS INTERVIEW CONDUCTED POST SECOND ROUND 
                               OF ELECTION
    F1021          >>>         DURATION OF INTERVIEW
    F1022_1        >>> A02     INTERVIEWER ID WITHIN ELECTION STUDY
    F1022_2        >>> A03     INTERVIEWER GENDER
    F1023          >>> A06     LANGUAGE OF QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTRATION
    F1024          >>>         QUESTIONNAIRE VERSION

    F1100          >>>         ID COMPONENT - SAMPLE COMPONENT
    F1101_1        >>> A05     ORIGINAL WEIGHT: SAMPLE
    F1101_2        >>> A05     ORIGINAL WEIGHT: DEMOGRAPHIC
    F1101_3        >>> A05     ORIGINAL WEIGHT: POLITICAL
    F1102_1        >>>         FACTOR: MEAN OF SAMPLE WEIGHT
    F1102_2        >>>         FACTOR: MEAN OF DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT
    F1102_3        >>>         FACTOR: MEAN OF POLITICAL WEIGHT
    F1103_1        >>>         POLITY WEIGHT: SAMPLE
    F1103_2        >>>         POLITY WEIGHT: DEMOGRAPHIC
    F1103_3        >>>         POLITY WEIGHT: POLITICAL
    F1104          >>>         FACTOR: SAMPLE SIZE ADJUSTMENT
    F1105_1        >>>         DATASET WEIGHT: SAMPLE
    F1105_2        >>>         DATASET WEIGHT: DEMOGRAPHIC
    F1105_3        >>>         DATASET WEIGHT: POLITICAL
    F1106          >>>         CSES MODULE 6 RELEASE CYCLE


))) CSES MODULE 6 VARIABLES: MICRO-LEVEL (SURVEY) DATA
                             DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

    F2001_Y        >>> D01b    DATE OF BIRTH OF RESPONDENT - YEAR
    F2001_A        >>>         AGE OF RESPONDENT (IN YEARS)
    F2001_GG       >>>         BIRTH GENERATION: GREATEST GENERATION 
                               (BORN 1927 OR BEFORE)
    F2001_GS       >>>         BIRTH GENERATION: SILENT GENERATION
                               (BORN FROM 1928 TO 1945)
    F2001_GBB      >>>         BIRTH GENERATION: BABY BOOMERS
                               (BORN FROM 1946 TO 1964)
    F2001_GX       >>>         BIRTH GENERATION: GENERATION X
                               (BORN FROM 1965 TO 1980)
    F2001_GY       >>>         BIRTH GENERATION: GENERATION Y
                               (BORN FROM 1981 TO 1996)
    F2001_GZ       >>>         BIRTH GENERATION: GENERATION Z
                               (BORN FROM 1997 ONWARDS)   
    F2002          >>> D02     GENDER
    F2003          >>> D03     EDUCATION
    F2004          >>> D04     MARITAL STATUS OR CIVIL UNION STATUS
    F2005          >>> D05     UNION MEMBERSHIP
    F2006          >>> D06     CURRENT EMPLOYMENT STATUS
    F2007          >>> D07     MAIN OCCUPATION
    F2008          >>> D07a    SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS
    F2009          >>> D08     EMPLOYMENT TYPE - PUBLIC OR PRIVATE
    F2010_1        >>>         HOUSEHOLD INCOME - QUINTILES
    F2010_2        >>> D09     HOUSEHOLD INCOME - ORIGINAL VARIABLE
    F2011          >>> D10     RELIGIOUS DENOMINATION
    F2012          >>> D11     RELIGIOUS SERVICES ATTENDANCE
    F2013          >>> D12     RACE
    F2014          >>> D13     ETHNICITY
    F2015          >>> D14     COUNTRY OF BIRTH
    F2016          >>> D15     WAS EITHER BIOLOGICAL PARENT BORN OUTSIDE OF
                               THE COUNTRY
    F2017          >>> D16     LANGUAGE USUALLY SPOKEN AT HOME
    F2018          >>> D17     REGION OF RESIDENCE
    F2019          >>> D18     PRIMARY ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F2020          >>> D19     RURAL OR URBAN RESIDENCE
    F2021          >>> D20     NUMBER IN HOUSEHOLD


))) CSES MODULE 6 VARIABLES: MICRO-LEVEL (SURVEY) DATA
                             THE CSES MODULE 6 QUESTIONNAIRE

    F3001           >>> Q01     POLITICAL INTEREST
    F3002_1         >>> Q02a    MEDIA USAGE: WATCH NEWS ON A PUBLIC 
                                TELEVISION BROADCASTER
    F3002_2         >>> Q02b    MEDIA USAGE: WATCH NEWS ON A PRIVATE 
                                TELEVISION BROADCASTER
    F3002_3         >>> Q02c    MEDIA USAGE: LISTEN TO NEWS ON RADIO
    F3002_4         >>> Q02d    MEDIA USAGE: READ NEWSPAPERS
    F3002_5         >>> Q02e    MEDIA USAGE: ONLINE NEWS SITES
    F3002_6_1       >>> Q02f    MEDIA USAGE: SOCIAL MEDIA    
    F3002_6_2       >>> Q02g    MEDIA USAGE: SOCIAL MEDIA - PER DAY
    F3003           >>> Q03     INTERNAL EFFICACY
    F3004_1         >>> Q04a    TRUST AND SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRACY: PREFERABLE
    F3004_2         >>> Q04b    TRUST AND SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRACY: COURTS
    F3004_3         >>> Q04c    TRUST AND SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRACY: STRONG  
                                LEADER BENDS THE RULES
    F3004_4         >>> Q04d    TRUST AND SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRACY: 
                                REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN
    F3005_1         >>> Q05a    COUNTRY BETTER RUN BY: BUSINESS LEADERS
    F3005_2         >>> Q05b    COUNTRY BETTER RUN BY: INDEPENDENT EXPERTS
    F3005_3         >>> Q05c    COUNTRY BETTER RUN BY: CITIZENS IN 
                                REFERENDUMS
    F3006           >>> Q06     HOW DEMOCRATIC IS YOUR COUNTRY
    F3007_1         >>> Q07a    TRUST IN: PARLIAMENT 
    F3007_2         >>> Q07b    TRUST IN: GOVERNMENT 
    F3007_3         >>> Q07c    TRUST IN: JUDICIARY
    F3007_4         >>> Q07d    TRUST IN: SCIENTISTS
    F3007_5         >>> Q07e    TRUST IN: POLITICAL PARTIES
    F3007_6         >>> Q07f    TRUST IN: TRADITIONAL MEDIA
    F3007_7         >>> Q07g    TRUST IN: SOCIAL MEDIA
    F3008_1         >>> Q08a    GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE: GENERAL
    F3008_2         >>> Q08b    GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE: COVID-19 PANDEMIC
    F3009           >>> Q09     STATE OF THE ECONOMY
    F3010_ME        >>>         MAIN ELECTION - CSES CLASSIFICATION
    F3010           >>>         TURNOUT: MAIN ELECTION
    F3010_PR_1      >>> Q10P1-a CURRENT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: DID  
                                RESPONDENT CAST A BALLOT - 1ST ROUND
    F3010_PR_2      >>> Q10P2-a CURRENT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: DID  
                                RESPONDENT CAST A BALLOT - 2ND ROUND
    F3010_LH        >>> Q10LH-a CURRENT LOWER HOUSE ELECTION: DID RESPONDENT 
                                CAST A BALLOT
    F3010_UH        >>> Q10UH-a CURRENT UPPER HOUSE ELECTION: DID RESPONDENT 
                                CAST A BALLOT
    F3010_TS        >>>         TURNOUT SWITCHER BETWEEN CURRENT ELECTION 
                                AND PREVIOUS ELECTION
    F3010_FTV       >>>         FIRST-TIME VOTER IN CURRENT MAIN ELECTION   
    F3011_PR_1      >>> Q10P1-b CURRENT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - 
                                1ST ROUND
    F3011_PR_2      >>> Q10P2-b CURRENT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - 
                                2ND ROUND
    F3011_LH_PL     >>> Q10LH-b CURRENT LOWER HOUSE ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - 
                                PARTY LIST
    F3011_LH_DC     >>> Q10LH-c CURRENT LOWER HOUSE ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE -  
                                DISTRICT CANDIDATE
    F3011_LH_PF     >>> Q10LH-d CURRENT LOWER HOUSE ELECTION: DID RESPONDENT
                                CAST CANDIDATE PREFERENCE VOTE
    F3011_UH_PL     >>> Q10UH-b CURRENT UPPER HOUSE ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - 
                                PARTY LIST
    F3011_UH_DC_1   >>> Q10UH-c CURRENT UPPER HOUSE ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - 
                                DISTRICT CANDIDATE 1
    F3011_UH_DC_2   >>> Q10UH-c CURRENT UPPER HOUSE ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE -
                                DISTRICT CANDIDATE 2
    F3011_UH_PF     >>> Q10UH-d CURRENT UPPER HOUSE ELECTION: DID RESPONDENT
                                CAST CANDIDATE PREFERENCE VOTE
    F3011_OUTGOV    >>>         CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE CHOICE -  
                                OUTGOING GOVERNMENT (INCUMBENT)
    F3011_VS_1      >>>         VOTE SWITCHER BETWEEN CURRENT ELECTION AND
                                PREVIOUS ELECTION          
    F3011_LR_CSES   >>>         CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE FOR 
                                LEFTIST/CENTER/RIGHTIST - CSES
    F3011_LR_MARPOR >>>         CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE FOR LEFTIST/ 
                                RIGHTIST (RILE) - MARPOR/CMP
    F3011_IF_CSES   >>>         CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE CHOICE BY 
                                IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY CLASSIFICATION - CSES
    F3012_1         >>> Q11a    SATISFACTION ABOUT VOTE: VOTERS FOR PARTY/
                                CANDIDATE
    F3012_2         >>> Q11b    SATISFACTION ABOUT VOTE: BLANK/INVALID 
                                VOTES
    F3012_3         >>> Q11c    SATISFACTION ABOUT VOTE: NON-VOTERS
    F3013           >>> Q12     SATISFACTION ABOUT VARIETY OF CHOICE
    F3014           >>> Q13     FAIRNESS OF ELECTION
    F3015_PR_1      >>> Q14a    PREVIOUS PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: 
                                DID RESPONDENT CAST A BALLOT - 1ST ROUND
    F3015_PR_2      >>> Q14a    PREVIOUS PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: 
                                DID RESPONDENT CAST A BALLOT - 2ND ROUND
    F3015_LH        >>> Q14a    PREVIOUS LOWER HOUSE ELECTION: DID 
                                RESPONDENT CAST A BALLOT
    F3015_UH        >>>         PREVIOUS UPPER HOUSE ELECTION: DID 
                                RESPONDENT CAST A BALLOT
    F3016_PR_1      >>> Q14b    PREVIOUS PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE 
                                - 1ST ROUND
    F3016_PR_2      >>> Q14b    PREVIOUS PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE
                                - 2ND ROUND
    F3016_LH_PL     >>> Q14b    PREVIOUS LOWER HOUSE ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE -
                                PARTY LIST
    F3016_LH_DC     >>> Q14c    PREVIOUS LOWER HOUSE ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE -
                                DISTRICT CANDIDATE
    F3016_UH_PL     >>>         PREVIOUS UPPER HOUSE ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE -
                                PARTY LIST
    F3016_UH_DC_1   >>>         PREVIOUS UPPER HOUSE ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE -
                                DISTRICT CANDIDATE 1
    F3016_UH_DC_2   >>>         PREVIOUS UPPER HOUSE ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE -
                                DISTRICT CANDIDATE 2
    F3017           >>> Q15     EXTERNAL EFFICACY: WHO PEOPLE VOTE FOR 
                                MAKES A BIG DIFFERENCE
    F3018_A         >>> Q16a    LIKE-DISLIKE - PARTY A
    F3018_B         >>> Q16b    LIKE-DISLIKE - PARTY B
    F3018_C         >>> Q16c    LIKE-DISLIKE - PARTY C
    F3018_D         >>> Q16d    LIKE-DISLIKE - PARTY D
    F3018_E         >>> Q16e    LIKE-DISLIKE - PARTY E
    F3018_F         >>> Q16f    LIKE-DISLIKE - PARTY F
    F3018_G         >>> Q16g    LIKE-DISLIKE - ADDITIONAL - PARTY G
    F3018_H         >>> Q16h    LIKE-DISLIKE - ADDITIONAL - PARTY H
    F3018_I         >>> Q16i    LIKE-DISLIKE - ADDITIONAL - PARTY I
    F3019_A         >>> Q17a    LIKE-DISLIKE - LEADER A
    F3019_B         >>> Q17b    LIKE-DISLIKE - LEADER B
    F3019_C         >>> Q17c    LIKE-DISLIKE - LEADER C
    F3019_D         >>> Q17d    LIKE-DISLIKE - LEADER D
    F3019_E         >>> Q17e    LIKE-DISLIKE - LEADER E
    F3019_F         >>> Q17f    LIKE-DISLIKE - LEADER F
    F3019_G         >>> Q17g    LIKE-DISLIKE - ADDITIONAL - LEADER G
    F3019_H         >>> Q17h    LIKE-DISLIKE - ADDITIONAL - LEADER H
    F3019_I         >>> Q17i    LIKE-DISLIKE - ADDITIONAL - LEADER I
    F3020_A         >>> Q18a    IDEOLOGY: LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY A
    F3020_B         >>> Q18b    IDEOLOGY: LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY B
    F3020_C         >>> Q18c    IDEOLOGY: LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY C
    F3020_D         >>> Q18d    IDEOLOGY: LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY D
    F3020_E         >>> Q18e    IDEOLOGY: LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY E
    F3020_F         >>> Q18f    IDEOLOGY: LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY F
    F3020_G         >>> Q18g    IDEOLOGY: LEFT-RIGHT - ADDITIONAL - PARTY G
    F3020_H         >>> Q18h    IDEOLOGY: LEFT-RIGHT - ADDITIONAL - PARTY H
    F3020_I         >>> Q18i    IDEOLOGY: LEFT-RIGHT - ADDITIONAL - PARTY I
    F3020_R         >>> Q19     IDEOLOGY: LEFT-RIGHT - SELF    
    F3021           >>> Q20     OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - YES/NO
    F3021_A         >>> Q20a    OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - PARTY A
    F3021_B         >>> Q20b    OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - PARTY B
    F3021_C         >>> Q20c    OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - PARTY C
    F3021_D         >>> Q20d    OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - PARTY D
    F3021_E         >>> Q20e    OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - PARTY E
    F3021_F         >>> Q20f    OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - PARTY F
    F3021_G         >>> Q20g    OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - ADDITIONAL -
                                PARTY G
    F3021_H         >>> Q20h    OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - ADDITIONAL -
                                PARTY H
    F3021_I         >>> Q20i    OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - ADDITIONAL -
                                PARTY I
    F3021_R         >>> Q21     OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - SELF
    F3022           >>> Q22     SATISFACTION WITH DEMOCRACY
    F3023_1         >>> Q23a    PARTY ID: ARE YOU CLOSE TO ANY POLITICAL
                                PARTY
    F3023_2         >>> Q23b    PARTY ID: DO YOU FEEL CLOSER TO ONE PARTY
    F3023_3         >>> Q23c    PARTY ID: WHICH PARTY DO YOU FEEL CLOSEST TO
    F3023_4         >>> Q23d    PARTY ID: DEGREE OF CLOSENESS TO THIS PARTY  
    F3024           >>> Q24     PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT 
                                (SUBJECTIVE)  
    F3025_1         >>> Q25a    BETTER SUITED TO LEAD IN PANDEMIC: MEN/WOMEN
    F3025_2         >>> Q25b    BETTER SUITED TO LEAD IN ECONOMIC CRISIS: 
                                MEN/WOMEN
    F3026           >>> Q26a    TREATMENT OF GROUPS IN SOCIETY
    F3027           >>> Q26b    POLITICAL SYSTEM GUARANTEES ADEQUATE 
                                HEALTHCARE
    F3028_1         >>> Q27a    PANDEMIC: AFFECT ON UNITED SOCIETY
    F3028_2         >>> Q27b    PANDEMIC: FUNCTIONING OF DEMOCRACY
    F3028_3         >>> Q27c    PANDEMIC: PERSONAL FINANCES   
    F3028_4         >>> Q27d    PANDEMIC: CONTRACTED COVID-19                
    F3100_LR_CSES   >>>         CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE CHOICE LINKED
                                WITH CSES COLLABORATOR EXPERT JUDGMENT L-R
    F3100_LR_MARPOR >>>         CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE CHOICE LINKED 
                                WITH MARPOR/CMP RILE
    F3100_POP_CSES  >>>         CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE CHOICE LINKED 
                                WITH CSES COLLABORATOR EXPERT JUDGMENT ON 
                                POPULISM
    F3100_IF_CSES   >>>         CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE CHOICE LINKED
                                WITH CSES COLLABORATOR EXPERT JUDGMENT
                                IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY


))) CSES MODULE 6 VARIABLES: DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA

    F4001          >>>         NUMBER OF SEATS IN DISTRICT
    F4001_N        >>>         NUMBER OF SEATS IN DISTRICT - NATIONWIDE
                               ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4002          >>>         NUMBER OF CANDIDATES IN DISTRICT
    F4002_N        >>>         NUMBER OF CANDIDATES IN DISTRICT - NATIONWIDE
                               ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4003          >>>         NUMBER OF PARTY LISTS IN DISTRICT
    F4003_N        >>>         NUMBER OF PARTY LISTS IN DISTRICT - 
                               NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4004_A        >>>         PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY A
    F4004_B        >>>         PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY B
    F4004_C        >>>         PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY C
    F4004_D        >>>         PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY D
    F4004_E        >>>         PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY E
    F4004_F        >>>         PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY F
    F4004_G        >>>         PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY G
    F4004_H        >>>         PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY H
    F4004_I        >>>         PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY I
    F4004_A_N      >>>         PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY A - 
                               NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4004_B_N      >>>         PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY B - 
                               NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4004_C_N      >>>         PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY C - 
                               NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4004_D_N      >>>         PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY D - 
                               NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4004_E_N      >>>         PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY E - 
                               NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4004_F_N      >>>         PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY F - 
                               NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4004_G_N      >>>         PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY G - 
                               NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4004_H_N      >>>         PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY H - 
                               NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4004_I_N      >>>         PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY I - 
                               NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4005_A        >>>         SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY A
    F4005_B        >>>         SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY B
    F4005_C        >>>         SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY C
    F4005_D        >>>         SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY D
    F4005_E        >>>         SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY E
    F4005_F        >>>         SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY F
    F4005_G        >>>         SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY G
    F4005_H        >>>         SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY H
    F4005_I        >>>         SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY I
    F4005_A_N      >>>         SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY A - NATIONWIDE
                               ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4005_B_N      >>>         SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY B - NATIONWIDE
                               ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4005_C_N      >>>         SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY C - NATIONWIDE
                               ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4005_D_N      >>>         SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY D - NATIONWIDE
                               ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4005_E_N      >>>         SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY E - NATIONWIDE
                               ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4005_F_N      >>>         SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY F - NATIONWIDE
                               ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4005_G_N      >>>         SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY G - NATIONWIDE
                               ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4005_H_N      >>>         SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY H - NATIONWIDE
                               ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4005_I_N      >>>         SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY I - NATIONWIDE
                               ELECTORAL DISTRICT
    F4006          >>>         TURNOUT IN DISTRICT
    F4006_N        >>>         TURNOUT IN DISTRICT - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL
                               DISTRICT
    F4007          >>>         SIZE OF ELECTORATE OR POPULATION IN DISTRICT
    F4007_N        >>>         SIZE OF ELECTORATE OR POPULATION IN DISTRICT 
                               - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT


))) CSES MODULE 6 VARIABLES: RELATIONAL DATA IDENTIFIERS & MACRO-LEVEL DATA

    I. RELATIONAL DATA - ALPHABETICAL IDENTIFIERS 
    
    F5000_A        >>>         PARTY A IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
    F5000_B        >>>         PARTY B IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
    F5000_C        >>>         PARTY C IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
    F5000_D        >>>         PARTY D IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
    F5000_E        >>>         PARTY E IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
    F5000_F        >>>         PARTY F IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
    F5000_G        >>>         PARTY G IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
    F5000_H        >>>         PARTY H IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
    F5000_I        >>>         PARTY I IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
    F5000_L_A      >>>         LEADER A IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
    F5000_L_B      >>>         LEADER B IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
    F5000_L_C      >>>         LEADER C IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
    F5000_L_D      >>>         LEADER D IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
    F5000_L_E      >>>         LEADER E IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
    F5000_L_F      >>>         LEADER F IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
    F5000_L_G      >>>         LEADER G IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
    F5000_L_H      >>>         LEADER H IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
    F5000_L_I      >>>         LEADER I IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
    F5000_L_ABS    >>>         LEADER A IDENTIFIER - BIOLOGICAL SEX
    F5000_L_BBS    >>>         LEADER B IDENTIFIER - BIOLOGICAL SEX
    F5000_L_CBS    >>>         LEADER C IDENTIFIER - BIOLOGICAL SEX
    F5000_L_DBS    >>>         LEADER D IDENTIFIER - BIOLOGICAL SEX
    F5000_L_EBS    >>>         LEADER E IDENTIFIER - BIOLOGICAL SEX
    F5000_L_FBS    >>>         LEADER F IDENTIFIER - BIOLOGICAL SEX
    F5000_L_GBS    >>>         LEADER G IDENTIFIER - BIOLOGICAL SEX
    F5000_L_HBS    >>>         LEADER H IDENTIFIER - BIOLOGICAL SEX
    F5000_L_IBS    >>>         LEADER I IDENTIFIER - BIOLOGICAL SEX


    II. ELECTION-SPECIFIC AND ELECTORAL RULES DATA

    F5001          >>>         LOWER HOUSE ELECTION - YES/NO
    F5001_A        >>>         PERCENT VOTE - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY A
    F5001_B        >>>         PERCENT VOTE - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY B
    F5001_C        >>>         PERCENT VOTE - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY C
    F5001_D        >>>         PERCENT VOTE - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY D
    F5001_E        >>>         PERCENT VOTE - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY E
    F5001_F        >>>         PERCENT VOTE - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY F
    F5001_G        >>>         PERCENT VOTE - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY G
    F5001_H        >>>         PERCENT VOTE - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY H
    F5001_I        >>>         PERCENT VOTE - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY I

    F5002_A        >>>         PERCENT SEATS - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY A
    F5002_B        >>>         PERCENT SEATS - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY B
    F5002_C        >>>         PERCENT SEATS - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY C
    F5002_D        >>>         PERCENT SEATS - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY D
    F5002_E        >>>         PERCENT SEATS - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY E
    F5002_F        >>>         PERCENT SEATS - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY F
    F5002_G        >>>         PERCENT SEATS - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY G
    F5002_H        >>>         PERCENT SEATS - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY H
    F5002_I        >>>         PERCENT SEATS - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY I

    F5003          >>>         UPPER HOUSE ELECTION - YES/NO
    F5003_A        >>>         PERCENT VOTE - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY A
    F5003_B        >>>         PERCENT VOTE - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY B
    F5003_C        >>>         PERCENT VOTE - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY C
    F5003_D        >>>         PERCENT VOTE - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY D
    F5003_E        >>>         PERCENT VOTE - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY E
    F5003_F        >>>         PERCENT VOTE - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY F
    F5003_G        >>>         PERCENT VOTE - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY G
    F5003_H        >>>         PERCENT VOTE - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY H
    F5003_I        >>>         PERCENT VOTE - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY I

    F5004_A        >>>         PERCENT SEATS - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY A
    F5004_B        >>>         PERCENT SEATS - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY B
    F5004_C        >>>         PERCENT SEATS - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY C
    F5004_D        >>>         PERCENT SEATS - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY D
    F5004_E        >>>         PERCENT SEATS - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY E
    F5004_F        >>>         PERCENT SEATS - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY F
    F5004_G        >>>         PERCENT SEATS - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY G
    F5004_H        >>>         PERCENT SEATS - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY H
    F5004_I        >>>         PERCENT SEATS - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY I

    F5005          >>>         PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION ROUND 1 - YES/NO
    F5005_A        >>>         PERCENT VOTE ROUND 1 - PRESIDENT - PARTY A
    F5005_B        >>>         PERCENT VOTE ROUND 1 - PRESIDENT - PARTY B
    F5005_C        >>>         PERCENT VOTE ROUND 1 - PRESIDENT - PARTY C
    F5005_D        >>>         PERCENT VOTE ROUND 1 - PRESIDENT - PARTY D
    F5005_E        >>>         PERCENT VOTE ROUND 1 - PRESIDENT - PARTY E
    F5005_F        >>>         PERCENT VOTE ROUND 1 - PRESIDENT - PARTY F
    F5005_G        >>>         PERCENT VOTE ROUND 1 - PRESIDENT - PARTY G
    F5005_H        >>>         PERCENT VOTE ROUND 1 - PRESIDENT - PARTY H
    F5005_I        >>>         PERCENT VOTE ROUND 1 - PRESIDENT - PARTY I
    F5006          >>>         PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION ROUND 2 - YES/NO
    F5006_A        >>>         PERCENT VOTE ROUND 2 - PRESIDENT - PARTY A
    F5006_B        >>>         PERCENT VOTE ROUND 2 - PRESIDENT - PARTY B
    F5006_C        >>>         PERCENT VOTE ROUND 2 - PRESIDENT - PARTY C
    F5006_D        >>>         PERCENT VOTE ROUND 2 - PRESIDENT - PARTY D
    F5006_E        >>>         PERCENT VOTE ROUND 2 - PRESIDENT - PARTY E
    F5006_F        >>>         PERCENT VOTE ROUND 2 - PRESIDENT - PARTY F
    F5006_G        >>>         PERCENT VOTE ROUND 2 - PRESIDENT - PARTY G
    F5006_H        >>>         PERCENT VOTE ROUND 2 - PRESIDENT - PARTY H
    F5006_I        >>>         PERCENT VOTE ROUND 2 - PRESIDENT - PARTY I

    F5007          >>>         NUMBER OF PARTIES PARTICIPATING IN ELECTION
    F5007_1        >>>         EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF ELECTORAL PARTIES
    F5007_2        >>>         CORRECTED EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF ELECTORAL
                               PARTIES
    F5007_3        >>>         EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF PARLIAMENTARY PARTIES
    F5007_4        >>>         CORRECTED EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF PARLIAMENTARY
                               PARTIES
    F5007_5        >>>         LEAST SQUARE INDEX

    F5008          >>>         AGE OF FRANCHISE - AGE AT WHICH CITIZEN 
                               BECOMES ELIGIBLE TO VOTE
    F5008_1        >>>         ELECTORAL TURNOUT AS A PERCENTAGE OF 
                               REGISTERED VOTERS (ER) - LOWER HOUSE
    F5008_2        >>>         ELECTORAL TURNOUT AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE 
                               VOTING AGE POPULATION (VAP) - LOWER HOUSE 
    F5008_3        >>>         ELECTORAL TURNOUT AS A PERCENTAGE OF 
                               REGISTERED VOTERS (ER) - PRESIDENT ROUND 1
    F5008_4        >>>         ELECTORAL TURNOUT AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE 
                               VOTING AGE POPULATION (VAP) - PRESIDENT 
                               ROUND 1
    F5008_5        >>>         ELECTORAL TURNOUT AS A PERCENTAGE OF
                               REGISTERED VOTERS (ER) - PRESIDENT ROUND 2
    F5008_6        >>>         ELECTORAL TURNOUT AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE 
                               VOTING AGE POPULATION (VAP) - PRESIDENT 
                               ROUND 2
    F5009_1        >>> M04c    VOTING OPERATIONS: EARLY/ADVANCE VOTING
    F5009_2        >>> M04d    VOTING OPERATIONS: VOTE BY MAIL/POSTAL
    F5009_3        >>> M04e    VOTING OPERATIONS: VOTE ONLINE/INTERNET
    F5010_1        >>>         ELECTORAL MANAGEMENT: ELECTORAL 
                               ADMINISTRATION MODEL
    F5010_2        >>>         ELECTORAL MANAGEMENT: COMPULSORY VOTER 
                               REGISTRATION

    F5011_1        >>>         CONSTITUTIONAL FEDERAL STRUCTURE
    F5011_2        >>>         NUMBER OF LEGISLATIVE CHAMBERS   
    F5011_3        >>>         NUMBER OF DIRECTLY ELECTED LEGISLATIVE 
                               CHAMBERS
    F5011_4        >>>         SIZE OF THE LOWER HOUSE

    F5012_1        >>>         PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS ELECTORAL FORMULA
    F5012_2        >>>         ELECTORAL FORMULA IN ALL ELECTORAL SEGMENTS
                               (TIERS)

    F5013_1        >>>         AGE OF THE CURRENT REGIME
    F5013_2        >>>         REGIME: TYPE OF EXECUTIVE
    F5014          >>>         FUSED VOTE 

    F5015_M        >>> M08d    DATE ELECTION SCHEDULED - MONTH
    F5015_D        >>> M08d    DATE ELECTION SCHEDULED - DAY
    F5015_Y        >>> M08d    DATE ELECTION SCHEDULED - YEAR
    F5016_M        >>> M08e    DATE ELECTION HELD - MONTH
    F5016_D        >>> M08e    DATE ELECTION HELD - DAY
    F5016_Y        >>> M08e    DATE ELECTION HELD - YEAR
    F5016_W        >>>         DATE ELECTION HELD - TIMING
    F5016_S        >>>         DATE ELECTION HELD - SEASON
    F5017          >>> M08e    ELECTION DATE IRREGULARITIES
    F5018_1        >>>         NUMBER OF MONTHS SINCE LAST LOWER HOUSE
                               ELECTION
    F5018_2        >>>         NUMBER OF MONTHS SINCE LAST PRESIDENTIAL
                               ELECTION

    F5019_1        >>> M02a    PARTY OF THE PRESIDENT BEFORE ELECTION
    F5019_2        >>> M03a    PARTY OF THE PRESIDENT AFTER ELECTION
    F5019_C        >>>         PARTY OF THE PRESIDENT CHANGED 
    F5020_1        >>> M02b    PARTY OF THE PRIME MINISTER BEFORE ELECTION
    F5020_2        >>> M03b    PARTY OF THE PRIME MINISTER AFTER ELECTION
    F5020_C        >>>         PARTY OF THE PRIME MINISTER CHANGED

    F5021_1        >>>         GOVERNMENT BEFORE: SINGLE PARTY OR COALITION 
                               GOVERNMENT
    F5021_2        >>> M02d    SIZE OF THE CABINET BEFORE ELECTION
    F5021_A        >>> M02c    NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS BEFORE ELECTION -
                               PARTY A
    F5021_B        >>> M02c    NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS BEFORE ELECTION - 
                               PARTY B
    F5021_C        >>> M02c    NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS BEFORE ELECTION - 
                               PARTY C
    F5021_D        >>> M02c    NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS BEFORE ELECTION - 
                               PARTY D
    F5021_E        >>> M02c    NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS BEFORE ELECTION - 
                               PARTY E
    F5021_F        >>> M02c    NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS BEFORE ELECTION - 
                               PARTY F
    F5021_G        >>> M02c    NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS BEFORE ELECTION - 
                               PARTY G
    F5021_H        >>> M02c    NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS BEFORE ELECTION - 
                               PARTY H
    F5021_I        >>> M02c    NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS BEFORE ELECTION - 
                               PARTY I
    F5021_W1       >>>         NUMBER OF CABINET MINISTERS BEFORE ELECTION 
                               WHO ARE FEMALES
    F5021_W2       >>>         PERCETANGE OF CABINET MINISTERS BEFORE   
                               ELECTION WHO ARE FEMALES
    F5021_NP       >>>         NUMBER OF CABINET MINISTERS BEFORE ELECTION  
                               WHO ARE INDEPENDENTS     
    F5022_1        >>>         GOVERNMENT AFTER: SINGLE PARTY OR COALITION 
                               GOVERNMENT
    F5022_2        >>> M03d    SIZE OF THE CABINET AFTER ELECTION
    F5022_A        >>> M03c    NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS AFTER ELECTION - PARTY A
    F5022_B        >>> M03c    NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS AFTER ELECTION - PARTY B
    F5022_C        >>> M03c    NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS AFTER ELECTION - PARTY C
    F5022_D        >>> M03c    NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS AFTER ELECTION - PARTY D
    F5022_E        >>> M03c    NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS AFTER ELECTION - PARTY E
    F5022_F        >>> M03c    NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS AFTER ELECTION - PARTY F
    F5022_G        >>> M03c    NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS AFTER ELECTION - PARTY G
    F5022_H        >>> M03c    NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS AFTER ELECTION - PARTY H
    F5022_I        >>> M03c    NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS AFTER ELECTION - PARTY I
    F5022_W1       >>>         NUMBER OF CABINET MINISTERS AFTER ELECTION 
                               WHO ARE FEMALES
    F5022_W2       >>>         PERCETANGE OF CABINET MINISTERS AFTER   
                               ELECTION WHO ARE FEMALES
    F5022_NP       >>>         NUMBER OF CABINET MINISTERS AFTER ELECTION  
                               WHO ARE INDEPENDENTS  

    F5023_1        >>>         PARTY OF THE FINANCE MINISTER BEFORE ELECTION
    F5023_2        >>>         PARTY OF THE FINANCE MINISTER AFTER ELECTION
    F5023_3        >>>         PARTY OF THE FOREIGN MINISTER BEFORE ELECTION
    F5023_4        >>>         PARTY OF THE FOREIGN MINISTER AFTER ELECTION
    F5023_5        >>>         PARTY OF THE HEALTH MINISTER BEFORE ELECTION
    F5023_6        >>>         PARTY OF THE HEALTH MINISTER AFTER ELECTION

    F5024_1        >>>         PRESIDENT BEFORE ELECTION: FEMALE 
    F5024_2        >>>         PRESIDENT AFTER ELECTION: FEMALE     
    F5025_1        >>>         PRIME MINISTER BEFORE ELECTION: FEMALE 
    F5025_2        >>>         PRIME MINISTER AFTER ELECTION: FEMALE 
    F5026_1        >>>         FINANCE MINISTER BEFORE ELECTION: FEMALE 
    F5026_2        >>>         FINANCE MINISTER AFTER ELECTION: FEMALE 
    F5026_3        >>>         FOREIGN MINISTER BEFORE ELECTION: FEMALE 
    F5026_4        >>>         FOREIGN MINISTER AFTER ELECTION: FEMALE  
    F5026_5        >>>         HEALTH MINISTER BEFORE ELECTION: FEMALE 
    F5026_6        >>>         HEALTH MINISTER AFTER ELECTION: FEMALE 

    F5027_1        >>>         PERCENTAGE OF FEMALES IN PARLIAMENT - TIME T
    F5027_2        >>>         PERCENTAGE OF FEMALES IN PARLIAMENT - TIME 
                               T-4
    F5027_3        >>>         PERCENTAGE OF FEMALES IN PARLIAMENT - TIME 
                               T-8
    F5027_4        >>>         YEAR IN WHICH FEMALES OBTAINED RIGHT TO VOTE 
                               IN POLITY

    F5028_A        >>> M05a.a  EXPERT: IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY - PARTY A
    F5028_B        >>> M05a.b  EXPERT: IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY - PARTY B
    F5028_C        >>> M05a.c  EXPERT: IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY - PARTY C
    F5028_D        >>> M05a.d  EXPERT: IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY - PARTY D
    F5028_E        >>> M05a.e  EXPERT: IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY - PARTY E
    F5028_F        >>> M05a.f  EXPERT: IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY - PARTY F
    F5028_G        >>> M05a.g  EXPERT: IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY - PARTY G
    F5028_H        >>> M05a.h  EXPERT: IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY - PARTY H
    F5028_I        >>> M05a.i  EXPERT: IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY - PARTY I
    F5029_A        >>> M06a1.a EXPERT: IDEOLOGY LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY A
    F5029_B        >>> M06a1.b EXPERT: IDEOLOGY LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY B
    F5029_C        >>> M06a1.c EXPERT: IDEOLOGY LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY C
    F5029_D        >>> M06a1.d EXPERT: IDEOLOGY LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY D
    F5029_E        >>> M06a1.e EXPERT: IDEOLOGY LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY E
    F5029_F        >>> M06a1.f EXPERT: IDEOLOGY LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY F
    F5029_G        >>> M06a1.g EXPERT: IDEOLOGY LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY G
    F5029_H        >>> M06a1.h EXPERT: IDEOLOGY LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY H
    F5029_I        >>> M06a1.i EXPERT: IDEOLOGY LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY I
    F5030          >>> M06b1   ALTERNATIVE DIMENSION
    F5030_A        >>> M06b1.a ALTERNATIVE DIMENSION - PARTY A
    F5030_B        >>> M06b1.b ALTERNATIVE DIMENSION - PARTY B
    F5030_C        >>> M06b1.c ALTERNATIVE DIMENSION - PARTY C
    F5030_D        >>> M06b1.d ALTERNATIVE DIMENSION - PARTY D
    F5030_E        >>> M06b1.e ALTERNATIVE DIMENSION - PARTY E
    F5030_F        >>> M06b1.f ALTERNATIVE DIMENSION - PARTY F
    F5030_G        >>> M06b1.g ALTERNATIVE DIMENSION - PARTY G
    F5030_H        >>> M06b1.h ALTERNATIVE DIMENSION - PARTY H
    F5030_I        >>> M06b1.i ALTERNATIVE DIMENSION - PARTY I
    F5031          >>> M06c    EXPERT: POPULISM BY PARTY
    F5031_A        >>> M06c.a  EXPERT: POPULISM SCALE - PARTY A
    F5031_B        >>> M06c.b  EXPERT: POPULISM SCALE - PARTY B
    F5031_C        >>> M06c.c  EXPERT: POPULISM SCALE - PARTY C
    F5031_D        >>> M06c.d  EXPERT: POPULISM SCALE - PARTY D
    F5031_E        >>> M06c.e  EXPERT: POPULISM SCALE - PARTY E
    F5031_F        >>> M06c.f  EXPERT: POPULISM SCALE - PARTY F
    F5031_G        >>> M06c.g  EXPERT: POPULISM SCALE - PARTY G
    F5031_H        >>> M06c.h  EXPERT: POPULISM SCALE - PARTY H
    F5031_I        >>> M06c.i  EXPERT: POPULISM SCALE - PARTY I

    F5032_1        >>> M08a    FAIRNESS OF THE ELECTION
    F5032_2        >>> M08b    FORMAL COMPLAINTS AGAINST NATIONAL LEVEL
                               RESULTS
    F5032_3        >>> M08c    ELECTION IRREGULARITIES REPORTED

    F5033_1        >>> M09a    ELECTION VIOLENCE
    F5033_2        >>> M09b    GEOGRAPHIC CONCENTRATION OF VIOLENCE
    F5033_3        >>> M09c    POST-ELECTION VIOLENCE
    F5033_4        >>> M09d    POST-ELECTION PROTEST

    F5034_1        >>> M10a    ELECTORAL ALLIANCES PERMITTED IN ELECTION
    F5034_2        >>> M10b    ELECTORAL ALLIANCES IN PRACTICE
    F5034_3        >>> M10c    DID ANY ELECTORAL ALLIANCES FORM?

    F5035          >>> M11     REQUIREMENTS FOR JOINT PARTY LISTS
    F5036_1        >>> M12a    THE POSSIBILITY OF APPARENTEMENT
    F5036_2        >>> M12b    TYPES OF APPARENTEMENT AGREEMENTS
    F5037_1        >>> M13a    MULTI-PARTY ENDORSEMENTS
    F5037_2        >>> M13b    MULTI-PARTY ENDORSEMENTS ON BALLOT    

    F5038_1        >>>         N ELECTORAL TIERS - LOWER HOUSE 
    F5038_2        >>>         MULTIPLE ELECTORAL TIERS - LOWER HOUSE - 
                               YES/NO
    F5038_3        >>>         ELECTORAL TIER - LOWER HOUSE - 1ST SEGMENT 
                               (TIER) - CLASSIFICATION OF BASIS ON WHICH 
                               SEATS ARE ALLOCATED
    F5038_4        >>>         ELECTORAL TIER - LOWER HOUSE - 2ND SEGMENT
                               (TIER) - CLASSIFICATION OF BASIS ON WHICH 
                               SEATS ARE ALLOCATED 
    F5039_L        >>>         LINKED ELECTORAL SEGMENTS (TIERS) 
    F5039_D        >>>         DEPENDENT FORMULA IN MIXED SYSTEMS 
    F5039_S        >>>         SUBTYPES OF MIXED ELECTORAL SYSTEMS

    F5040          >>>         NUMBER OF ELECTORAL DISTRICTS - 1ST TIER 
                               - LOWER HOUSE
    F5041          >>>         AVERAGE DISTRICT MAGNITUDE - 1ST TIER
                               - LOWER HOUSE
    F5042          >>>         ELECTORAL FORMULA - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
    F5043          >>>         NUMBER OF ELECTORAL DISTRICTS - 2ND TIER  
                               - LOWER HOUSE
    F5044          >>>         AVERAGE DISTRICT MAGNITUDE - 2ND TIER
                               - LOWER HOUSE
    F5045          >>>         ELECTORAL FORMULA - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
    F5046          >>>         NUMBER OF ELECTORAL DISTRICTS - 3RD TIER 
                               - LOWER HOUSE
    F5047          >>>         AVERAGE DISTRICT MAGNITUDE - 3RD TIER 
                               - LOWER HOUSE
    F5048          >>>         ELECTORAL FORMULA - 3RD TIER - LOWER HOUSE
    F5049          >>>         NUMBER OF SEATS ABOVE THE 1ST TIER 
                               - LOWER HOUSE
    F5050          >>>         PERCENTAGE OF SEATS ABOVE THE 1ST TIER
                               - LOWER HOUSE

    F5051_1        >>> M15a    VOTES CAST - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
    F5051_2        >>> M15a    VOTES CAST - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
    F5051_3        >>> M15a    VOTES CAST - 1ST TIER - UPPER HOUSE
    F5051_4        >>> M15a    VOTES CAST - 2ND TIER - UPPER HOUSE
    F5052_1        >>> M15b    VOTING PROCEDURE - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
    F5052_2        >>> M15b    VOTING PROCEDURE - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
    F5052_3        >>> M15b    VOTING PROCEDURE - 1ST TIER - UPPER HOUSE
    F5052_4        >>> M15b    VOTING PROCEDURE - 2ND TIER - UPPER HOUSE
    F5053_1        >>> M15c    VOTING ROUNDS - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
    F5053_2        >>> M15c    VOTING ROUNDS - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
    F5053_3        >>> M15c    VOTING ROUNDS - 1ST TIER - UPPER HOUSE
    F5053_4        >>> M15c    VOTING ROUNDS - 2ND TIER - UPPER HOUSE
    F5054_1        >>> M15d    PARTY LISTS - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
    F5054_2        >>> M15d    PARTY LISTS - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
    F5054_3        >>> M15d    PARTY LISTS - 1ST TIER - UPPER HOUSE
    F5054_4        >>> M15d    PARTY LISTS - 2ND TIER - UPPER HOUSE
    F5055_1        >>> M16     TRANSFERABLE VOTES - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
    F5055_2        >>> M16     TRANSFERABLE VOTES - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
    F5055_3        >>> M16     TRANSFERABLE VOTES - 1ST TIER - UPPER HOUSE
    F5055_4        >>> M16     TRANSFERABLE VOTES - 2ND TIER - UPPER HOUSE
    F5056_1        >>> M17     CUMULATED VOTES - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
    F5056_2        >>> M17     CUMULATED VOTES - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
    F5056_3        >>> M17     CUMULATED VOTES - 1ST TIER - UPPER HOUSE
    F5056_4        >>> M17     CUMULATED VOTES - 2ND TIER - UPPER HOUSE
    F5057_1        >>> M18     COMPULSORY VOTING - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
    F5057_2        >>> M18     COMPULSORY VOTING - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
    F5057_3        >>> M18     COMPULSORY VOTING - 1ST TIER - UPPER HOUSE
    F5057_4        >>> M18     COMPULSORY VOTING - 2ND TIER - UPPER HOUSE
    F5058_1        >>> M20a    IS THERE PARTY THRESHOLD - 1ST TIER - 
                               LOWER HOUSE
    F5058_2        >>> M20a    IS THERE PARTY THRESHOLD - 2ND TIER - 
                               LOWER HOUSE
    F5058_3        >>> M20a    IS THERE PARTY THRESHOLD - 1ST TIER - 
                               UPPER HOUSE
    F5058_4        >>> M20a    IS THERE PARTY THRESHOLD - 2ND TIER - 
                               UPPER HOUSE
    F5059_1        >>> M20b    PARTY THRESHOLD - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
    F5059_2        >>> M20b    PARTY THRESHOLD - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
    F5059_3        >>> M20b    PARTY THRESHOLD - 1ST TIER - UPPER HOUSE
    F5059_4        >>> M20b    PARTY THRESHOLD - 2ND TIER - UPPER HOUSE
    F5060_1        >>> M20c    UNIT FOR THE THRESHOLD - 1ST TIER - 
                               LOWER HOUSE
    F5060_2        >>> M20c    UNIT FOR THE THRESHOLD - 2ND TIER - 
                               LOWER HOUSE
    F5060_3        >>> M20c    UNIT FOR THE THRESHOLD - 1ST TIER - 
                               UPPER HOUSE
    F5060_4        >>> M20c    UNIT FOR THE THRESHOLD - 2ND TIER - 
                               UPPER HOUSE

    F5061_1        >>> M07.1   MOST SALIENT FACTORS IN ELECTION - 1ST
    F5061_2        >>> M07.2   MOST SALIENT FACTORS IN ELECTION - 2ND
    F5061_3        >>> M07.3   MOST SALIENT FACTORS IN ELECTION - 3RD
    F5061_4        >>> M07.4   MOST SALIENT FACTORS IN ELECTION - 4TH
    F5061_5        >>> M07.5   MOST SALIENT FACTORS IN ELECTION - 5TH
    
    F5063_1        >>>         PARTY FUNDING: DIRECT PUBLIC FUNDING
    F5063_2        >>>         PARTY FUNDING: INDIRECT PUBLIC FUNDING
    F5064_1        >>>         DIRECT DEMOCRACY: REFERENDUM MANDATORY
    F5064_2        >>>         DIRECT DEMOCRACY: REFERENDUM OPTIONAL
    F5064_3        >>>         DIRECT DEMOCRACY: REFERENDUMS BY CITIZEN
                               INITIATIVE
    F5064_4        >>>         DIRECT DEMOCRACY: REFERENDUM RESULT BINDING
                               OR CONSULTATIVE

   
    III. OTHER MACRO-LEVEL DATA

    F5068_1        >>>         V-Dem ELECTORAL DEMOCRACY INDEX - TIME T
    F5069_1        >>>         V-Dem LIBERAL DEMOCRACY INDEX - TIME T
    F5070_1        >>>         FREEDOM HOUSE RATING - TIME T
    F5070_2        >>>         FREEDOM HOUSE RATING - TIME T-1
    F5070_3        >>>         FREEDOM HOUSE RATING - TIME T-2
    F5071_1        >>>         DEMOCRACY-AUTOCRACY - POLITY IV RATING - 2018
    F5071_2        >>>         DEMOCRACY-AUTOCRACY - POLITY IV RATING - 2017
    F5071_3        >>>         DEMOCRACY-AUTOCRACY - POLITY IV RATING - 2016

    F5072_1        >>>         POPULATION, TOTAL (WORLD BANK) - TIME T
    F5072_2        >>>         POPULATION, TOTAL (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-1
    F5072_3        >>>         POPULATION, TOTAL (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-2    

    F5073          >>>         GINI COEFFICIENT OF EQUALIZED DISPOSABLE 
                               INCOME - (YEAR CLOSEST TO ELECTION 
                               YEAR AVAILABLE)
    F5074_1        >>>         GDP GROWTH - ANNUAL % (WORLD BANK) - TIME T
    F5074_2        >>>         GDP GROWTH - ANNUAL % (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-1
    F5074_3        >>>         GDP GROWTH - ANNUAL % (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-2
    F5075_1        >>>         GDP PER CAPITA, PPP (WORLD BANK) - TIME T
    F5075_2        >>>         GDP PER CAPITA, PPP (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-1
    F5075_3        >>>         GDP PER CAPITA, PPP (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-2
    F5076_1        >>>         INFLATION, GDP DEFLATOR (ANNUAL %)
                               (WORLD BANK) - TIME T
    F5076_2        >>>         INFLATION, GDP DEFLATOR (ANNUAL %)
                               (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-1
    F5076_3        >>>         INFLATION, GDP DEFLATOR (ANNUAL %)
                               (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-2
    F5077_1        >>>         CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DEBT, TOTAL (% GDP) - 
                               TIME T
    F5077_2        >>>         CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DEBT, TOTAL (% GDP) -
                               TIME T-1
    F5077_3        >>>         CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DEBT, TOTAL (% GDP) -
                               TIME T-2
    F5078_1        >>>         UNEMPLOYMENT, TOTAL (WORLD BANK) - TIME T
    F5078_2        >>>         UNEMPLOYMENT, TOTAL (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-1
    F5078_3        >>>         UNEMPLOYMENT, TOTAL (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-2
    F5079_1        >>>         UNEMPLOYMENT, TOTAL FOR PEOPLE AGED 15-24  
                               YEARS (WORLD BANK) - TIME T
    F5079_2        >>>         UNEMPLOYMENT, TOTAL FOR PEOPLE AGED 15-24  
                               YEARS (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-1
    F5079_3        >>>         UNEMPLOYMENT, TOTAL FOR PEOPLE AGED 15-24 
                               YEARS (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-2 

    F5080_1        >>>         HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (UNPD) - TIME T
    F5080_2        >>>         HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (UNPD) - TIME T-1
    F5080_3        >>>         HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (UNPD) - TIME T-2

    F5081          >>>         TI CORRUPTION PERCEPTION INDEX
    F5082_1        >>>         CONTROL OF CORRUPTION INDEX - TIME T
    F5082_1se      >>>         CONTROL OF CORRUPTION INDEX - TIME T 
                               ST. ERROR
    F5082_2        >>>         CONTROL OF CORRUPTION INDEX - TIME T-1
    F5082_2se      >>>         CONTROL OF CORRUPTION INDEX - TIME T-1 
                               ST. ERROR
    F5082_3        >>>         CONTROL OF CORRUPTION INDEX - TIME T-2
    F5082_3se      >>>         CONTROL OF CORRUPTION INDEX - TIME T-2 
                               ST. ERROR

    F5083_1        >>>         QOG EXPERT JUDGEMENT OF PUBLIC SECTOR: FIRMS
                               PROVIDE KICKBACKS TO PUBLIC SERVANTS
    F5083_2        >>>         QOG EXPERT JUDGEMENT OF PUBLIC SECTOR: PUBLIC
                               SECTOR EMPLOYEES AND HOW THEY TREAT SOCIETY
    F5083_3        >>>         QOG EXPERT JUDGEMENT OF PUBLIC SECTOR: TREAT
                               CASES IMPARTIALLY
    F5083_4        >>>         QOG EXPERT JUDGEMENT OF PUBLIC SECTOR: STRIVE
                               TO FOLLOW RULES

    F5084_1        >>>         PERCENTAGE OF INDIVIDUALS USING THE INTERNET
                               - YEAR OF ELECTION
    F5084_2        >>>         FIXED BROADBAND SUBSCRIPTIONS PER 100
                               INHABITANTS - YEAR OF ELECTION 
    F5085_1        >>>         PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION COVERED BY 4G 
                               MOBILE NETWORK - YEAR OF ELECTION
    F5085_2        >>>         MOBILE PHONE SUBSCRIPTIONS PER 100 
                               INHABITANTS - YEAR OF ELECTION 
    F5086          >>>         FIXED TELEPHONE LINES PER 100 INHABITANTS - 
                               YEAR OF ELECTION

    F5087_1        >>>         EXPENDITURE ON HEALTHCARE (% GDP) - TIME T
    F5087_2        >>>         EXPENDITURE ON HEALTHCARE (% GDP) - TIME T-1
    F5087_3        >>>         EXPENDITURE ON HEALTHCARE (% GDP) - TIME T-2
    F5088_1        >>>         LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH TOTAL YEARS - ALL 
                               IN YEAR OF ELECTION 
    F5088_2        >>>         LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH TOTAL YEARS - 
                               MALES IN YEAR OF ELECTION
    F5088_3        >>>         LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH TOTAL YEARS - 
                               FEMALES IN YEAR OF ELECTION 

    F5089_1        >>>         COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N INFECTIONS -
                               TIME T
    F5089_2        >>>         COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N INFECTIONS - 
                               TIME T-1
    F5089_3        >>>         COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N INFECTIONS -
                               TIME T-2
    F5090_1        >>>         COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N INFECTIONS 
                               PER MILLION - TIME T
    F5090_2        >>>         COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N INFECTIONS 
                               PER MILLION - TIME T-1
    F5090_3        >>>         COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N INFECTIONS
                               PER MILLION - TIME T-2
  
    F5091_1        >>>         COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N DEATHS -
                               TIME T
    F5091_2        >>>         COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N DEATHS -
                               TIME T-1
    F5091_3        >>>         COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N DEATHS -
                               TIME T-2
    F5092_1        >>>         COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N DEATHS PER
                               MILLION - TIME T
    F5092_2        >>>         COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N DEATHS PER 
                               MILLION - TIME T-1
    F5092_3        >>>         COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N DEATHS PER
                               MILLION - TIME T-2                            

    F5093_1        >>>         COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N TOTAL 
                               VACCINE DOSES ADMINISTERED - TIME T
    F5093_2        >>>         COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N TOTAL 
                               VACCINE DOSES ADMINISTERED - TIME T-1
    F5093_3        >>>         COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N TOTAL 
                               VACCINE DOSES ADMINISTERED - TIME T-2    
    F5094_1        >>>         COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N VACCINATIONS
                               ADMINISTERED PER 100 - TIME T
    F5094_2        >>>         COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N VACCINATIONS
                               ADMINISTERED PER 100 - TIME T-1
    F5094_3        >>>         COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N VACCINATIONS
                               ADMINISTERED PER 100 - TIME T-2

       
    IV. MACRO DATA: ADDITIONAL DATA BRIDGING VARIABLES
    
    F5200_A        >>>         MANIFESTO RESEARCH ON POLITICAL 
                               REPRESENTATION (MARPOR/CMP) IDENTIFIER - 
                               PARTY A
    F5200_B        >>>         MANIFESTO RESEARCH ON POLITICAL 
                               REPRESENTATION (MARPOR/CMP) IDENTIFIER - 
                               PARTY B
    F5200_C        >>>         MANIFESTO RESEARCH ON POLITICAL 
                               REPRESENTATION (MARPOR/CMP) IDENTIFIER - 
                               PARTY C
    F5200_D        >>>         MANIFESTO RESEARCH ON POLITICAL 
                               REPRESENTATION (MARPOR/CMP) IDENTIFIER - 
                               PARTY D
    F5200_E        >>>         MANIFESTO RESEARCH ON POLITICAL 
                               REPRESENTATION (MARPOR/CMP) IDENTIFIER - 
                               PARTY E
    F5200_F        >>>         MANIFESTO RESEARCH ON POLITICAL 
                               REPRESENTATION (MARPOR/CMP) IDENTIFIER - 
                               PARTY F
    F5200_G        >>>         MANIFESTO RESEARCH ON POLITICAL 
                               REPRESENTATION (MARPOR/CMP) IDENTIFIER - 
                               PARTY G
    F5200_H        >>>         MANIFESTO RESEARCH ON POLITICAL 
                               REPRESENTATION (MARPOR/CMP) IDENTIFIER - 
                               PARTY H
    F5200_I        >>>         MANIFESTO RESEARCH ON POLITICAL 
                               REPRESENTATION (MARPOR/CMP) IDENTIFIER - 
                               PARTY I
    F5201_A        >>>         PARLIAMENTS AND GOVERNMENT DATABASE (ParlGov) 
                               IDENTIFIER - PARTY A
    F5201_B        >>>         PARLIAMENTS AND GOVERNMENT DATABASE (ParlGov) 
                               IDENTIFIER - PARTY B
    F5201_C        >>>         PARLIAMENTS AND GOVERNMENT DATABASE (ParlGov) 
                               IDENTIFIER - PARTY C
    F5201_D        >>>         PARLIAMENTS AND GOVERNMENT DATABASE (ParlGov) 
                               IDENTIFIER - PARTY D
    F5201_E        >>>         PARLIAMENTS AND GOVERNMENT DATABASE (ParlGov) 
                               IDENTIFIER - PARTY E
    F5201_F        >>>         PARLIAMENTS AND GOVERNMENT DATABASE (ParlGov) 
                               IDENTIFIER - PARTY F
    F5201_G        >>>         PARLIAMENTS AND GOVERNMENT DATABASE (ParlGov) 
                               IDENTIFIER - PARTY G
    F5201_H        >>>         PARLIAMENTS AND GOVERNMENT DATABASE (ParlGov) 
                               IDENTIFIER - PARTY H
    F5201_I        >>>         PARLIAMENTS AND GOVERNMENT DATABASE (ParlGov) 
                               IDENTIFIER - PARTY I
    F5202_A        >>>         CHAPEL HILL EXPERT SURVEY (CHES) IDENTIFIER -
                               PARTY A
    F5202_B        >>>         CHAPEL HILL EXPERT SURVEY (CHES) IDENTIFIER -
                               PARTY B
    F5202_C        >>>         CHAPEL HILL EXPERT SURVEY (CHES) IDENTIFIER -
                               PARTY C
    F5202_D        >>>         CHAPEL HILL EXPERT SURVEY (CHES) IDENTIFIER -
                               PARTY D
    F5202_E        >>>         CHAPEL HILL EXPERT SURVEY (CHES) IDENTIFIER -
                               PARTY E
    F5202_F        >>>         CHAPEL HILL EXPERT SURVEY (CHES) IDENTIFIER -
                               PARTY F
    F5202_G        >>>         CHAPEL HILL EXPERT SURVEY (CHES) IDENTIFIER -
                               PARTY G
    F5202_H        >>>         CHAPEL HILL EXPERT SURVEY (CHES) IDENTIFIER -
                               PARTY H
    F5202_I        >>>         CHAPEL HILL EXPERT SURVEY (CHES) IDENTIFIER -
                               PARTY I
    F5203_A        >>>         PARTY FACTS IDENTIFIER - PARTY A
    F5203_B        >>>         PARTY FACTS IDENTIFIER - PARTY B
    F5203_C        >>>         PARTY FACTS IDENTIFIER - PARTY C
    F5203_D        >>>         PARTY FACTS IDENTIFIER - PARTY D
    F5203_E        >>>         PARTY FACTS IDENTIFIER - PARTY E
    F5203_F        >>>         PARTY FACTS IDENTIFIER - PARTY F
    F5203_G        >>>         PARTY FACTS IDENTIFIER - PARTY G
    F5203_H        >>>         PARTY FACTS IDENTIFIER - PARTY H
    F5203_I        >>>         PARTY FACTS IDENTIFIER - PARTY I


))) CSES MODULE 6 VARIABLES: DATA BRIDGING WITH CSES PRODUCTS

    F6000_PR_1     >>>         IMD BRIDGING VARIABLE: CURRENT PRESIDENTIAL 
                               ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - 1ST ROUND
    F6000_PR_2     >>>         IMD BRIDGING VARIABLE: CURRENT PRESIDENTIAL 
                               ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - 2ND ROUND
    F6000_LH_PL    >>>         IMD BRIDGING VARIABLE: CURRENT LOWER HOUSE 
                               ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE: PARTY LIST
    F6000_LH_DC    >>>         IMD BRIDGING VARIABLE: CURRENT LOWER HOUSE 
                               ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE: DISTRICT CANDIDATE


===========================================================================
))) CSES MODULE 6 VARIABLES: IDENTIFICATION, WEIGHT, AND STUDY
                             ADMINISTRATION DATA
===========================================================================

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1001       >>> DATASET
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Dataset.
         ..................................................................

             CSES-MODULE-6. CSES MODULE 6


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1001
         |
         | F1001 details the CSES Module administered by each election 
         | study. CSES MODULE 6 is intended to be administered during the
         | years 2021 and 2026, inclusive.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1002_VER   >>> DATASET VERSION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Dataset version.
         ..................................................................

             VER2025-DEC-16. Dataset version released on December 16, 2025.


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1002_VER
         |
         | F1002_VER reports the version date (i.e., the release date) of 
         | the CSES MODULE 6 dataset.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1002_DOI   >>> DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Dataset version: Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
         ..................................................................

             doi: 10.7804/cses.module6.2025-12-16.


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1002_DOI
         |
         | F1002_DOI reports the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) registered
         | for the CSES MODULE 6. DOI registration is with the DA|RA 
         | registration agency for economic and social science data. Each 
         | CSES MODULE 6 dataset version (see Variable F1002_VER) has a 
         | unique, persistent DOI.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1003_1     >>> ID VARIABLE - RESPONDENT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondent Identifier.
         ..................................................................


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1003_1
         |
         | F1003_1 is an eighteen character variable uniquely identifying a
         | respondent within CSES MODULE 6.
         | The variable is constructed from three components: variable
         | F1006 (CSES polity code), F1009 (election year), and F1003_2 
         | (respondent within election study).
         |
         | The first three characters are the numeric version of the
         | country codes created by the United Nations Statistics Division
         | ("countries or areas, codes and abbreviations", revised February 
         | 13, 2002).
         | If appropriate, the fourth character distinguishes between
         | multiple studies conducted within a single country, for the same
         | election. If only one study is in place for the election, this
         | character appears as a zero (0).
         |
         | The fifth through eighth characters correspond to the election
         | year as specified in variable F1009.
         |
         | The last ten characters are the respondent identifier from 
         | F1003_2, which is unique within each election study.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1003_2     >>> ID COMPONENT - RESPONDENT WITHIN ELECTION STUDY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         A01. Respondent identifier.
         ..................................................................


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1003_2
         |
         | F1003_2 is ten characters in length and is a unique identifier 
         | for each survey respondent within an election study.
         |
         | While this variable uniquely identifies a respondent within
         | an election study, it is not unique across CSES MODULE 6.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1004       >>> ID VARIABLE - ELECTION STUDY (POLITY ALPHABETIC 
                              AND YEAR OF ELECTION)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Election Study Identifier: Alphabetic Polity Code & Election Year.
         ..................................................................

             AUS_2022. AUSTRALIA (2022)
             AUT_2024. AUSTRIA (2024)
             BRA_2022. BRAZIL (2022)
             DNK_2022. DENMARK (2022)
             FRA_2022. FRANCE (2022)
             MNE_2023. MONTENEGRO (2023)
             NZL_2023. NEW ZEALAND (2023)
             MKD_2024. NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)
             POL_2023. POLAND (2023)
             PRT_2022. PORTUGAL (2022)
             PRT_2024. PORTUGAL (2024)
             SVK_2023. SLOVAKIA (2023)
             SVN_2022. SLOVENIA (2022)
             SWE_2022. SWEDEN (2022)
             CHE_2023. SWITZERLAND (2023)
             TWN_2024. TAIWAN (2024)
             TUR_2023. TURKIYE (2023)
             USA_2024. UNITED STATES (2024)


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1004
         |
         | F1004 is an eight-character variable that identifies an
         | election study within CSES MODULE 6. The variable is constructed 
         | from two components, namely: Variable F1006_UNALPHA3 (Polity 
         | alphabetical three letter code) and F1009 (election year).        
         |
         | The first three characters are the alphabetic country codes
         | 'alpha-3' created by the International Organization for 
         | Standardization in their ISO 3166 Standard and shared by the
         | United Nations Statistics Division (see Variable F1006_UNALPHA3). 
         | If appropriate, the fourth character distinguishes between
         | multiple studies conducted within a single country, for the same
         | election. If only one study is in place for the election, this
         | character appears as an underscore (_).
         |
         | The fifth through eighth characters correspond to the election
         | year as specified in Variable F1009.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1005       >>> ID VARIABLE - ELECTION STUDY (NUMERIC POLITY)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Election Study Identifier: Numeric Polity Code & Election Year.
         ..................................................................

             03602022. AUSTRALIA (2022)
             04002024. AUSTRIA (2024)
             07602022. BRAZIL (2022)
             20802022. DENMARK (2022)
             25002022. FRANCE (2022)
             49902023. MONTENEGRO (2023)
             55402023. NEW ZEALAND (2023)
             80702024. NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)
             61602023. POLAND (2023)
             62002022. PORTUGAL (2022)
             62002024. PORTUGAL (2024)
             70302023. SLOVAKIA (2023)
             70502022. SLOVENIA (2022)
             75202022. SWEDEN (2022)
             75602023. SWITZERLAND (2023)
             15802024. TAIWAN (2024)
             79202023. TURKIYE (2023)
             84002024. UNITED STATES (2024)


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1005
         |
         | F1005 is an eight-digit numeric variable that identifies an
         | election study within CSES MODULE 6. The variable is constructed 
         | from two components, namely: Variable F1006_UN (UN ISO_3166-1 
         | numeric polity code) and Variable F1009 (election year).
         |
         | The first three digits are the numeric version of the country
         | codes created by the United Nations Statistics Division as
         | specified in variable F1006_UN.           
         | The fourth digit distinguishes between multiple studies
         | conducted within a single country, for the same election.
         | The fifth through eighth digits correspond to the election year
         | as specified in variable F1009.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1006       >>> ID COMPONENT - POLITY CSES CODE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Polity Identifier.
         ..................................................................

             0360. AUSTRALIA
             0400. AUSTRIA
             0760. BRAZIL
             2080. DENMARK
             2500. FRANCE
             4990. MONTENEGRO
             5540. NEW ZEALAND
             8070. NORTH MACEDONIA
             6160. POLAND
             6200. PORTUGAL
             7030. SLOVAKIA
             7050. SLOVENIA
             7520. SWEDEN
             7560. SWITZERLAND
             1580. TAIWAN
             7920. TURKIYE
             8400. UNITED STATES


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1006
         |
         | F1006 is a four-digit variable that identifies a polity that has
         | a study in CSES MODULE 6. The variable is constructed in part
         | from Variable F1006_UN (UN ISO_3166-1 numeric polity code) and an
         | additional classification added by CSES. 
         |
         | The first three characters are the numeric version of the polity 
         | codes created by the United Nations Statistics Division
         | ("countries or areas, codes and abbreviations", revised February
         | 13, 2002).
         | The fourth character distinguishes between multiple studies
         | conducted with a single country, for the same election.
         |
         | Polities above are listed in alphabetical order.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1006_UN    >>> ID COMPONENT - POLITY UN ISO_3166-1 NUMERIC CODE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Polity Identifier UN Country Code.
         ..................................................................

             036. AUSTRALIA
             040. AUSTRIA
             076. BRAZIL
             208. DENMARK
             250. FRANCE
             499. MONTENEGRO
             554. NEW ZEALAND
             807. NORTH MACEDONIA
             616. POLAND
             620. PORTUGAL
             703. SLOVAKIA
             705. SLOVENIA
             752. SWEDEN
             756. SWITZERLAND
             158. TAIWAN
             792. TURKIYE
             840. UNITED STATES        


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1006_UN
         |
         | POTENTIAL POLITY LEVEL BRIDGING IDENTIFIER
         |
         | F1006_UN is a three-digit numeric variable identifying a polity
         | conducting an election study present in CSES MODULE 6. 
         |
         | It consists of the numeric version of the country codes created
         | by the United Nations Statistics Division ("Countries or areas,
         | codes and abbreviations", revised February 13, 2002).
         |
         | Polities above are listed in alphabetical order.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1006_UNALPHA2   >>> ID COMPONENT - POLITY UN ISO_3166-1 ALPHABETIC
                     TWO LETTER CODE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         United Nations (UN) ISO Alpha-2 country codes.
         ..................................................................

           AU. Australia
           AT. Austria
           BR. Brazil
           DK. Denmark
           FR. France
           ME. Montenegro
           NZ. New Zealand
           MK. North Macedonia
           PL. Poland
           PT. Portugal
           SK. Slovakia
           SL. Slovenia
           SE. Sweden
           CH. Switzerland
           TW. Taiwan
           TR. Turkiye
           US. United States


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1006_UNALPHA2
         |
         | POTENTIAL POLITY LEVEL BRIDGING IDENTIFIER
         |
         | F1006_UNALPHA2 is a two-character variable identifying a polity
         | conducting an election study present in CSES MODULE 6. 
         |
         | F1006_UNALPHA2 provides alphabetic country codes 'alpha-2'
         | created by the International Organization for Standardization
         | in their ISO 3166 Standard and shared by the United Nations
         | Statistics Division ("Countries or areas, codes and
         | abbreviations", revised February 13, 2002).
         |
         | Source of data: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#search
         | (Date accessed: March 28, 2024).
         |      
         | Polities above are listed in alphabetical order. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1006_UNALPHA3   >>> ID COMPONENT - POLITY UN ISO_3166-1 ALPHABETIC
                     THREE LETTER CODE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         United Nations (UN) ISO Alpha-3 country codes.
         ..................................................................

           AUS. Australia 
           AUT. Austria
           BRA. Brazil 
           DNK. Denmark
           FRA. France
           MNE. Montenegro
           NZL. New Zealand
           MKD. North Macedonia
           POL. Poland
           PRT. Portugal
           SVK. Slovakia
           SVN. Slovenia
           SWE. Sweden
           CHE. Switzerland
           TWN. Taiwan
           TUR. Turkiye
           USA. United States


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1006_UNALPHA3
         |
         | POTENTIAL POLITY LEVEL BRIDGING IDENTIFIER
         |
         | F1006_UNALPHA3 is a three-character variable identifying a polity
         | conducting an election study present in CSES MODULE 6. 
         |
         | F1006_UNALPHA3 provides alphabetic country codes 'alpha-3'
         | created by the International Organization for Standardization
         | in their ISO 3166 Standard and shared by the United Nations
         | Statistics Division ("Countries or areas, codes and
         | abbreviations", revised February 13, 2002).
         |
         | Source of data: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#search
         | (Date accessed: March 28, 2024).
         |               
         | Polities are listed in alphabetical order.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1006_NAM   >>> ID COMPONENT - POLITY NAME
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Polity Identifier Country Name.
         ..................................................................

             Australia
             Austria 
             Brazil
             Denmark
             France 
             Montenegro
             New Zealand
             North Macedonia
             Poland
             Portugal
             Slovakia
             Slovenia
             Sweden
             Switzerland 
             Taiwan
             Turkiye
             United States of America


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1006_NAM
         |
         | POTENTIAL POLITY LEVEL BRIDGING IDENTIFIER
         |
         | F1006_NAM is a string variable identifying a polity conducting
         | an election study present in CSES MODULE 6.
         |
         | F1006_NAM consists of polity names based on those principally 
         | used by the United Nations Statistics Division ("Countries or 
         | areas, codes and abbreviations", revised February 13, 2002). 
         | However, in  some instances, polity names deviate from those used 
         | by the United Nations.
         |
         | Polities above are listed in alphabetical order.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F1006_NAM
         |
         | In 2022, the Turkish government officially changed the polity's   
         | name from Turkey to Turkiye. As CSES uses the name of a polity 
         | as of the election date (May 2023), the country is referred to   
         | as "Turkiye" throughout CSES MODULE 6.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1007_REG   >>> ID COMPONENT - POLITY UN GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS NUMERIC CODES     
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Geographic region of polity.
         ..................................................................

            AFRICA
            014. EASTERN AFRICA
            015. NORTHERN AFRICA
            018. SOUTHERN AFRICA
                                  
            AMERICAS
            005. SOUTH AMERICA
            013. CENTRAL AMERICA
            021. NORTHERN AMERICA

            ASIA
            030. EASTERN ASIA
            035. SOUTH EASTERN ASIA
            143. CENTRAL ASIA
            145. WESTERN ASIA

            EUROPE
            039. SOUTHERN EUROPE
            151. EASTERN EUROPE
            154. NORTHERN EUROPE
            155. WESTERN EUROPE

            009. OCEANIA


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1007_REG
         |
         | POTENTIAL REGIONAL LEVEL BRIDGING IDENTIFIER
         |
         | F1007_REG is a numeric variable identifying the geographic 
         | region of a polity conducting an election study present in CSES
         | MODULE 6. 
         |
         | F1007_REG provides the geographical region codes applied by the 
         | United Nations Statistics Division. The geographic regions are 
         | based on continental regions which are further subdivided. 
         |
         | Source of data: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/
         | (Date accessed: March 28, 2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F1007_REG
         |
         | Taiwan is not included in the UN classification. The polity has
         | been classified as "030. EASTERN ASIA" for F1007_REG.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1007_OECD  >>> ID COMPONENT - POLITY MEMBER OF OECD                
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Polity a member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
         Development (OECD) at the time of the election.
         ..................................................................

            0. POLITY NOT A MEMBER OF OECD AT THE TIME OF ELECTION
            1. POLITY A MEMBER OF OECD AT THE TIME OF ELECTION


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1007_OECD
         |
         | The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
         | is an intergovernmental economic organization founded in 1961 to 
         | stimulate economic progress and world trade.         
         |
         | Source of data: https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/
         | (Date accessed: March 24, 2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1007_EU    >>> ID COMPONENT - POLITY MEMBER OF EUROPEAN UNION                
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Polity a member of the European Union (EU) at the time 
         of the election.
         ..................................................................

            0. POLITY NOT EU MEMBER AT THE TIME OF ELECTION
            1. POLITY A MEMBER OF EU AT THE TIME OF ELECTION

            7. NOT APPLICABLE: NOT IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE 


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1007_EU
         |        
         | The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 
         | polities located primarily in Europe. The EU came into being
         | in 1993 as the Maastricht Treaty came into force. The Union
         | traces its origins to the European Coal and Steel Community 
         | (ECSC) established in 1951 and the European Economic 
         | Community (EEC) established in 1957 under the Treaty of Rome.   
         |
         | Source of data: 
         | https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries_en
         | (Date accessed: March 28, 2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1007_VDEM  >>> ID COMPONENT - V-Dem POLITY IDENTIFIER                     
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Polity identifier in the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project.
         ..................................................................
  
           005. SWEDEN
           006. SWITZERLAND
           017. POLAND
           019. BRAZIL
           020. UNITED STATES
           021. PORTUGAL
           048. TAIWAN
           067. AUSTRALIA
           076. FRANCE
           099. TURKIYE
           144. AUSTRIA
           158. DENMARK
           176. NORTH MACEDONIA
           183. MONTENEGRO
           185. NEW ZEALAND
           201. SLOVAKIA
           202. SLOVENIA


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1007_VDEM
         |
         | POTENTIAL POLITY LEVEL BRIDGING IDENTIFIER
         |
         | F1007_VDEM identifies a polity conducting an election study 
         | that is present in CSES MODULE 6 and links it with the numerical
         | code assigned to the polity by the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) 
         | project. V-Dem provides a multidimensional and disaggregated 
         | dataset that reflects the complexity of the concept of democracy 
         | distinguishing between five high-level principles of democracy: 
         | electoral, liberal, participatory, deliberative, and egalitarian, 
         | and collects data to measure these principles. 
         |
         | Source of data: https://v-dem.net
         | (Data accessed: March 28, 2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1008       >>> ID COMPONENT - WHETHER POLITY ADMINISTERED CSES MODULE 6
                MULTIPLE TIMES 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether or not a polity administered CSES MODULE 6 multiple times.
         ..................................................................

            0. R IN POLITY THAT DID NOT ADMINISTER MODULE MULTIPLE TIMES 
            1. R IN POLITY THAT DID ADMINISTER MODULE MULTIPLE TIMES


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1008
         |
         | F1008 details whether the CSES MODULE 6 Questionnaire was 
         | administered more than once in a polity or not.  
         | 
         | Conventionally, a CSES Module is intended to be administered 
         | during a consecutive period of five years. Given that most 
         | electoral cycles encompass a regular four to five year period, 
         | 16 out of 17 polities included in CSES MODULE 6 Advance Release 2 
         | fielded the Questionnaire once. 
         |
         | However, in one polity that experienced more than one election 
         | in the 2021-2026 MODULE 6 administration period, CSES MODULE 6 
         | was fielded twice. This applies to the following studies:
         | PORTUGAL (2022 & 2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1009       >>> ID COMPONENT - ELECTION YEAR
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Election year.
         ..................................................................

             2021-2026. ELECTION YEAR


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1009
         |
         | POTENTIAL TIME BRIDGING IDENTIFIER
         |
         | F1009 details the year in which an election was held for a study
         | included in CSES MODULE 6. 
         |
         | The official period covered by CSES MODULE 6 is from 2021 to 
         | 2026, coinciding with the development of the pilot and finalized
         | questionnaire.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1010_M     >>> DATE 1ST ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - MONTH
F1010_D     >>> DATE 1ST ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - DAY
F1010_Y     >>> DATE 1ST ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - YEAR
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Date [first round] election began.
         ..................................................................

             MONTH

             01. JANUARY
             02. FEBRUARY
             03. MARCH
             04. APRIL
             05. MAY
             06. JUNE
             07. JULY
             08. AUGUST
             09. SEPTEMBER
             10. OCTOBER
             11. NOVEMBER
             12. DECEMBER

             99. MISSING


             DAY

             01-31. DAY OF MONTH

             99. MISSING


             YEAR

             2021-2026. YEAR

             9999.  MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1010_M-F1010_Y
         |
         | POTENTIAL TIME BRIDGING IDENTIFIER
         |
         | F1010_M-F1010_Y represent the start date of the election.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F1010_
         |
         | The Danish legislative elections were held on November 1, 2022,
         | except for the Faroe Islands, where elections were held early
         | on October 31, due to a holiday the following day. F1010_ 
         | classify November 1, 2022 as the election date.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F1010_
         |
         | Lower house elections in New Zealand were held on October 14, 
         | 2023, as specified in F1010_. 
         | However, researchers are advised that of the 72 district-
         | candidate seats in the New Zealand Parliament, only 71 were 
         | filled on election day. In the Port Waikato District, 
         | a by-election was held on November 25, 2023, as the electorate 
         | vote for this single-member district was postponed due to the 
         | death of a candidate, Neil Christensen, during the campaign. 
         | Still, the party-list vote in Port Waikato was held on the 
         | regular general election day. Respondents from Port Waikato can
         | be identified in variable F2019 (Primary Electoral District), 
         | in which they are assigned code 39.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F1010_
         |
         | The North Macedonia (2024) study includes vote choice data for 
         | both the 2024 Presidential and legislative elections. As the 
         | latter constitute the main election, F1010_ reports May 8, 2024, 
         | as the date of election, i.e., the day on which parliamentary 
         | elections were held. 
         | However, researchers are advised that legislative elections 
         | coincided with the second round of the 2024 Presidential 
         | election. The first round was held on April 24, 2024.
         | Further, the State Election Commission (SEC) issued a re-vote
         | for parliament in seven polling stations in the municipalities 
         | of Dolneni, Krushevo, Struga, Ohrid (fifth district), and 
         | Zhelino (sixth district). The re-vote occurred on May 22, 2024.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1010_1     >>> DATE 1ST ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - YYYY-MM-DD
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Date [first round] election began.
         ..................................................................


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1010_1
         | 
         | POTENTIAL TIME BRIDGING IDENTIFIER
         | 
         | F1010_1 details the start date of the election in the format 
         | YYYY-MM-DD.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1010_2     >>> DATE 1ST ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - YYYYMM
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Date [first round] election began.
         ..................................................................


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1010_2
         | 
         | POTENTIAL TIME BRIDGING IDENTIFIER
         | 
         | F1010_2 details the start date of the election in the format
         | YYYYMM.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1011_M     >>> DATE 2ND ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - MONTH
F1011_D     >>> DATE 2ND ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - DAY
F1011_Y     >>> DATE 2ND ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - YEAR
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Date [second round] election began.
         ..................................................................

             MONTH

             01. JANUARY
             02. FEBRUARY
             03. MARCH
             04. APRIL
             05. MAY
             06. JUNE
             07. JULY
             08. AUGUST
             09. SEPTEMBER
             10. OCTOBER
             11. NOVEMBER
             12. DECEMBER

             96. NOT APPLICABLE: NO SECOND ROUND
             99. MISSING


             DAY

             01-31. DAY OF MONTH

             96. NOT APPLICABLE: NO SECOND ROUND
             99. MISSING


             YEAR

             2021-2026. YEAR

             9996.  NOT APPLICABLE: NO SECOND ROUND
             9999.  MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1011_M-F1011_Y
         |
         | POTENTIAL TIME BRIDGING IDENTIFIER
         |
         | F1011_M-F1011_Y represent the start date of the second round 
         | of elections (where applicable).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1011_1     >>> DATE 2ND ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - YYYY-MM-DD
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Date [second round] election began.
         ..................................................................

             9996. NOT APPLICABLE: NO SECOND ROUND


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1011_1
         | 
         | POTENTIAL TIME BRIDGING IDENTIFIER
         | 
         | F1011_1 details the start date of the second round of the 
         | election in the format YYYY-MM-DD, if applicable.
         |
         | Users are advised to consult ELECTION STUDY NOTES for variables
         | F1011_M-F1011_Y.   


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1011_2     >>> DATE 2ND ROUND ELECTION BEGAN - YYYYMM
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Date [second round] election began.
         ..................................................................

             999996. NOT APPLICABLE: NO SECOND ROUND


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1011_2
         | 
         | POTENTIAL TIME BRIDGING IDENTIFIER
         | 
         | F1011_2 details the start date of the second round of the 
         | election in the format YYYYMM, if applicable.
         |         
         | Users are advised to consult ELECTION STUDY NOTES for variables
         | F1011_M-F1011_Y.   


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1012_1     >>> STUDY TIMING
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Timing of study relative to election.
         ..................................................................

             1. POST-ELECTION STUDY
             2. PRE-ELECTION AND POST-ELECTION STUDY
             3. BETWEEN ROUNDS


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1012_1
         | 
         | F1012_1 details whether the CSES MODULE 6 was included in a post-
         | election study or was fielded in a study operating a pre- and 
         | post-election design. 
         | Conventionally, the CSES questionnaire is only included in post-
         | election surveys. However, a small number of studies fielded a
         | limited number of questions before the election in cases where
         | respondents were interviewed before and after the election.
         |
         | Wherever possible, variables collected post-election were 
         | selected for CSES MODULE 6. For variables administered prior to
         | the election, there is a reference in the ELECTION STUDY NOTES,
         | alerting users to the deviance. Hence, before conducting their 
         | analyses, we advise researchers to read ELECTION STUDY NOTES 
         | carefully for all variables of their interest.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1012_2   >>> STUDY TIMING WITH RESPECT TO COVID-19 PANDEMIC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
         Timing of election/study relative to COVID-19 pandemic.
         ..................................................................
 
             0. ELECTION/STUDY CONDUCTED ENTIRELY AFTER COVID-19 PANDEMIC
             1. ELECTION/STUDY CONDUCTED DURING & AFTER COVID-19 PANDEMIC
             2. ELECTION/STUDY CONDUCTED ENTIRELY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

 
         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1012_2
         |
         | A pandemic is an epidemic of infectious disease that has spread
         | across a large region or multiple or worldwide and affecting a
         | substantial number of individuals.
         |                   
         | At the time of writing, COVID-19 was first discovered in November
         | 2019. Prior to the onset of CSES MODULE 6, the World Health 
         | Organization classified COVID-19 as a pandemic on March 11, 2020.
         | On May 5, 2023, the WHO assessed that given the disease was by 
         | now well established and ongoing, it no longer fit the definition
         | of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) and
         | hence the state of a global emergency.
         |                 
         | An election (or election study) in CSES MODULE 6 is classified 
         | as taking place during the COVID-19 pandemic if the election 
         | itself took place and/or the entire study fieldwork was 
         | administered before May 5, 2023, the end date of the WHO PHEIC
         | classification.
         | An election (or election study) is classified as taking place
         | entirely after the COVID-19 pandemic if the election was held and
         | the election study fieldwork was completed after May 5, 2023. 
         | An election which took place before May 5, 2023 but in which
         | the fieldwork took place both before and/or after May 5, 2023
         | is classified as an election taking place both after and during 
         | the COVID-19 pandemic.
         |        
         | Source of data: World Health Organization (WHO)
         | https://www.who.int/europe/emergencies/situations/covid-19
         | (Date accessed: April 03, 2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F1012_2
         |
         | For the Montenegrin 2023 study, both the legislative main 
         | election, held on June 11, 2023, and fieldwork, conducted 
         | between October 14 and 30, 2023, occurred entirely after the 
         | COVID-19 pandemic. However, as the study also includes 
         | respondents' vote choice for the 2023 Presidential elections 
         | held on March 19 and April 2, 2023, Montenegro 2023 is 
         | classified as "1. ELECTION/STUDY CONDUCTED AFTER & DURING 
         | COVID-19 PANDEMIC".


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1013       >>> STUDY CONTEXT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Study context in which CSES module was administered.
         ..................................................................

             1. CSES CONDUCTED AS PART OF A LARGER STUDY
             2. CSES CONDUCTED AS STAND-ALONE STUDY

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1013
         | 
         | F1013 details the circumstances in which CSES was administered 
         | in a polity. 
         | Oftentimes, CSES is included as one component of a more extensive
         | election study or study of political behavior (for example the
         | American National Election Study ANES, or the German Longitudinal
         | Election Study GLES). However, some studies administered CSES
         | separately from a larger study.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1014       >>> ELECTION TYPE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Type of election.
         ..................................................................

             10. PARLIAMENTARY/LEGISLATIVE
             12. PARLIAMENTARY/LEGISLATIVE AND PRESIDENTIAL
             13. PARLIAMENTARY/LEGISLATIVE AND PRIME MINISTER
             20. PRESIDENTIAL
             30. HEAD OF GOVERNMENT


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1014
         |
         | The following table gives an overview of which type of elections
         | are included in CSES MODULE 6 for which polity.
         |
         | +++ TABLE: ELECTION STUDIES BY TYPE OF ELECTION
         |
         |                        Presidential  Lower House  Upper House  
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)       Election     Election      Election  
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)             -            X            X
         | AUSTRIA (2024)               -            X            -
         | BRAZIL (2022)                X            X            X 
         | DENMARK (2022)               -            X            -
         | FRANCE (2022)                X            -            -
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)            X            X            -
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)           -            X            -
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)       X            X            -
         | POLAND (2023)                -            X            X
         | PORTUGAL (2022)              -            X            -
         | PORTUGAL (2024)              -            X            -
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)              -            X            -
         | SLOVENIA (2022)              -            X            -
         | SWEDEN (2022)                -            X            -
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)           -            X            X
         | TAIWAN (2024)                X            X            -
         | TURKIYE (2023)               X            X            -
         | UNITED STATES (2024)         X            X            X  
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | KEY: X = yes; - = no.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F1014
         |
         | Conventionally, Montenegrin election studies cover legislative 
         | elections, the country's main election. However, due to the 
         | proximity to the legislative elections held on June 11, 2023, 
         | the Montenegrin 2023 study also includes vote choice items for
         | the Presidential elections held on March 19 and April 2 the same 
         | year. Hence, Montenegro 2023 is classified as "12. PARLIAMENTARY/
         | LEGISLATIVE AND PRESIDENTIAL" in F1014.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1015_1     >>> MODE OF INTERVIEW - STUDY - FIRST
F1015_2     >>> MODE OF INTERVIEW - STUDY - SECOND
F1015_3     >>> MODE OF INTERVIEW - STUDY - THIRD
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Mode(s) of interview used in study. 
         ..................................................................

             0. NOT APPLICABLE

             1. IN PERSON, FACE-TO-FACE
             2. TELEPHONE
             3. MAIL OR SELF-COMPLETION SUPPLEMENT
             4. INTERNET
             5. IN PERSON, USING VIDEO CALL

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1015_
         | 
         | F1015_ detail the mode(s) of interview administered in a study
         | on the study-level. For mixed-mode studies, the different modes
         | used are classified in F1015_1-F1015_3 in no particular order.
         |
         | Further details on the overall sampling design, including the 
         | mode(s) of interview used, are provided in the "Overview of Study
         | Design and Weights" available for each election study in Part 5
         | of the CSES MODULE 6 Codebook. 
         | Additionally, users may consult the Design Reports for even more 
         | comprehensive information. Design Reports for each polity 
         | included in CSES are available on the CSES MODULE 6 Study Page at 
         | https://cses.org/data-download/cses-module-6-2021-2026/.
         |
         | Some practitioners may be familiar with other terminology 
         | for different modes of interview. Below, we outline how some 
         | alternative terms map to the classifications used by CSES: 
         | - Face-to-face in-person interviews using a questionnaire on 
         |   paper are sometimes referenced as paper-and-pencil interviews
         |   (PAPI).
         | - Face-to-face in-person interviews using an electronic or
         |   computerized questionnaire are also known as computer-assisted
         |   personal interviews (CAPI). Sometimes, such interviews may 
         |   include self-administered components - for e.g. for questions 
         |   deemed sensitive. Self-administered parts interviewers give to 
         |   respondents as part of a face-to-face protocol are also known
         |   as computer-assisted self-interviewing (CASI).
         | - Telephone interviews are sometimes labeled computer-assisted 
         |   telephone interviews (CATI).
         | - Internet surveys are sometimes also referred to as computer- 
         |   assisted web interviews (CAWI) or computerized self-
         |   administered questionnaire (CSAQ).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F1015_1-3
         |
         | The United States (2024) study used four different modes of 
         | interview, namely, internet, face-to-face, telephone, and video. 
         | CSES codes the three most used ones in variables F1015_1-3.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1016_1      >>> MODE OF INTERVIEW - RESPONDENT - FIRST
F1016_2      >>> MODE OF INTERVIEW - RESPONDENT - SECOND
F1016_3      >>> MODE OF INTERVIEW - RESPONDENT - THIRD
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Mode(s) of interview used by respondent. 
         ..................................................................

             0. NOT APPLICABLE
             
             1. IN PERSON, FACE-TO-FACE
             2. TELEPHONE
             3. MAIL OR SELF-COMPLETION SUPPLEMENT
             4. INTERNET
             5. IN PERSON, USING VIDEO CALL

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1016_
         | 
         | F1016_ detail the mode(s) of interview administered in a study
         | on the respondent-level. For mixed-mode studies, the different 
         | modes used are classified in F1016_1-F1016_3 in no particular 
         | order.
         |
         | Further details on the overall sampling design, including the 
         | mode(s) of interview used, are provided in the "Overview of Study
         | Design and Weights" available for each election study in Part 5
         | of the CSES MODULE 6 Codebook. 
         | Additionally, users may consult the Design Reports for even more 
         | comprehensive information. Design Reports for each polity 
         | included in CSES are available on the CSES MODULE 6 Study Page at 
         | https://cses.org/data-download/cses-module-6-2021-2026/.
         | 
         | For alternative terminology referencing to modes sometimes used 
         | among practitioners, see VARIABLE NOTES for variables F1015_ 
         | (Mode of Interview - Study).
         |
         | Data for F1016_1 are unavailable for DENMARK (2022).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F1016_1
         |
         | F1016_1 is coded missing for DENMARK (2022). Although the vast
         | majority of respondents completed the questionnaire online, some  
         | respondents who could not be reached via the electronic mail 
         | services or did not respond to the survey invitation were offered 
         | to complete a paper-based mail-back questionnaire. As there is 
         | no variable available to differentiate between modes of interview
         | at the respondent level, F1016_1 is unavailable for Denmark.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1017        >>> SELF-SELECTION INTO MODE OF INTERVIEW
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether respondent self-selected or was assigned to interview mode. 
         ..................................................................

             0. NOT APPLICABLE

             1. RESPONDENTS SELF-SELECTED INTO MODE
             2. RESPONDENTS WERE ASSIGNED TO MODE, NO SELF-SELECTION

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1017
         |
         | F1017 distinguishes between studies where respondents were 
         | assigned to the study mode and those studies where different 
         | characteristics of respondents led to de-facto self-selection 
         | into a survey mode. The variable operates on the study level
         | and is only applicable to mixed-mode studies. 
         |
         | Further details on the overall sampling design, including the 
         | mode(s) of interview used, are provided in the "Overview of Study
         | Design and Weights" available for each election study in Part 5
         | of the CSES MODULE 6 Codebook.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F1017
         |
         | The Slovenian election study employed a mixed-mode approach with 
         | interviews collected via the internet and telephone interview.
         | All selected respondents were first invited to complete the
         | survey via the internet. If they volunteered, they were called
         | via phone to complete the interview that way.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F1017
         |
         | The Swiss election study employed a mixed-mode approach with 
         | interviews collected via the internet and mail-back self-
         | completion. All selected respondents were first invited to 
         | complete the survey via the internet. With the second reminder
         | (out of three), a paper version of the questionnaire was sent to
         | those who had not yet participated in the survey. Hence, all 
         | respondents who completed the survey after the reception of the
         | second reminder self-selected into the mode of interview. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1018_1      >>> DURATION OF FIELDWORK
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Duration of fieldwork.
         ..................................................................

             001-900. NUMBER OF DAYS

             999.     MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1018_1
         |
         | F1018_1 details the number of days in total for the fieldwork 
         | including the end day in the calculation. 
         | F1018_1 may either refer to the fieldwork dates as specified
         | in variables F1019_, or to the fielding period for the 
         | entire respective national election study as provided in the 
         | corresponding election study's Design Report - available from the
         | CSES MODULE 6 study page at:
         | https://cses.org/data-download/cses-module-6-2021-2026/

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F1018_1
         |
         | The variable is coded only for the post-election component of the
         | American National Election Study (ANES), ranging from November 7,
         | 2024 to February 17, 2025. The ANES also included a pre-election 
         | component running from August 3, 2024 to November 5, 2024.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1018_2      >>> DAYS FIELDWORK STARTED POST ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Number of days after the election fieldwork started.
         ..................................................................

             001.-900. NUMBER OF DAYS

             999.      MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1018_2
         |
         | F1018_2 details the number of days after the election the 
         | fieldwork commences. If the election was held on more than one  
         | day or involved multiple rounds, this variable reports the number  
         | of days from the first day of the election and/or the first 
         | round.
         | F1018_2 may either refer to the beginning of fieldwork as 
         | specified in variables F1019_, or to the fielding period for the 
         | entire respective national election study as provided in the 
         | corresponding election study's Design Report - available from the
         | CSES MODULE 6 study page at:
         | https://cses.org/data-download/cses-module-6-2021-2026/


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1019_M     >>> DATE QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTERED - MONTH
F1019_D     >>> DATE QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTERED - DAY
F1019_Y     >>> DATE QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTERED - YEAR
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         A04.a-c. Date questionnaire administered.
         ..................................................................

             MONTH

             01. JANUARY
             02. FEBRUARY
             03. MARCH
             04. APRIL
             05. MAY
             06. JUNE
             07. JULY
             08. AUGUST
             09. SEPTEMBER
             10. OCTOBER
             11. NOVEMBER
             12. DECEMBER

             99. MISSING

             DAY

             01-31. DAY OF MONTH

             99.    MISSING

             YEAR

             2021-2026. YEAR

             9999.      MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1019_
         |
         | F1019_ detail the date the questionnaire was administered,
         | i.e., the date of interview.     
         | In some instances, the fieldwork dates listed in the Design
         | Report and within the CSES MODULE 6 dataset as reported in
         | F1019_ may differ. This arises principally because CSES
         | MODULE 6 reports the fieldwork dates relative to the fielding of
         | the CSES component of the study and concerning the relevant
         | observations from an election study included in CSES MODULE 6.
         | However, the Design Report can refer to fieldwork dates for
         | non-CSES components of a study.
         | Wherever possible, the table below reports fieldwork dates
         | as provided in variables F1019_. In cases where data for
         | either F1019_M, F1019_D or F1019_Y are unavailable, CSES sourced
         | fieldwork dates from the corresponding election study's Design
         | Report - available from the CSES MODULE 6 study page at:
         | https://cses.org/data-download/cses-module-6-2021-2026/
         |
         | +++ TABLE: DATES OF FIELDWORK BY POLITY
         |       
         | POLITY (ELEC YR)        Fieldwork Begins  Fieldwork Ends
         | ----------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)        May 23, 2022      Jun 05, 2022
         | AUSTRIA (2024)          Sep 30, 2024      Oct 21, 2024
         | BRAZIL (2022)           Nov 19, 2022      Dec 04, 2022
         | DENMARK (2022)          Nov 02, 2022      Feb 01, 2023
         | FRANCE (2022)           Apr 28, 2022      May 26, 2022
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)       Oct 14, 2023      Oct 30, 2023
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)      Oct 18, 2023      Mar 09, 2024
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)  Oct 25, 2024      Dec 04, 2025
         | POLAND (2023)           Nov 07, 2023      Dec 16, 2023
         | PORTUGAL (2022)         Feb 11, 2022      Mar 07, 2022
         | PORTUGAL (2024)         Apr 27, 2024      May 07, 2024
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)         Jan 31, 2024      Feb 26, 2024
         | SLOVENIA (2022)         Sep 26, 2022      Dec 03, 2022
         | SWEDEN (2022)           Sep 13, 2022      Jan 04, 2023
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)      Oct 23, 2023      Jan 11, 2024
         | TAIWAN (2024)           Jan 15, 2024      May 31, 2024
         | TURKIYE (2023)          Aug 25, 2023      Oct 04, 2023
         | UNITED STATES (2024)    Nov 07, 2024      Feb 19, 2025
         | ----------------------------------------------------------------
         |
         | Data are unavailable for FRANCE (2022).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F1019_
         |
         | For the Danish 2022 study, F1019_ refers to the start date of the 
         | interview. Collaborators note that respondents were allowed to 
         | interrupt the online interview and complete it at a later date.
         | The latest interview included in the CSES sample was started on 
         | January 29 as documented in F1019_D, but completed on February 1,
         | 2023.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F1019_
         |
         | Fieldwork for the Montenegrin 2023 study was conducted between
         | October 14 and October 30, 2023. For 39 interviews in the sample,
         | dates outside of this range were erroneously documented by the 
         | fieldwork management software, meaning the actual date of 
         | interview is not ascertainable. The 39 affected observations 
         | were coded to "99. MISSING" in F1019_M and F1019_D.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F1019_M & F1019_D
         |
         | Collaborators advise that the date of the interview cannot be 
         | ascertained for 18 observations in the dataset. For these cases, 
         | interviewers' tablets were affected by a sync issue, which 
         | caused interviews presumably conducted in the second half of 
         | November to appear as if they were all completed on December 1, 
         | 2024. The affected 18 respondents were coded to "99. MISSING" in
         | F1019_M and F1019_D and to "9995. NOT ASCERTAINABLE" in F1020_1,
         | respectively.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F1019_
         |
         | Collaborators advise that variables F1019_ indicate the day they 
         | received the completed questionnaire, which does not necessarily 
         | equal the day the questionnaire was administered.
         | While the response day presumably equals the day of reception
         | for respondents filling in the questionnaire online, dates may
         | diverge for up to one week for respondents answering the 
         | mail-back questionnaire.
         | Further, collaborators note fieldwork was envisaged to start on 
         | September 12, 2022 - the day following the general election. 
         | However, since collaborators had no means to verify whether 
         | questionnaires reached respondents in time, and the first online
         | interview was conducted on September 13, 2022, CSES classifies 
         | September 13, 2022, as the start date of the fieldwork period.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F1019_
         |
         | One respondent is classified as having been interviewed on June 
         | 1, 2024, although the interviewing period ended the preceding 
         | day (May 31). Collaborators note the respective interview 
         | started around 11 p.m. on May 31, finishing only after midnight. 
         | As a result, the fieldwork management software classified 
         | June 1, 2024, as the date of the interview. Data in F1019_ 
         | remain unchanged.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F1019_M - F1019_Y
         |
         | The survey was administered between November 7, 2024, and
         | February 17, 2025. For demographic variables as well as for
         | respondents who had voted early, the CSES includes questions of 
         | the pre-election questionnaire, administered between August 3 
         | and November 5, 2024.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1020_1     >>> DAYS INTERVIEW CONDUCTED POST FIRST ROUND OF ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Number of days after the election interview conducted.
         ..................................................................

             001.-900. NUMBER OF DAYS

             9995.     NOT ASCERTAINED
             9999.     MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1020_1
         | 
         | F1020_1 details the number of days the interview was conducted 
         | after the first day of the election and/or the first round.
         |
         | For studies where the election involved multiple rounds, the
         | number of days the interview was conducted post the second round
         | is available in F1020_2.
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for FRANCE (2022).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F1020_1
         |
         | Collaborators advise that the date of the interview cannot be 
         | ascertained for 18 observations in the dataset. For these cases, 
         | interviewers' tablets were affected by a sync issue, which 
         | caused interviews presumably conducted in the second half of 
         | November to appear as if they were all completed on December 1, 
         | 2024. The affected 18 respondents were coded to "99. MISSING" in
         | F1019_M and F1019_D and to "9995. NOT ASCERTAINABLE" in F1020_1,
         | respectively.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1020_2     >>> DAYS INTERVIEW CONDUCTED POST SECOND ROUND OF ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Number of days after the election interview conducted.
         ..................................................................

             001.-900. NUMBER OF DAYS

             9995.     NOT ASCERTAINED
             9996.     NOT APPLICABLE: NO SECOND ROUND
             9999.     MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1020_2
         |
         | F1020_2 details the number of days from the first day of the 
         | election of the second round for studies where the election 
         | featured more than one round.
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for FRANCE (2022).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1021        >>> DURATION OF INTERVIEW
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Duration of interview.
         ..................................................................

             001-500. NUMBER OF MINUTES

             99999.   MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1021
         |
         | F1021 details the length of the interview in minutes. 
         |
         | For a small number of cases, the duration of interview exceeds
         | the limit as specified in the codes provided above. 
         | When probed, Collaborators report a range of potential reasons
         | for interview duration deviations including the following
         | technical issues:
         | - interviewers forgetting to exit the application used for data 
         |   collection upon completion of the interview
         | - respondents interrupting online interviews without closing the 
         |   associated application in their web browser, completing 
         |   the interview at a later time or day.
         | - other technical issues during the survey administration not 
         |   further specified.
         |
         | Data is mostly unavailable for studies that relied solely on 
         | self-completion mail-back studies or respondents that completed 
         | the survey using this mode; although in some instances, self-
         | estimates by the respondent are provided and are listed in the 
         | below ELECTION STUDY NOTES where appropriate. 
         |
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRALIA (2022), FRANCE (2022), NEW
         | ZEALAND (2023), POLAND (2023), SWEDEN (2022), and TURKIYE (2023).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F1021
         |
         | A tabulation of F1021 shows some Austrian respondents with 
         | unusually high values for this variable. These are presumably
         | those respondents who did not fill in the online questionnaire
         | in one go but took breaks when responding to the questions or
         | resumed the questionnaire after a few days/weeks.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F1021
         |
         | 175 respondents were coded "99999. Missing" in F1021 because they 
         | interrupted the interview and finished it at a later date, making
         | the calculation of interview duration infeasible.  

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F1021
         |
         | A tabulation of F1021 shows some Swiss respondents with 
         | unusually high values for this variable. These are presumably
         | those respondents who did not fill in the online questionnaire
         | in one go but took breaks when responding to the questions or
         | resumed the questionnaire after a few days/weeks, often 
         | following a reminder. Reminders were sent out on November 03,
         | November 16 and December 05, 2023. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1022_1     >>> INTERVIEWER ID WITHIN ELECTION STUDY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         A02. Interviewer identification variable, within election study.
         ..................................................................

             00000-999996. INTERVIEWER IDENTIFIER

             999997.       NOT APPLICABLE: SELF-ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRE

             999999.       MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1022_1
         |
         | F1022_1 details a unique identifier for an interviewer within an
         | election study. It is not unique across the entire CSES MODULE 6.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRALIA (2022).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F1022_1
         |
         | The tabulation of F1022_1 for Australia (2022) shows that 3,158 
         | respondents are coded as "999997. NOT APPLICABLE" and 111 
         | respondents are coded as "999999. MISSING". In the 2022  
         | Australian Election Study, a mixed-mode design was used
         | (F1016_1). While 3,158 respondents completed the survey via the  
         | internet, 111 respondents did so via telephone. Therefore, these  
         | 3,158 respondents were coded as not applicable for F1022_1, while  
         | 111 respondents were coded as missing as no information was  
         | available on the telephone interviewers. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F1022_1
         |
         | For the Portuguese 2024 studies, the original interviewer IDs 
         | were eight digits in length. The first four digits referred to 
         | the office to which interviewers reported (Lisbon or Porto), 
         | with the remaining four digits identifying interviewers. As the
         | first four digits were not required to unambiguously refer to 
         | interviewers, F1022_1 just reports the last four digits of the 
         | original variable (37 interviewers in total).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F1022_1
         |
         | The deposited dataset contained an interviewer ID variable in 
         | string format. Specifically, each interviewer ID started with 
         | "DC", followed by a four-digit number.
         | For the CSES MODULE 6 dataset, only the digits from the original 
         | interviewer IDs were kept. Furthermore, in case the four-digit 
         | code started with a zero, the zero was dropped.
         | Recoding was realized in STATA 19 using the following commands:
         |
         | gen F1022a = V245010
         | replace F1022a = "999999" if V245010 == "-1. Inapplicable"
         | replace F1022a = substr(V245010, 3, 4) ///
         | if V245010 != "-1. Inapplicable"
         | gen F1022_1 = real(F1022a)
         | drop F1022a


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1022_2     >>> INTERVIEWER GENDER
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         A03. Gender of interviewer.
         ..................................................................

             0. MALE
             1. FEMALE
             3. ALTERNATIVE RESPONSE [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             7. NOT APPLICABLE: SELF-ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1022_2
         |
         | F1022_2 details the interviewer's gender for non-self-  
         | administered studies in CSES MODULE 6.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRALIA (2022) and POLAND (2023).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F1022_2
         |
         | The tabulation of F1022_2 for Australia (2022) shows that 3,158 
         | respondents are coded as "7. NOT APPLICABLE" and 111 respondents
         | are coded as "9. MISSING". In the 2022 Australian Election Study,
         | a mixed-mode design was used (F1016_1). While 3,158 respondents 
         | completed the survey via the internet, 111 respondents did so via
         | telephone. Therefore, these 3,158 respondents were coded as not 
         | applicable for F1022_2, while 111 respondents were coded as
         | missing as no information was available on the gender of the 
         | telephone interviewers. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1023       >>> LANGUAGE OF QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTRATION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         A06. Language of questionnaire administration.
         ..................................................................

             008. ARABIC, LEVANTINE (ISRAEL)

             016. BENGALI, BANGLADESHI, BANGLA (INDIA)

             276. CENTRAL THAI
             203. CHINESE, CANTONESE
             023. CHINESE, HAKKA
             024. CHINESE, MANDARIN
             025. CHINESE, MIN NAN
             028. CZECH

             029. DANISH
             031. DUTCH

             032. ENGLISH

             035. FINNISH
             036. FRENCH

             044. GERMAN, STANDARD
             045. GREEK
             047. GUJARATI (SOUTH AFRICA, INDIA)

             048. HEBREW
             049. HUNGARIAN
             051. HINDI

             050. ICELANDIC
             278. ISAN THAI
             052. ITALIAN

             054. JAPANESE

             055. KANNADA (INDIA)
             066. KOREAN

             277. LANNA THAI
             063. LATVIAN
             068. LITHUANIAN

             073. MACEDONIAN
             076. MALAYALAM (INDIA)
             080. MAORI
             082. MARATHI (INDIA)
             085. MONTENEGRIN

             088. NORWEGIAN

             092. ORIYA (INDIA)

             094. PANJABI, EASTERN (INDIA)
             096. POLISH
             097. PORTUGUESE

             106. ROMANIAN
             109. RUSSIAN

             117. SLOVAK
             118. SLOVENIAN
             281. SOUTHERN THAI
             121. SPANISH
             123. SWEDISH

             124. TAMIL (INDIA)
             126. TELUGU (INDIA)
             134. TURKISH

             980. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             981. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             982. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             983. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             996. OTHER: NOT SPECIFIED

             999. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1023
         | 
         | F1023 details the language the interview was administered in.
         | Coding of F1023 follows the scheme of F2017 (language usually
         | spoken at home).
         |
         | Data are unavailable for NEW ZEALAND (2023).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F1023
         |
         | For the North Macedonian 2024 study, interviews were conducted
         | in Macedonian and in Albanian. 
         | The CSES classification for F1023 distinguishes between multiple 
         | Albanian dialects. Collaborators advise the predominant dialect
         | spoken in North Macedonia is Gheg. However, official, state-
         | sponsored education is based on Standard Albanian (Tosk). 
         | Therefore, collaborators used the general term "Albanian" 
         | commonly employed by North Macedonian surveys with respondents,  
         | as asking respondents to specify a dialect would have likely 
         | been confusing and challenging for them to answer.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       980.     Albanian (not further specified)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F1023
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       025.     Taiwanese
         |       980.     Mandarin and Taiwanese
         |       981.     Taiwanese and Hakka

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F1023
         |
         | Some respondents in the United States 2024 study switched 
         | languages between the pre- and the post-election survey from 
         | either English to Spanish or vice versa. These respondents 
         | were coded 980 in F1023. 
         |
         | CSES Code       Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       980.      Language of questionnaire administration 
         |                 switched between pre- and post-election 
         |                 interview


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1024     >>> QUESTIONNAIRE VERSION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Version of the CSES MODULE 6 questionnaire that was fielded.
         ..................................................................

             1. PILOT QUESTIONNAIRE
             2. FINALIZED QUESTIONNAIRE


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1024
         | 
         | F1024 details whether studies administered the pilot version or
         | the finalized version of the CSES MODULE 6 questionnaire.
         |
         | Studies included in the CSES MODULE 6 fielded one of two 
         | versions of the CSES questionnaire. The pilot questionnaire
         | was fielded among pre-test studies and in cases where national
         | election studies were administered prior to the finalization of
         | the CSES MODULE 6 questionnaire in 2022. All other studies 
         | fielded the finalized version.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1100       >>> ID COMPONENT - SAMPLE COMPONENT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Sample Components within an election study.
         ..................................................................

               01.-03. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

                  999. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1100
         |
         | F1100 details the number of sampling components included in a
         | study, i.e., differentiation in administering a survey in terms 
         | of language, pre- and post-election designs, oversampling of 
         | selected sub-populations, etc.  
         | In some cases, analysts may wish to consider regions of polities
         | or other sample components units of analysis (e.g., what form of
         | questionnaire was administered to a respondent or timing of 
         | administration). This variable provides this information. If  
         | applicable, ELECTION STUDY NOTES BELOW detail the individual 
         | sampling components. For studies that do not provide multiple 
         | sample components, the default value is 1.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F1100
         |
         | F1100 provides a differentiation between respondents' waves of
         | recruitment.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     2012
         |        02.     2016
         |        03.     2020

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F1100
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |------------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Completely filled out the survey
         |        02.     Partially filled out the survey

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F1100
         |         
         | CSES Code       Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.      Panel sample
         |        02.      Fresh-WEB sample
         |        03.      Fresh-FTF sample


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1101_1     >>> ORIGINAL WEIGHT: SAMPLE
F1101_2     >>> ORIGINAL WEIGHT: DEMOGRAPHIC
F1101_3     >>> ORIGINAL WEIGHT: POLITICAL
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Original Weights provided by the national election study. 
         ..................................................................

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1101_
         |
         | F1101_ detail the original weights provided by each election
         | study in CSES MODULE 6. 
         |
         | Sample weights include those intended to correct for unequal
         | selection probabilities resulting from "booster" samples,
         | procedures for selection within the household, non-response,
         | as well as other features of the sample design.
         |
         | Demographic weights adjust sample distributions of socio-
         | demographic characteristics to more closely resemble the
         | characteristics of the population.
         |
         | Political weights reconcile discrepancies in the reported
         | electoral behavior of the survey respondents from the official
         | vote counts.
         | For some studies providing a political weight, political weights
         | are unavailable for non-voters or respondents casting an invalid
         | vote. In past CSES Modules, such observations have oftentimes 
         | been set to zero, thereby dropping from analyses upon applying
         | the political weight. However, CSES acknowledges that political 
         | weights have gotten more complex over time, sometimes accounting
         | for additional factors apart from current election results. 
         | Consequentially, for CSES MODULE 6, the handling of missing 
         | values in political weights will be decided on a case-by-case
         | basis, in close coordination with the respective Collaborators.
         | Where applicable, further details on such instances are provided
         | in the ELECTION STUDY NOTES below.
         |
         | In cases where a Collaborator provides a single weight that
         | is a combination of one or more of the three weight categories
         | (sample, demographic, and political), the weight is duplicated
         | in the two or more appropriate variables. Thus, analysts using
         | two or more of the weights simultaneously will need to account
         | for this duplication.
         |
         | Use of weights is at the discretion of the analyst based upon
         | the considerations of her/his individual research question.
         | We recommend that analysts familiarize themselves with the
         | weights, their components, and their methods of creation
         | before applying them.
         |
         | Additionally, analysts will want to keep in mind that these
         | weights are prepared to be election study weights, not country
         | weights. To convert the weights to country weights requires an
         | adjustment for those countries for which one or more polities
         | or election studies appear in the dataset.
         |
         | Where a weight of a particular type is unavailable, these
         | variables are coded 1.
         |
         | Collaborators provided the original weights with a varying
         | number of decimal places. In this CSES dataset, however, all
         | of the original weights have been rounded to four decimal places
         | at maximum (i.e. 1.1234) using STATA.
         |
         | Further details on the overall sampling design, including the 
         | weights deposited with CSES, are provided in the "Overview of 
         | Study Design and Weights" available for each election study in 
         | Part 5 of the CSES MODULE 6 Codebook. 
         | Additionally, users may consult the Design Reports for even more 
         | comprehensive information. Design Reports for each polity 
         | included in CSES are available on the CSES MODULE 6 Study Page at 
         | https://cses.org/data-download/cses-module-6-2021-2026/.
         |
         | In some instances, original weights as deposited with CSES 
         | included missing values or observations coded as zero. ELECTION
         | STUDY NOTES for F1100_ detail how the affected cases were handled
         | in the CSES MODULE 6 dataset.
         |         
         | +++ TABLE: TYPE OF ORIGINAL WEIGHTS BY INDIVIDUAL ELECTION 
         |            STUDIES
         |
         |                          Sample     Demographic   Political  
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)       Weight       Weight       Weight  
         | -----------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)           X            -            -
         | AUSTRIA (2024)             -            X            X            
         | BRAZIL (2022)              -            X            -
         | DENMARK (2022)             -            X            X
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)          -            X            -
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)         -            X            X      
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)     -            X            X
         | POLAND (2023)              -            X            -
         | PORTUGAL (2022)            -            X            X
         | PORTUGAL (2024)            -            X            -
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)            X            X            -    
         | SLOVENIA (2022)            X            X            -    
         | SWEDEN (2022)              -            X            -
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)         X            -            X    
         | TAIWAN (2024)              -            X            -        
         | TURKIYE (2023)             -            X            -
         | UNITED STATES (2024)       X            X            -
         | -----------------------------------------------------------
         | KEY: X = available; - = not available.
         | 
         | Weights are unavailable for FRANCE (2022).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F1101_1
         |
         | Whereas all non-citizens (287 respondents from overall 3,556 
         | respondents) were dropped from the dataset for CSES Module 6, the 
         | weight calculation included these non-citizens. The explanation 
         | from the collaborators is that when they started their work on 
         | the file, they asked their statistician who devised the weights 
         | about this issue. His view was that they should leave the already 
         | calculated weight and a new weight was not necessary. The already 
         | supplied weight is adequate.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F1101_3
         |
         | For 452 respondents, a political weight was not calculated
         | because they either did not vote according to F3010_LH (N = 433)
         | or cast an invalid ballot according to F3011_LH_PL (N = 19). 
         | As suggested by collaborators, the respective 452 respondents 
         | were coded to 1 for the political weight, i.e., the mean of 
         | F1101_3.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F1101_2
         |
         | For 16 respondents in F1101_2, no weight value was provided 
         | because the education variable used for calculating the weights 
         | was missing. The 16 observations in F1101_2 were assigned the 
         | mean value of the provided demographic weight.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1102_1     >>> FACTOR: MEAN OF SAMPLE WEIGHT
F1102_2     >>> FACTOR: MEAN OF DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT
F1102_3     >>> FACTOR: MEAN OF POLITICAL WEIGHT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Mean Weight of Weights provided by the national election study.
         ..................................................................

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1102_
         |
         | F1102_ detail the mean weight of each type, within each polity
         | (election study). The resulting factors are then used to create
         | the derivative "Polity Weights" in variables F1103_1 through 
         | F1103_3.
         |
         | To follow is the STATA code used to create variables
         | F1102_1, F1102_2, and F1102_3:
         |
         | levelsof F1004, local(elec) sep(" ")
         |
         | forvalues i=1/3 {
         |   foreach x of local elec {
         |     su F1101_`i' if F1004=="`x'"
         |     replace F1102_`i' = r(mean) if F1004=="`x'"
         |   }
         | }
         |
         | The STATA code to create the derivative variables in the CSES
         | dataset was run on the original, unrounded version of
         | the original weight variables (F1101_1-F1101_3). Thereafter
         | the derivative variables were rounded to four decimal places at
         | maximum (i.e. 1.1234) using STATA.
         |
         | It is due to this rounding that the mean values of derivative
         | weight variables F1102_1-F1102_3 for individual election studies
         | and for the full dataset are close to, but not necessarily
         | exactly equal to, 1.0000.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1103_1     >>> POLITY WEIGHT: SAMPLE
F1103_2     >>> POLITY WEIGHT: DEMOGRAPHIC
F1103_3     >>> POLITY WEIGHT: POLITICAL
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Polity Weight of Weights provided by the national election study.
         ..................................................................

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1103_
         |
         | See also Variable and Election Study VARIABLE NOTES for F1101_-
         | F1102_.
         |
         | F1103_ detail the standardized versions (with a mean 1 within 
         | the polity) of the original weights provided with the component
         | election studies, described in F1101_. They are the ratio of each
         | weighting factor to the mean weight (F1102_) of each type, 
         | calculated within each polity.
         |
         | The derivative "Polity Weight" (F1103_) has been created so
         | that for each weight (sample, demographic, political), each
         | respondent within the election study has a mean weight of "1".
         | If you are running a frequency, for instance, this weight
         | will work so that the N in your frequency table comes out to
         | approximately the same as the number of interviews in the
         | study. This derivative weight is created by dividing the
         | individual weight for each respondent within an election
         | study by the mean for that weight for all respondents in that
         | election study.
         |
         | To follow is the STATA code used to create variables
         | F1103_1, F1103_2, and F1103_3:
         |
         | replace F1103_1 = F1101_1 / F1102_1
         | replace F1103_2 = F1101_2 / F1102_2
         | replace F1103_3 = F1101_3 / F1102_3
         |
         | The STATA code to create the derivative variables in the CSES
         | dataset was run on the original, unrounded version of the  
         | original weight variables (F1101_1-F1101_3). Thereafter the
         | derivative variables were rounded to four decimal places at
         | maximum (i.e. 1.1234) using STATA.
         |
         | It is due to this rounding that the mean values of derivative
         | weight variables F1103_1-F1103_3 for individual election studies
         | and for the full dataset are close to, but not necessarily
         | exactly equal to, 1.0000.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1104       >>> FACTOR: SAMPLE SIZE ADJUSTMENT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Factor Weight of Weights provided by the national election study. 
         ..................................................................

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1104
         |
         | F1104 details the ratio of the average sample size to each 
         | election study sample. This factor is calculated on the basis of
         | the samples appearing in the CSES data files (i.e. does not
         | incorporate booster samples, panel respondents who did not
         | participate in the CSES wave of multi-wave studies, etc.). 
         | Further, this factor treats elections, and not political systems,
         | as the unit of analysis. Analysts wishing to compare across-
         | countries, instead of across-election studies, should adjust this
         | weight accordingly.
         |
         | The resulting factor is then used to create the derivative
         | "Dataset Weights" in variables F1105_1 through F1105_3.
         |
         | This variable will not be available until the Full Release of 
         | CSES MODULE 6. 
         |
         | To follow is the STATA code used to create variable F1104:
         |
         | gen n=1
         | gen tot_obs  = _N                /*Number of observations*/
         | tab F1004, m 
         | gen estudies = r(r)              /*Number of election studies*/
         | gen mean_res = tot_obs/estudies
         | gen n_cases = .
         |
         | levelsof F1004, local(elec) sep(" ")
         |
         | foreach x of local elec {
         |   su n if F1004=="`x'"
         |   replace n_cases = r(sum) if F1004=="`x'"
         | }
         |
         | replace F1104 =  mean_res / n_cases
         | drop n-n_cases
         |
         | The STATA code to create the derivative variables in the CSES
         | dataset was run on the original, unrounded version of the
         | original weight variables (F1101_1-F1101_3). Thereafter the
         | derivative variables were rounded to four decimal places at
         | maximum (i.e. 1.1234) using STATA.
         |
         | It is due to this rounding that the mean value of derivative
         | weight variable F1104 for the full dataset is close to, but not
         | necessarily exactly equal to, 1.0000.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1105_1     >>> DATASET WEIGHT: SAMPLE
F1105_2     >>> DATASET WEIGHT: DEMOGRAPHIC
F1105_3     >>> DATASET WEIGHT: POLITICAL
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Dataset Weight of Weights provided by the national election study. 
         ..................................................................

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1105_
         |
         | See also Variable and Election Study VARIABLE NOTES for F1101_-
         | F1104.
         |
         | F1105_ are intended for micro-level analyses involving the 
         | entire CSES sample. Using the sample size adjustment (F1104), 
         | the centered weights (F1103_) are corrected such that each 
         | each election study component contributes equally to the 
         | analysis, regardless of the original sample size. Users are
         | advised to read the VARIABLE NOTES of the preceding variables 
         | carefully so as to ensure that their analyses will be weighted
         | appropriately.
         |
         | The derivative "Dataset Weight" (F1105_) has been created so
         | that each election study in the dataset will contribute equally
         | to analyses of respondents, regardless of the number of 
         | interviews in each election study.
         |
         | This variable will not be available until the Full Release of 
         | CSES MODULE 6. 
         |
         | To follow is the STATA code used to create variables
         | F1105_1, F1105_2, and F1105_3:
         |
         | replace F1105_1 = F1103_1 * F1104
         | replace F1105_2 = F1103_2 * F1104
         | replace F1105_3 = F1103_3 * F1104
         |
         | The STATA code to create the derivative variables in the CSES
         | dataset was run on the original, unrounded version of
         | the original weight variables (F1101_1-F1101_3). Thereafter
         | the derivative variables were rounded to four decimal places at
         | maximum (i.e. 1.1234) using STATA.
         |
         | It is due to this rounding that the mean values of derivative
         | weight variables F1105_1-F1105_3 for the full dataset are close
         | to, but not necessarily exactly equal to, 1.0000.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F1106       >>> CSES MODULE 6 RELEASE CYCLE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         CSES MODULE 6 Release an election study was first published in. 
         ..................................................................

             1. STUDY ADDED IN CSES MODULE 6 ADVANCE RELEASE 1
             2. STUDY ADDED IN CSES MODULE 6 ADVANCE RELEASE 2
             3. STUDY ADDED IN CSES MODULE 6 ADVANCE RELEASE 3
             4. STUDY ADDED IN CSES MODULE 6 ADVANCE RELEASE 4
             5. STUDY ADDED IN CSES MODULE 6 FULL RELEASE


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F1106
         |
         | F1106 details the CSES MODULE 6 release a national election study
         | was published in. For example, a study coded 1 in F1106 was 
         | added to Module 6 Advance Release 1, whereas a study coded 2 in
         | F1106 became available in Module 6 Advance Release 2, and so on. 


===========================================================================
))) CSES MODULE 6 VARIABLES: MICRO-LEVEL (SURVEY) DATA
                             DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
===========================================================================

         | Users should note that the CSES questionnaire of origin
         | does not include any filter instructions in the demographic
         | section.
         | 
         | The use of filter instructions/variables in the demographic
         | section follows primary researchers' applications. Where they
         | appear, an election study note will inform on their use and
         | function.
         | 
         | For several variables, instructions for the administration of
         | the CSES Questionnaire were given. See >>> CSES MODULE 6
         | COLLABORATOR INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE
         | CSES QUESTIONNAIRE, in Part 1 of the Codebook.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2001_Y     >>> DATE OF BIRTH OF RESPONDENT - YEAR
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D01.b. Date of birth of respondent.
         ..................................................................

             1900-2006. YEAR

             9997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             9998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9999. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2001_Y
         |
         | CSES collects information on the month of birth of the respondent
         | to determine the eligibility of the respondent (i.e., entitlement 
         | to vote). However, this variable is not made publicly available
         | to preserve respondent confidentiality. 
         |
         | Data are unavailable for FRANCE (2022).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F2001_Y
         |
         | Respondents were not asked their year and month of birth, but 
         | their age as of September 30, 2021. The variable represents the
         | calculated year of birth, using the year of the interview and
         | the age of the respondent. For persons whose birthday was
         | after the interview, the year of birth will hence be incorrect.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F2001_Y
         |
         | For a small number of respondents, the values for the year of 
         | birth were combined into categories to protect anonymity and to
         | reduce the risk of re-identification.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |      1942.     1942 or earlier
         |      2006.     2006-2007

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F2001_Y
         |
         | The French 2022 election study did not include a variable on age 
         | (F2001_A) or year of birth (F2001_Y). Therefore, respondents' 
         | eligibility to vote cannot be verified. However, the tabulation 
         | of an age group variable showed that this is only the case for 19 
         | respondents who are classified as 24 years or younger and four 
         | respondents who did not respond to the question. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F2001_Y
         |
         | A comparison between F2001_A (Age of Respondent) and F2001_Y 
         | (Year of Birth) shows that F2001_Y includes 38 respondents being
         | coded as missing whilst information on their age is included in
         | F2001_A. Whilst F2001_Y is based on a survey question asking
         | respondents about their year of birth, F2001_A is coded based
         | on information from the electoral roll and hence, available for
         | all respondents. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F2001_Y
         |
         | In the Sweden 2022 study, data on respondents' year of birth have 
         | not been collected in the survey but were obtained from 
         | population registers. 
         | Generally, register data were sourced in 2022, i.e., the election
         | year.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F2001_Y
         |
         | Five respondents refused to provide their year of birth.
         | Collaborators note eligibility of the five individuals has been 
         | assessed before the interview.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F2001_Y
         |
         | The ANES 2024 Time Series study does not disclose respondents' 
         | year and month of birth, but their age as of election day. 
         | F2001_Y was approximated by subtracting respondents' age from 
         | 2024. Respondents who were 80 years or older at the time of the 
         | election, that is, all respondents born before November 4, 1944, 
         | are coded as 1944 (N = 333).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2001_A     >>> AGE OF RESPONDENT (IN YEARS)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Age of respondent (in years).
         ..................................................................

             018-118. AGE, IN YEARS

                9997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
                9998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

                9999. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2001_A
         |
         | DERIVATIVE VARIABLE
         |
         | F2001_A was calculated by subtracting the year of birth 
         | (variable F2001_Y) from the election year (variable F1009), 
         | unless specified otherwise in ELECTION STUDY NOTES below. 
         |
         | For further information on individual election studies, users are
         | advised to carefully read the ELECTION STUDY NOTES for F2001_Y.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for FRANCE (2022).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F2001_A
         |
         | For 31 respondents, the respondent age cannot be calculated 
         | because the information on the year of birth was grouped into
         | two categories to protect anonymity and reduce the risk of re-
         | identification (see ELECTION STUDY NOTES of F2001_Y). Due to 
         | this limitation, it is not feasible to construct the 
         | corresponding derivative variable.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F2001_A
         |
         | The French 2022 election study did not include a variable on age 
         | (F2001_A) or year of birth (F2001_Y). Therefore, respondents' 
         | eligibility to vote cannot be verified. However, the tabulation 
         | of an age group variable showed that this is only the case for 19 
         | respondents who are classified as 24 years or younger and four 
         | respondents who did not respondent to the question. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F2001_A
         |
         | A comparison between F2001_A (Age of Respondent) and F2001_Y 
         | (Year of Birth) shows that F2001_Y includes 38 respondents 
         | coded as missing whilst information on their age is included in
         | F2001_A. Whilst F2001_Y is based on a survey question asking
         | respondents about their year of birth, F2001_A is coded based
         | on information from the electoral roll and hence, available for
         | all respondents. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F2001_Y
         |
         | The ANES 2024 Time Series provides respondents' age as of 
         | election day. Respondents who were 80 years or older at the time
         | of the election, that is, all respondents born before November 4,
         | 1944, are coded as 80 (N = 333).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2001_GG      >>> BIRTH GENERATION: GREATEST GENERATION 
                  (BORN 1927 OR BEFORE)
F2001_GS      >>> BIRTH GENERATION: SILENT GENERATION
                  (BORN FROM 1928 TO 1945)
F2001_GBB     >>> BIRTH GENERATION: BABY BOOMERS
                  (BORN FROM 1946 TO 1964)
F2001_GX      >>> BIRTH GENERATION: GENERATION X
                  (BORN FROM 1965 TO 1980)
F2001_GY      >>> BIRTH GENERATION: GENERATION Y
                  (BORN FROM 1981 TO 1996)
F2001_GZ      >>> BIRTH GENERATION: GENERATION Z
                  (BORN FROM 1997 ONWARDS)       
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Generations based on the respondent's year of birth.
         ..................................................................

             0. RESPONDENT NOT PART OF GENERATION
             1. RESPONDENT PART OF GENERATION 

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2001_G
         |
         | DERIVATIVE VARIABLE
         |
         | The F2001_G variables distinguish six demographic cohorts 
         | of respondents represented in the CSES MODULE 6, namely: 
         |
         | F2001_GG:  Generation Greatest, Rs. born before 1927
         | F2001_GS:  Silent Generation,   Rs. born from 1928 to 1945 
         | F2001_GBB: Baby Boomers,        Rs. born from 1946 to 1964
         | F2001_GX:  Generation X,        Rs. born from 1965 to 1980
         | F2001_GY:  Generation Y,        Rs. born from 1981 to 1996
         | F2001_GZ:  Generation Z,        Rs. born from 1997 onwards
         | 
         | Users are advised that the generational boundaries as described
         | above are primarily based on generational classifications
         | employed in advanced democracies. As generational experiences  
         | are in part determined by social, cultural, political and/or 
         | economic events that might be unique to a polity, users are 
         | advised that generational classifications may differ in 
         | particular polities and these classifications, based on theory, 
         | merely act as a guide. 
         | 
         | Respondents were asked to provide their year of birth directly
         | (variable F2001_Y). Hence, F2001_Y forms the basis for the 
         | grouping.
         |
         | Data for F2001_G* are unavailable for FRANCE (2022).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F2001_GG & F2001_GS
         |
         | Twelve respondents born in 1942 or earlier were initially 
         | grouped into a single category in the Austrian 2024 Election
         | Study to protect anonymity and minimize the risk of re-
         | identification. Since the exact year of birth for these 
         | respondents is not available, it is unclear whether they were 
         | born before or after 1928. As a result, the variables F2001_GG 
         | and F2001_GS are coded as missing for these 12 respondents.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2002       >>> GENDER
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D02. Gender of Respondent.
         ..................................................................

             0. MALE
             1. FEMALE
             3. ALTERNATIVE RESPONSE [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9. MISSING


         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F2002
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        03.     Non-binary
         |                I use a different term

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F2002
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        03.     Other

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F2002
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        03.     Non-binary

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F2002
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |------------------------------------------------------------------
         |        03.     Other

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F2002
         |
         | In the Sweden 2022 study, data on respondents' gender have not 
         | been collected in the survey but were obtained from population
         | registers. 
         | Generally, register data were sourced in 2022, i.e., the election
         | year.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F2002
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        03.     Nonbinary
         |                Something else


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2003       >>> EDUCATION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D03. Education of respondent.
         ..................................................................

             01. ISCED LEVEL 0 - EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
             02. ISCED LEVEL 1 - PRIMARY
             03. ISCED LEVEL 2 - LOWER SECONDARY
             04. ISCED LEVEL 3 - UPPER SECONDARY
             05. ISCED LEVEL 4 - POST-SECONDARY NON-TERTIARY
             06. ISCED LEVEL 5 - SHORT-CYCLE TERTIARY
             07. ISCED LEVEL 6 - BACHELOR OR EQUIVALENT
             08. ISCED LEVEL 7 - MASTER OR EQUIVALENT
             09. ISCED LEVEL 8 - DOCTORAL OR EQUIVALENT

             96. NONE (NO EDUCATION)

             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             98. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             99. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2003
         | 
         | F2003 details respondents' attained level of education based on
         | categories by the International Standard Classification of 
         | Education (ISCED 2011), provided by the UNESCO. 
         | An English-language description of the ISCED 2011 standard can 
         | be found here:
         | https://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/international-standard-
         | classification-education-isced
         | (Date accessed: March 28, 2024).
         |
         | Unless specified otherwise in the Election Study Notes, studies
         | included the original ISCED 2011 scale in their questionnaires
         | to measure respondents' education.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for FRANCE (2022).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F2003
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        03.     Certificate I and II level
         |                Secondary education, years 9 and below
         |        04.     Secondary education, years 10 and 11
         |                Secondary education, year 12
         |        05.     Certificate III and IV level
         |        06.     Advance Diploma and Diploma level
         |        07.     Bachelor diploma level
         |                Graduate diploma and graduate certificate level
         |        08.     Post-graduate degree level

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F2003
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        03.     Secondary school
         |                Special education school
         |        04.     Vocational middle school
         |                AHS with diploma (general secondary school)
         |                BHS with diploma (vocational college)
         |        05.     Vocational training 
         |                Polytechnic institute
         |        06.     University related college
         |                College
         |        07.     Bachelor
         |        08.     Magister, Master
         |        09.     Doctorate/PhD
         |        99.     Other

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F2003
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Basic 1 incomplete (up to 3rd grade)
         |        02.     Basic 1 complete (4th or 5th year) 
         |                Basic 2 incomplete (up to 7th or 8th year)
         |        03.     Basic 2 complete (8th or 9th year)
         |                High school incomplete               
         |        04.     High school complete  
         |                Undergraduate incomplete or technical 
         |                incomplete
         |        07.     Undergraduate complete 
         |        08.     Graduate and more
         |        96.     Illiterate/never been to school

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F2003
         |
         | A mapping of national educational degrees to ISCED 2011 is 
         | unavailable at this stage, but will be provided for a future 
         | Module 6 Release.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F2003
         |
         | Education was asked in accordance with the ISCED 2011 scale.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F2003
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       02.      Primary school only   
         |       03.      NZ School Certificate in one or more subjects or
         |                National Certificate level 1
         |       04.      NZ Sixth Form Certificate in one or more subjects
         |                or National Certificate level 2 or NZ University
         |                Entrance before 1986 in one or more subjects or 
         |                NCEA Level 2; 
         |                NZ Higher School Certificate or Higher Leaving 
         |                Certificate or University Entrance Qualification 
         |                from NZ, University Bursary/ Scholarship, 
         |                National Certificate or NCEA Level 3; 
         |                Another secondary school qualification gained in 
         |                New Zealand; 
         |                Another secondary school qualification gained 
         |                overseas;
         |       05.      Level 4 Certificate, Level 5 or 6 Diploma, Level 
         |                7 or Trade Qualification
         |       07.      Bachelor's Degree
         |       08.      Honors or Postgraduate Diploma or Master's
         |                Degree
         |       09.      PhD or other doctoral degree

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F2003
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Preschool education and upbringing
         |        02.     Fourth/Fifth grade of primary education
         |        03.     Primary education - 8 or 9 years
         |                Adult education
         |        04.     Secondary education, vocational training - 2 
         |                years
         |                Secondary education, vocational education for 
         |                professions - 3 years
         |                Secondary education, vocational education - 4 
         |                years
         |                Secondary education, gymnasium - 4 years
         |        05.     Post-secondary education (specialist education 
         |                and master craftsman exam)
         |        06.     Higher education - 2 years
         |        07.     Higher education - 3 years 
         |                Higher education - 4 years 
         |                University education - 3 years
         |                University education - 4 years
         |        08.     Postgraduate studies, specialist studies - 1 or 2 
         |                years
         |                Postgraduate studies, master's studies - 1 or 2 
         |                years
         |        09.     Doctor of Science, with completed doctorate under 
         |                mentor system (old program) or doctoral studies 
         |                (new program)
         |        96.     No education

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F2003
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        02.     Primary (Podstawowe)
         |        03.     Junior high school (Gimnazjalne)
         |        04.     High school (Ponadgimnazjalne: Srednie)
         |                Vocational high school (Ponadgimnazjalne: 
         |                Zasadnicze Zawodowe)
         |        05.     Post-secondary (non-university) school 
         |                (Policealne)
         |        07.     Bachelor's studies (Studia licencjackie)
         |        08.     Master's studies (Studia magisterskie)
         |        09.     Doctoral studies (Studia doktoranckie)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022): F2003
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |-----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     None
         |                Incomplete primary education
         |        02.     Complete primary education
         |        03.     Incomplete secondary education
         |        04.     Complete secondary education
         |        06.     Incomplete tertiary education
         |        07.     Complete tertiary education

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F2003
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |------------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Incomplete primary education
         |        02.     6th grade
         |                Complete primary education
         |        03.     9th grade
         |        04.     Incomplete higher education
         |                Secondary education
         |        07.     Technical university degree
         |                University degree/Post-graduate/Masters

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F2003
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Unfinished primary
         |        02.     Primary
         |                Lower secondary (without matura)
         |                Vocational (without matura)
         |        03.     Higher vocational (without matura)
         |                Vocational (with matura)
         |        04.     Upper secondary vocational (with matura)
         |                Upper secondary general (with matura)
         |        05.     Post-secondary
         |        07.     Bachelor
         |        08.     Master or equivalent
         |        09.     Doctoral

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F2003
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |------------------------------------------------------------------
         |       01.      Incomplete primary school (up to 3 grades)
         |                Incomplete primary school (more than 3 grades of
         |                8-year or more than 5-grades of 9-year primary
         |                school)
         |       02.      Primary school (has a primary school certificate)
         |       03.      Lower high school or vocational school (2 to
         |                3-year program with certificate)
         |       04.      High school (technical school, 4-year program
         |                with leaving examination)
         |                General high school (gymnasium with leaving 
         |                examination)
         |       06.      Higher professional education, short-cycle higher
         |                education (2-year program + degree)
         |       07.      Higher professional tertiary education 
         |                (former VS, 3-year program, 1st Bologna degree)
         |                University degree (4-year program (or 6) +
         |                diploma)
         |       08.      Specialization (1 year)
         |                Master's degree ("magisterij")
         |                Bologna master's degree ("bolonjski magisterij")
         |       09.      Doctorate
         |       99.      Other
         |
         | Researchers are advised that the former magisterij of science,
         | which was superseded by the Bologna master program, is classified
         | as equivalent to a third cycle higher education program (ISCED
         | LEVEL 8). According to the mapping table provided by UNESCO:
         | "Graduates must prepare master's thesis, which comprises a 
         | research paper and constitutes a contribution to knowledge in 
         | specialized field. As a rule, the study for obtaining the
         | "magisterij znanosti" qualification lasts three years 
         | (implementation of study lasts two years, the additional year is
         | intended for preparing the master's thesis), of which at least
         | one yer of independent research work. The HE Act 2006 places
         | "Magisterij" of science (former - pre bologna) at the same level
         | as new 3rd cycle HE programmes." See
         | https://download.uis.unesco.org/ISCED%20mapping/ISCED_2011_
         | Mapping_Slovenia.xlsx (Date accessed: November 13, 2025). 
         | However, as the survey does not include a specification of 
         | whether "magisterij" refers to pre-Bologna programs exclusively, 
         | respondents with a "magisterij" degree are classified as ISCED
         | LEVEL 7 in CSES - the general equivalent to a master's degree.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F2003
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |--------------------------------------------------------
         |        02.     Primary school or equivalent, less than nine years
         |        03.     Primary school or equivalent, nine years or more
         |                Upper secondary school or equivalent, less than 
         |                three years
         |        04.     Upper secondary school or equivalent, three years
         |                or more
         |        05.     Post-secondary education, not at university/
         |                college, less than three years
         |        06.     Post-secondary education, not at university/
         |                college, three years or more
         |                University/college, less than three years
         |        07.     University/college, three years or more but less 
         |                than four years
         |        08.     University/college, four years or more
         |        09.     Doctoral studies

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F2003
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        02.     Primary school
         |        04.     Secondary school,
         |                Basic vocational training (EBA, AFP)
         |        05.     Apprenticeship or vocational school,
         |                Upper secondary specialized school, 
         |                Trading school,
         |                Vocational or specialized baccalaureate, 
         |                Baccalaureate,
         |                Higher vocational education with federal diploma
         |
         | Additionally, the Swiss study included three additional 
         | categories for the education variable. These were:
         | - College or higher education
         | - University of Applied Sciences, University of Teacher
         |   Education
         | - University or Federal Institute of Technology
         | These respondents got a follow-up question to determine the
         | level of the highest diploma. Accordingly, they were coded into
         | the following categories:
         | - 07. ISCED LEVEL 6 - BACHELOR OR EQUIVALENT
         | - 08. ISCED LEVEL 7 - MASTER OR EQUIVALENT
         | - 09. ISCED LEVEL 8 - DOCTORAL OR EQUIVALENT

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F2003
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Some primary school
         |        02.     Primary school graduate
         |                Some junior high school
         |                Some high school or vocational school
         |        03.     Junior high school graduate
         |        04.     High school or vocational school
         |                graduate
         |                Some technical college
         |                Some university
         |        06.     Technical college graduate
         |        07.     University graduate
         |        08.     Post-graduate education
         |        96.     Illiterate
         |                Literate but no formal schooling

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F2003
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        02.     Elementary school graduate (five years)
         |        03.     Secondary school/elementary school graduate
         |                (8 years of primary education or 3 years post 
         |                 primary school)
         |        04.     High school graduate;
         |                High school graduate who attended higher  
         |                education, but did not finish it
         |        07.     University graduate
         |        08.     Master's degree
         |        09.     Doctorate
         |        96.     Illiterate, no formal education;
         |                Literate, but no diploma

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F2003
         |
         | Respondents who indicated having finished "9th grade" were 
         | classified as only having completed primary education. The 
         | decision is based on the ISCED Mapping of National Educational 
         | Programs for the U.S., which classifies secondary/high school
         | education in the U.S. to run from grade 10 to grade 12. For more
         | information see:
         | http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/ISCEDMappings/Pages/
         | default.aspx (Date accessed: September 20, 2025).
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Less than 1st grade
         |                1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th grade
         |                5th or 6th grade
         |        02.     7th or 8th grade
         |                9th grade
         |        03.     10th grade
         |                11th grade
         |                12th grade no diploma
         |        04.     High school graduate - high school diploma or
         |                equivalent (for example: GED)
         |                Some college but no degree
         |        06.     Associate degree in college - 
         |                occupational/vocational program
         |                Associate degree in college - academic program
         |        07.     Bachelor's degree (for example: BA, AB, BS)
         |        08.     Master's degree (for example: MA, MS, MENG, MED, 
         |                MSW, MBA)
         |                Professional school degree (for example: MD, DDS, 
         |                DVM, LLB, JD)
         |        09.     Doctorate degree (for example: PHD, EDD)
         |        99.     Other (not specified)


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2004       >>> MARITAL STATUS OR CIVIL UNION STATUS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D04. Respondent's marital or civil union status.
         ..................................................................

             1. MARRIED OR LIVING TOGETHER AS MARRIED
             2. WIDOWED
             3. DIVORCED OR SEPARATED (MARRIED BUT SEPARATED/
                NOT LIVING WITH LEGAL SPOUSE)
             4. SINGLE, NEVER MARRIED

             5. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2004
         |
         | F2004 details the respondent's current marital status. 
         | For instance, a person who is both divorced and living together
         | as married would be coded 1.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for FRANCE (2022).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F2004
         |
         | The question wording for F2004 deviates from the CSES MODULE 6 
         | standards. The question asked respondents whether they were 
         | currently living with a spouse or partner (coded as 1) or not 
         | (coded as 2). For F2004, respondents who answered "Yes" were 
         | recoded into "1. MARRIED OR LIVING TOGETHER AS MARRIED". 
         | Respondents who answered "No" were recoded into "5. [SEE ELECTION
         | STUDY NOTES]". This category could thus include respondents who 
         | were widowed, divorced or separated, or single or never married. 
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Currently living with a spouse or partner
         |        05.     Currently not living with a spouse or partner

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F2004
         |
         | In the Sweden 2022 study, data on respondents' marital status 
         | have not been collected in the survey but were obtained from 
         | population registers. 
         | Generally, register data were sourced in 2022, i.e., the election
         | year.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F2004
         |
         | In the Swiss data, unmarried couples are coded as "single" 
         | (category 4). Category 1 "married or living together as married" 
         | is reserved for married people. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F2004
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Married
         |                Living together
         |        02.     Widowed
         |        03.     Separated
         |                Divorced
         |        04.     Single

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F2004
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Married or cohabiting with a partner
         |        02.     Widowed
         |        03.     Divorced
         |                Separated (legally married but living apart from 
         |                spouse)
         |        04.     Single  
         |                Engaged      


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2005       >>> UNION MEMBERSHIP
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D05. Union membership of respondent.
         ..................................................................

             0. R IS NOT A MEMBER OF A UNION
             1. R IS MEMBER OF A UNION

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2005
         |
         | Data are unavailable for MONTENEGRO (2023).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F2005
         |
         | Montenegrin Collaborators note that F2005 was not asked in the 
         | 2023 study because employed persons in Montenegro are union 
         | members by default, with the possibility to opt out of 
         | membership at a later point in time - something that is not 
         | common among the population.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F2005
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |         1.     I belong, but no one else in the household does
         |                I belong, plus another in the household
         |         0.     Another person belongs, but not me 
         |                No, no one belongs

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F2005
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |         0.     I used to be a member of a union, but not anymore.
         |                I have never been a member of a union.
         |         1.     I am currently a member of a union.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2006       >>> CURRENT EMPLOYMENT STATUS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D06. Current employment status of respondent.
         ..................................................................

             IN LABOR FORCE:

             01. EMPLOYED - FULL-TIME (32 OR MORE HOURS WEEKLY)
             02. EMPLOYED - PART-TIME (15-32 HOURS WEEKLY)
             03. EMPLOYED - LESS THAN 15 HOURS
             04. HELPING FAMILY MEMBER
             05. UNEMPLOYED

             NOT IN LABOR FORCE:

             06. STUDENT, IN SCHOOL, IN VOCATIONAL TRAINING
             07. RETIRED
             08. HOMEMAKER, HOME DUTIES
             09. PERMANENTLY DISABLED
             10. OTHERS, NOT IN LABOR FORCE
             11. ON TEMPORARY JOB LEAVE (MATERNITY LEAVE, SICK LEAVE, ETC.)
             12. CIVIL / MILITARY SERVICE

             13. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             14. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             98. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             99. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2006
         |
         | Respondents who are temporarily unemployed are coded UNEMPLOYED.
         | Respondents on "workfare" or enrolled in a government job 
         | training program are coded EMPLOYED.
         |
         | There is some inconsistency between studies in the way
         | the responses to the questions about current employment status
         | (F2006) affected the application of the follow-up occupation
         | variables (F2007-F2009). The CSES standard is that the
         | occupation variables are asked from those in labor force.
         | However, in some cases, for respondents categorized as not in
         | labor force in F2006 (codes 6-12) the occupation variables may
         | report respondent's last occupation. Hence, the responses
         | concerning occupation that belong to respondents not in labor
         | force presumably reflect their previous or last occupation.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F2006
         |
         | In the 2024 Austrian study, respondents' employment status was 
         | assessed by two successive survey questions. 
         |
         | Respondents were first asked how best to describe their current 
         | situation (i.e. employment status). In a follow-up question, 
         | respondents who stated that they were employed or in civil/ 
         | military service indicated the number of hours they worked per 
         | week.
         | 
         | The answers to these two questions were used to code F2006, as 
         | shown below:
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Employed, more than 35 working hours weekly,
         |                Employed, apprentice
         |        02.     Employed, 15 - 35 working hours weekly
         |        03.     Employed, less than 15 working hours weekly
         |        04.     Employed, helping family member
         |        05.     Unemployed or seeking for work
         |        06.     Student at school, 
         |                Student at university
         |        07.     Retired 
         |        08.     A homemaker
         |        09.     Unfit for work
         |        10.     Other 
         |        11.     On leave 
         |        12.     Military/civilian service, voluntary social year
         |        13.     Other training 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F2006
         |
         | In the Brazilian 2022 study, F2006 was constructed from two
         | consecutive survey questions. Respondents were first asked about 
         | their general employment status (no working hours specified). 
         | This variable distinguished the following groups in the labor 
         | force: employees (public sector; private sector with/without 
         | register), self-employed, self-employed in liberal occupations 
         | (doctors, lawyers, etc.), employers, and trainees (with/without
         | remuneration). F2006 does not distinguish between these groups 
         | in the labor force, but classifies employed respondents based on 
         | a second question, in which respondents in the labor force were 
         | asked to specify their weekly working hours, as shown below. 
         | Respondents stating to be in the labor force in the first 
         | question who did not provide their working hours in the follow-
         | up question are coded "14" in F2006.
         |
         | CSES code   Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.    Employed - full-time (32 or more hours weekly)
         |        02.    Employed - part-time (15 to less than 32 hours
         |               weekly)
         |        03.    Employed - less than 15 hours
         |        04.    Helping family member with remuneration 
         |               Helping family member without remuneration              
         |        05.    Unemployed (looking for a job)
         |               Unemployed (not looking for a job)
         |        06.    Student
         |        07.    Retired from work
         |        08.    Housewife
         |        09.    Retired (permanently disabled)
         |        13.    Receives pension for deceased spouse 
         |        14.    Employed, no working hours specified

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F2006
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     More than full-time (more than 37 hours weekly)
         |                Full-time (32 - 37 hours weekly)
         |        02.     Part-time (15 to less than 32 hours weekly)
         |        03.     Less than 15 hours weekly
         |        04.     Helping family member
         |        05.     Unemployed
         |        06.     Student, in school, in vocational training
         |        07.     Retired
         |        08.     Housewife, homemaker, home duties
         |        09.     Permanently disabled
         |        10.     Others, not in the labor force
         |        11.     On maternity or parental leave
         |                Long-term sick leave

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F2006
         |
         | For the French 2022 study, F2006 was constructed from two
         | consecutive survey questions. Respondents were first asked about 
         | their general employment status (no working hours specified). 
         | In a second question, respondents who stated to be employed in 
         | the first question were asked whether they work full-time or 
         | part-time (without a specification of working hours).
         | Respondents stating to be employed part-time in the follow-up 
         | question are coded "2" in F2006, although we do not know the
         | exact working hours.
         |
         | CSES code   Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.    Employed - full-time
         |        02.    Employed - part-time 
         |        05.    Unemployed (registered or not with Pole Emploi, 
         |               an unemployment agency)
         |        06.    Students, trainees or unpaid interns
         |        07.    Retired, retired from business, early retirement
         |        08.    Housewife or homemaker
         |        09.    Inactive due to disability
         |        10.    Other situation of inactivity

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F2006
         |
         | The question wording for F2006 deviates from the CSES MODULE 6 
         | standards. While CSES conventions suggest respondents report 
         | a single primary employment status, respondents in the New 
         | Zealand 2023 study were asked to mark all response options 
         | applying to their situation. Hence, e.g., retired respondents or
         | students with side jobs could place themselves as retirees/
         | students and being employed simultaneously. 
         | Following the collaborator's suggestion, respondents indicating
         | to be employed to a certain extent were classified as such, 
         | irrespective of whether other categories also applied (student
         | status, retirement, looking for work, etc.). 
         | Additionally, researchers are advised that the New Zealand 
         | 2023 survey distinguished between full-time (32 or more hours
         | a week) and part-time employment (less than 32 hours a week), 
         | without a further differentiation of part-time employment as 
         | envisaged by CSES. Respondents working full-time were recoded 
         | into "01. EMPLOYED - FULL-TIME (32+ HOURS WEEKLY)", matching the 
         | CSES coding scheme. Respondents working part-time were recoded 
         | into "02. EMPLOYED - PART-TIME (15-32 HOURS WEEKLY)". 
         | Finally, the New Zealand 2023 distinguished between unpaid work
         | within or outside the home. The former group was classified as 
         | "08. HOME MAKER, HOME DUTIES", the latter as "13. [SEE ELECTION
         | STUDY NOTES]". 
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Working full-time for pay or other income 
         |                (32 or more hours per week)
         |        02.     Working part-time for pay or other income 
         |                (less than 32 hours per week)
         |        05.     Unemployed, laid off, looking for work
         |        06.     At school, university, or other educational 
         |                institution
         |        07.     Retired
         |        08.     Working unpaid within the home
         |        09.     Temporarily or permanently disabled, unable to 
         |                work
         |        13.     Working unpaid outside the home

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F2006
         |
         | Respondents spontaneously answering to be self-employed were
         | classified according to their weekly working hours. 
         | Furthermore, researchers are advised that part-time employment
         | was conceptualized slightly differently in the North Macedonian
         | survey: Unlike CSES, which classifies part-time employment as 
         | 15-32 hours weekly, the 2024 North Macedonian survey assessed 
         | part-time work as 15-less than 32 hours weekly.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F2006
         |
         | For the Slovak 2023 study, F2006 was constructed from two
         | consecutive survey questions. Respondents were first asked about 
         | their general employment status (no working hours specified): 
         | "Which of the following answers best describes your current
         | situation? If you are currently not working for a salary due to
         | maternity/parental leave, illness, vacation, etc., please answer
         | as you would normally."
         | In a second question, respondents who stated to be employed in 
         | the first question were asked to provide their weekly working 
         | hours: "How many hours a week do you usually work - including
         | overtime - in paid work?" Respondents with multiple jobs were 
         | asked to add up working time across all employments.
         | Answers to this second follow-up question were used to 
         | distinguish between full- and part-time employment for F2006.
         | Employed respondents not stating their weekly working hours were
         | classified as "13. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]".
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Working, more than 32 hours a week
         |        02.     Working, 15 - 32 hours a week
         |        03.     Working, 14 hours or less a week
         |        05.     Unemployed and looking for a job
         |        06.     Studying
         |                Training
         |        07.     Retired
         |        08.     In a household, taking care of kids or other 
         |                relatives
         |        09.     long-term ill or on disability pension
         |        10.     Other
         |        13.     Working, no working hours specified

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F2006
         |
         | In Switzerland, a full-time employment generally starts from 40 
         | hours per week. Hence, the first two response categories are 
         | slightly different from CSES categories:
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |         1.     Employed: Full-Time (40 or more hours weekly)
         |         2.     Employed: Part-Time (15 to 39 hours weekly)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F2006
         |
         | Researchers are advised that some of the 157 respondents 
         | classified as "8. HOMEMAKER, HOME DUTIES" might engage in a 
         | family business or domestic crafting. Collaborators note that in 
         | Taiwan, certain traditional industries rely on family work 
         | (OEM), which typically does not have fixed working hours, a 
         | stable income, mandatory obligations, or a single employer.
         | However, the respective individuals would still consider their
         | main role as homemakers, and would only assist in a family-run
         | business occasionally.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F2006
         |
         | In the Turkish 2023 study, respondents' employment status was 
         | assessed by two successive survey questions. 
         | Respondents were first asked if they currently had a paid job, 
         | and if so, whether full-time or part-time. This first question 
         | distinguished between the following categories: 
         |   01. Employed - full-time (32+ hours weekly) (N = 558)
         |   02. Employed - part-time (15-32 hours weekly) (N = 15)
         |   03. Employed - less than 15 hours (N = 9)
         |   04. Helping family member (N = 14)
         |   05. Unemployed, employed in the past (N = 345)
         |   06. Unemployed, never worked (N = 552)
         | Categories 01. - 04. were used for coding F2006. Respondents 
         | without a paid job at the time of the interview (categories 05. 
         | and 06.) were supposed to be asked for further details on their
         | current situation in a follow-up question. However, due to a 
         | misspecified skip pattern, only the 552 respondents stating to 
         | never have been employed were asked the follow-up question. 
         | Hence, for the 345 respondents stating in the first question 
         | to have been employed in the past, further details on their 
         | current employment status are unavailable. These respondents 
         | are coded "13" in F2006.
         | Overall, categories for F2006 are as follows:
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |         1.     Paid job, 32 hours or more per week
         |         2.     Paid job, 15 - 32 weekly working hours
         |         3.     Paid job, less than 15 weekly working hours
         |         4.     Assistance to family members (unpaid family 
         |                worker)
         |         5.     Never had a paid job, unemployed/looking for work
         |         6.     Never had a paid job, student, in school
         |         7.     Never had a paid job, retired
         |         8.     Never had a paid job, homemaker
         |        13.     Respondent had a paid job in the past, no further 
         |                information available

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F2006
         |
         | The weekly working hours were asked separately and combined for
         | F2006.
         | Some of the respondents who are coded as unemployed, retired,
         | permanently disabled, housewife/home duties, or student did 
         | nevertheless indicate certain amounts of working hours per week.
         | Analysts interested in these data are advised to refer to the
         | original ANES dataset.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Working now only, more than 32 hours a week
         |        02.     Working now only, 15 - 32 hours a week
         |        03.     Working now only, 14 hours or less a week
         |        05.     Unemployed, no mention of retired, disabled, 
         |                homemaker or student
         |        06.     Student, no other occupation
         |                Student and working now, working <20 hours per 
         |                week or DK/RF hours
         |                Working now and student, working 20+ hours/week
         |        07.     Retired, no other occupation
         |                Retired and working now, working <20 hours per 
         |                week or DK/RF hours
         |                Working now and retired, working 20+ hours/week 
         |        08.     Homemaker, no other occupation
         |                Homemaker and working now, working <20 hours per 
         |                week or DK/RF hours
         |                Working now and homemaker, working 20+ hours/week
         |        09.     Permanently disabled, not working
         |                Perm. disabled and working now, working <20 hours 
         |                per week or DK/RF hours  
         |                Working now and perm. disabled, working 20+ 
         |                hours/week      
         |        13.     Did not work (or retired)
         |        99.     Refused/Don't know/Inapplicable


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2007       >>> MAIN OCCUPATION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D07. Main occupation of respondent.
         ..................................................................

             ARMED FORCES OCCUPATIONS
             00. ARMED FORCES OCCUPATIONS [NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED]          
             01. COMMISSIONED ARMED FORCES OFFICERS
             02. NON-COMMISSIONED ARMED FORCES OFFICERS
             03. ARMED FORCES OCCUPATIONS, OTHER RANKS
             
             MANAGERS 
             10. MANAGERS [NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED]        
             11. CHIEF EXECUTIVES, SENIOR OFFICIALS AND LEGISLATORS
             12. ADMINISTRATIVE AND COMMERCIAL MANAGERS
             13. PRODUCTION AND SPECIALIZED SERVICES MANAGERS
             14. HOSPITALITY, RETAIL AND OTHER SERVICES MANAGERS
             
             PROFESSIONALS 
             20. PROFESSIONALS [NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED]           
             21. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PROFESSIONALS
             22. HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
             23. TEACHING PROFESSIONALS
             24. BUSINESS AND ADMINISTRATION PROFESSIONALS
             25. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONALS
             26. LEGAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PROFESSIONALS
             
             TECHNICIANS AND ASSOCIATE PROFESSIONALS  
             30. TECHNICIANS AND ASSOCIATE PROFESSIONALS 
                 [NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED]         
             31. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ASSOCIATE PROFESSIONALS
             32. HEALTH ASSOCIATE PROFESSIONALS
             33. BUSINESS AND ADMINISTRATION ASSOCIATE PROFESSIONALS
             34. LEGAL, SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND RELATED ASSOCIATE PROFESSIONALS
             35. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNICIANS

             CLERICAL SUPPORT WORKERS 
             40. CLERICAL SUPPORT WORKERS [NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED]           
             41. GENERAL AND KEYBOARD CLERKS
             42. CUSTOMER SERVICES CLERKS
             43. NUMERICAL AND MATERIAL RECORDING CLERKS
             44. OTHER CLERICAL SUPPORT WORKERS
             
             SERVICE AND SALES WORKERS  
             50. SERVICE AND SALES WORKERS [NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED]          
             51. PERSONAL SERVICE WORKERS
             52. SALES WORKERS
             53. PERSONAL CARE WORKERS
             54. PROTECTIVE SERVICES WORKERS
             
             SKILLED AGRICULTURAL, FORESTRY AND FISHERY WORKERS
             60. SKILLED AGRICULTURAL, FORESTRY AND FISHERY WORKERS
                 [NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED]           
             61. MARKET-ORIENTED SKILLED AGRICULTURAL WORKERS
             62. MARKET-ORIENTED SKILLED FORESTRY, FISHING AND HUNTING 
                 WORKERS
             63. SUBSISTENCE FARMERS, FISHERS, HUNTERS AND GATHERERS
             
             CRAFT AND RELATED TRADES WORKERS 
             70. CRAFT AND RELATED TRADES WORKERS [NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED]          
             71. BUILDING AND RELATED TRADES WORKERS, EXCLUDING ELECTRICIANS
             72. METAL, MACHINERY AND RELATED TRADES WORKERS
             73. HANDICRAFT AND PRINTING WORKERS
             74. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC TRADES WORKERS
             75. FOOD PROCESSING, WOOD WORKING, GARMENT AND OTHER CRAFT AND 
                 RELATED TRADES WORKERS
             
             PLANT AND MACHINE OPERATORS, AND ASSEMBLERS 
             80. PLANT AND MACHINE OPERATORS, AND ASSEMBLERS 
                 [NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED]           
             81. STATIONARY PLANT AND MACHINE OPERATORS
             82. ASSEMBLERS
             83. DRIVERS AND MOBILE PLANT OPERATORS
             
             ELEMENTARY OCCUPATIONS 
             90. ELEMENTARY OCCUPATIONS [NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED]           
             91. CLEANERS AND HELPERS
             92. AGRICULTURAL, FORESTRY AND FISHERY LABORERS
             93. LABORERS IN MINING, CONSTRUCTION, MANUFACTURING AND 
                 TRANSPORT
             94. FOOD PREPARATION ASSISTANTS
             95. STREET AND RELATED SALES AND SERVICE WORKERS
             96. REFUSE WORKERS AND OTHER ELEMENTARY WORKERS

             OTHER CSES CODES

             996. OTHER OR NON-CLASSIFIABLE OCCUPATIONS (NOT ENOUGH
                  INFORMATION AVAILABLE TO CLASSIFY)

             997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             999. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2007
         |
         | F2007 details the respondent's main occupation; that is, the job
         | at which the respondent spends the most time or if the respondent
         | spends an equal amount of time on two jobs, it is the one from
         | which the respondent earns the most money.
         | For respondents who are currently employed, this variable reports
         | their current occupation. For respondents who are retired or not
         | currently working, F2007 reports respondent's last occupation.
         |
         | Coding conventions employ the first two digits of the 2008
         | ISCO / ILO International Standard Classification of Occupations
         | Code from the International Labor Office, CH-1211, Geneva 22,
         | Switzerland.
         |
         | An English-language description of the ISCO-08 standard can be
         | found here:
         | http://
         | www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/docs/resol08.pdf
         | (Date accessed: March 28, 2024).
         |
         | In some cases, it has not been possible to strictly adhere to the
         | two-digit ISCO/ILO conventions. Users will find that some 
         | categories have been added to the ISCO/ILO list in order to
         | accommodate the occupations of respondents who were not easily 
         | classified. These include categories referring to the first digit
         | of the 2008 ISCO / ILO occupations code. In these cases, zeros
         | were added to preserve the two-digit structure (e.g., 
         | 90. ELEMENTARY OCCUPATIONS [NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED]). Please 
         | refer to the ELECTION STUDY NOTES below for clarification of the 
         | meaning of the additional codes.
         |
         | See also VARIABLE NOTES for F2006.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for BRAZIL (2022), FRANCE (2022), 
         | MONTENEGRO (2023), and UNITED STATES (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F2007
         |
         | For respondents not in the labor force (F2006), the question was 
         | asked with respect to their previous employment.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F2007
         |
         | Retired or unemployed respondents were asked this question with
         | respect to their previous occupation.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022 & 2024): F2007
         |
         | Respondents' occupation was asked as an open-ended question -
         | "In as much detail as possible, please tell me, what is your
         | main occupation/professional activity? If you are currently
         | retired, unemployed, or disabled for work, list the last primary
         | occupation you previously held." Based on the answer,
         | interviewers assigned on the spot an ISCO code to the respondent.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F2007 
         |
         | Respondents' main occupation was assessed with two consecutive 
         | survey questions. The first asked respondents to classify their 
         | occupation according to the ten major ISCO-08 groups, the most 
         | general groups comprising only the first digit of the ISCO coding 
         | scheme. Respondents not knowing where to place themselves were 
         | invited to provide further details on their job in an open-ended
         | follow-up question. For CSES, F2007 only reflects answers to the 
         | first question. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F2007
         |
         | Collaborators advise F2007 has been collected based on public 
         | records data from Statistics Sweden, following the Swedish 
         | Standard Classification of Occupations (SSYK12). Collaborators
         | mapped SSYK12 codes to the two-digit-version of ISCO-08 using
         | the translation key document by Statistics Sweden. 
         | SSYK12 codes that could not be mapped to ISCO-08 have been 
         | classified as "999. MISSING" in F2007.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F2007
         |
         | Due to data protection considerations, respondents from the 
         | Swiss 2023 election study were grouped according to the ten 
         | major ISCO-08 groups, the most general groups comprising only
         | the first digit of the ISCO coding scheme. This approach was 
         | chosen primarily to ensure the confidentiality of participant 
         | data.
         |
         | For respondents who were not in the labor force, F2007 refers
         | to their previous occupation resulting in 1,164 respondents who 
         | reported not to be in the labor force (F2006) to be asked about
         | their main occupation.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F2007
         |
         | The Taiwanese 2024 study classified respondents' main occupation 
         | based on a coding scheme established by Taiwan's Ministry of 
         | Labor. For the sake of consistency and comparability across time,
         | this coding scheme has been in place since 2001. The below table
         | lists how the original occupation codes were mapped to the ISCO
         | 08 scheme in F2007.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        00.     Servicemen
         |        10.     Other Managers (Public/Private)
         |        11.     Legislators and Government Administrators
         |                Directors and Chief Executives (Public/Private)
         |                Gov Admin Officials and Bus Clerical Supervisors
         |                (Public/Private) 
         |        13.     Production and Operations Managers (Public/
         |                Private)
         |        20.     Other Professionals (Public/Private)
         |        21.     Phys, Math and Eng Science Professionals (Public/
         |                Private)
         |        22.     Biol Science and Health Professionals (Public/
         |                Private)
         |        23.     Teachers (Public/Private)
         |                Teachers (Public/Private)
         |                Teaching and Related Associate Professionals 
         |                (Public/Private)
         |        24.     Accountants and Business Professionals (Public/
         |                Private)
         |        26.     Lawyers and Legal Professionals (Public/Private)
         |                Social Science and Related Professionals (Public/
         |                Private)
         |        30.     Other Associate Professionals (Public/Private)
         |        31.     Phys and Eng Science Associate Professionals 
         |                (Public/Private)
         |        32.     Biol Science and Health Associate Professionals 
         |                (Public/Private)
         |        33.     Fin and Business Services Associate Professionals 
         |                (Public/Private)
         |                Administrative Associate Professionals (Public/
         |                Private)
         |                Customs, Tax and Related Gov Associate  
         |                Professionals (Public/Private)
         |        41.     Office Clerks (Public/Private)
         |        42.     Customer Services Clerks (Public/Private)
         |        51.     Housekeeping, without domestic crafting
         |                Housekeeping, with domestic crafting
         |                Housekeeping, helping family business without pay
         |                Housekeeping, helping family business with pay
         |                Personal Services Workers (Public/Private)
         |                Cooks
         |        52.     Models, Salespersons and Demonstrators (Public/
         |                Private)
         |        53.     Religious Workers (Private)
         |        54.     Protective Services Workers (Public/Private)
         |        60.     Agr, Animal Husbandry, Forestry and Fishing  
         |                Workers (Public/Private)
         |        71.     Extraction and Building Trades Workers (Public/
         |                Private)
         |        72.     Metal, Machinery and Rel Trades Workers (Public/
         |                Private)
         |        73.     Precision, Handicraft, Print and Rel Trades  
         |                Workers (Public/Private)
         |        75.     Other Craft and Rel Trades Workers (Public/
         |                Private)
         |        81.     Stationary-plant and Rel Operators (Public/
         |                Private)
         |                Machine Operators (Public/Private)
         |        82.     Assemblers (Public/Private)
         |        83.     Drivers and Mobile-plant Operators (Public/
         |                Private)
         |                Taxi Drivers and Delivery drivers (Public/Private)
         |        93.     Production Laborers and Rel Workers (Public/
         |                Private)
         |        95.     Sales and Services Elementary Occupations 
         |                (Public/Private)
         |        96.     Other Elementary Occupations (Public/Private)
         |       996.     Students
         |       997.     Refused to answer
         |       999.     Skipped
         |                Never worked before


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2008       >>> SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D07a. Respondent's socio economic status.
         ..................................................................

             1. WHITE COLLAR
             2. WORKER
             3. FARMER
             4. SELF-EMPLOYED

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2008
         |
         | The categories provided in F2008 are intended to distinguish 
         | among the following groups:
         |
         | 1. White Collar:
         | Broad occupational grouping of workers engaged in non-manual
         | labor: Managers, salaried professionals, office workers,
         | sales personnel, and proprietors are generally included in
         | the category.
         |
         | 2. Worker:
         | Broad occupational grouping of workers engaged in manual labor.
         |
         | 3. Farmer:
         | Normally persons self-employed in farming.
         |
         | 4. Self-Employed:
         | Self-employed occupations of all kinds, excluding self-employed
         | farming. Includes, for example entrepreneurs, shop keeper,
         | professionals like lawyers, medical doctors etc.
         |
         | There is some inconsistency between studies in the way
         | the responses to the questions about current employment status
         | (F2006) affected the application of the follow-up occupation
         | variables (F2008, F2009). The CSES standard is that the
         | occupation variables are asked from those in the labor force.
         | However, in some cases, for respondents categorized as not in
         | the labor force in F2006 (codes 6-12) the occupation variables
         | may report respondent's last occupation. Hence, the responses
         | concerning occupation that belong to respondents not in the
         | labor force presumably reflect their previous or last occupation.
         |
         | Data on F2008 for respondents out of labor force are available
         | for AUSTRIA (2024), BRAZIL (2022), DENMARK (2022), NEW ZEALAND 
         | (2023), POLAND (2023), PORTUGAL (2022, 2024), SLOVAKIA (2023),
         | SLOVENIA (2022), SWEDEN (2022), SWITZERLAND (2023), and TURKIYE 
         | (2023).
         |
         | Data are unavailable for FRANCE (2022), MONTENEGRO (2023),
         | TAIWAN (2024), and UNITED STATES (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F2008
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Salaried employee
         |                Public official
         |                Public employee
         |                Freelancer
         |        02.     Worker
         |        03.     Farmer
         |        04.     Self-employed without employees
         |                Self-employed with employees 
         |                
         | In the 2024 Austrian election study, respondents who are out of 
         | the labor force were asked this question regarding any 
         | additional employment (original question SD7c). For example, 
         | respondents primarily classified as students - hence considered 
         | out of the labor force - could still indicate to be employed as 
         | well.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F2008
         |
         | In the Brazilian 2022 study, F2008 was constructed from two
         | consecutive survey questions. The first question distinguishes 
         | between farmers/agricultural workers, blue-collar workers and 
         | white collars, irrespective of whether respondents were
         | self-employed or employees. For F2008, respondents were 
         | classified as self-employed if they specified to be 
         | self-employed in a separate question measuring their
         | employment type. Farmers were classified as "3" in F2008, 
         | irrespective of whether they stated to be self-employed or 
         | not.
         |
         | CSES code   Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.    Workers in education, sales personnel, salaried
         |               professionals, public administrators, etc.
         |        02.    Workers in industry, mining, construction
         |        03.    Farmer/Agriculture workers
         |        04.    Self-employed/Self-employed in liberal professions 
         |               (doctors, lawyers etc.) 
         |               [coded based on respondents' employment status] 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F2008
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Clerk without managerial responsibilities
         |                Clerk with managerial responsibilities 
         |        02.     Worker, unskilled (non-specialized)
         |                Worker, unskilled (specialized)
         |                Worker, skilled
         |        03.     Self-employed farmer
         |        04.     Self-employed 
         |
         | Respondents out of the labor force have been asked this question   
         | concerning their previous occupation.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F2008
         |
         | This variable was derived from two separate variables, F2007
         | (Main Occupation) and F2009 (Employment Type), following the
         | collaborator's suggestion.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Labor (Occupation F2007 < 52)
         |        02.     Labor (Occupation F2007 > 70 & F2007 <= 96, or
         |                                  F2007 = 51, or
         |                                  F2007 = 53, or
         |                                  F2007 = 54)
         |        03.     (was) self-employed according to F2009 and 
         |                a farmer according to F2007 (F2007 = 61 or 
         |                4-digit ISCO 08 code = 1311)
         |        04.     (was) self-employed according to F2009 and 
         |                 not a farmer according to F2007
         |
         | For respondents who were not in the labor force, F2008 refers
         | to their previous occupation.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F2008
         |
         | Respondents out of the labor force have been asked this question   
         | concerning their previous occupation.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022): F2008
         |
         | Socio-economic status has been asked of 370 respondents who are
         | out of the labor force at the time of the interview. For Portugal
         | (2022), this question has been asked to students to provide 
         | answers relative to the main income provider in the household. 
         | Additionally, respondents who were unemployed, retired,  
         | permanently disabled were still asked to report relative to the
         | latest job before their current situation.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F2008
         |
         | Socio-economic status has been asked of 350 respondents who are
         | out of the labor force at the time of the interview. For the
         | Portugal (2024) study, this question has been asked to students
         | to provide answers relative to the main income provider in the
         | household. Additionally, respondents who were unemployed,
         | retired, permanently disabled were still asked to report
         | relative to the latest job before their current situation.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F2008
         |
         | The deposited variable on respondents' socio-economic status in
         | the Slovakian study did not match the categories CSES uses for 
         | F2008. Thus, this variable is created from the deposited 
         | variable and ISCO codes for the variable F2007. The following 
         | recodes have been made:
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Employee and ISCO occupation codes 59 and lower
         |        02.     Employee and ISCO occupation codes 60 and higher
         |        04.     Self-employed (without employees)
         |                Self-employed/entrepreneur with employees
         |
         | Respondents with multiple jobs were asked to answer F2008 with 
         | respect to their main job. Respondents out of the labor force 
         | answered F2008 with respect to their previous employment.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F2008
         |
         | Respondents out of the labor force have been asked this question   
         | concerning their previous occupation.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F2008
         |
         | Respondents out of the labor force have been asked this question   
         | with respect to their previous occupation.
         | Further, the coding scheme employed by the Swedish 2022 study to 
         | classify occupational groups is more fine-grained than that 
         | envisaged by CSES. The following table lists how the original 
         | variable has been recoded for F2008: 
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |--------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     White-collar worker
         |                White-collar worker with a supervisory role
         |                White-collar worker with a managerial/executive 
         |                role
         |        02.     Blue-collar worker
         |                Blue-collar worker with a supervisory role 
         |        03.     Farmer
         |        04.     Self-employed: no employees
         |                Self-employed: 1-9 employees
         |                Self-employed: 10 or more employees

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F2008
         | 
         | Respondents' socio-economic status was pre-coded by 
         | collaborators based on a combination of respondents' main 
         | occupation (F2007) and their current position at work, another 
         | variable included in the post-election survey, which was used to 
         | identify the self-employed. 
         |
         | For respondents who were not in the labor force, F2008 refers
         | to their previous occupation resulting in 1,164 respondents who 
         | reported not to be in the labor force (F2006) to be asked about
         | their socio economic status.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2009       >>> EMPLOYMENT TYPE - PUBLIC OR PRIVATE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D08. Whether respondent's employment is private or public.
         ..................................................................

             1. PUBLIC SECTOR
             2. PRIVATE SECTOR
             3. MIXED
             4. "THIRD SECTOR"/NON-PROFIT SECTOR

             5. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             6. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2009
         |
         | There is some inconsistency between studies in the way the
         | responses to the questions about current employment status 
         | (F2006) affected the application of the follow-up occupation
         | variables (F2008, F2009). The CSES standard is that the
         | occupation variables are asked from those in the labor force.
         | However, in some cases, for respondents categorized as not in
         | the labor force in F2006 (codes 6-12) the occupation variables
         | may report respondent's last occupation. Hence, the responses
         | concerning occupation that belong to respondents not in the
         | labor force presumably reflect their previous or last occupation.
         |
         | See also VARIABLE NOTES for F2006.
         |
         | Data on F2009 for respondents out of labor force are available
         | for AUSTRIA (2024), BRAZIL (2022), DENMARK (2022), FRANCE (2022),
         | MONTENEGRO (2023), NEW ZEALAND (2023), POLAND (2023), PORTUGAL 
         | (2022, 2024), SLOVENIA (2022), SWEDEN (2022), SWITZERLAND (2023),
         | TAIWAN (2024), TURKIYE (2023), and UNITED STATES (2024).
         |
         | Data are unavailable for SLOVAKIA (2023).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F2009
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        05.     Self-employed
         |        06.     Employee in a family business or farm

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F2009
         |
         | In the 2024 Austrian election study, respondents who are out of 
         | the labor force were asked this question regarding any 
         | additional employment (original question SD7c). For example, 
         | respondents primarily classified as students - hence considered 
         | out of the labor force - could still indicate to be employed as 
         | well.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F2009
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Public sector
         |        02.     Private sector
         |                Self-employed
         |        03.     Mixed
         |        04.     Third sector/non-profit sector
         |        05.     Other

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F2009
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Public: state
         |                Public: regions
         |                Public: municipalities
         |        02.     Private
         |        03.     Mixed
         |        04.     Nonprofit organization
         |
         | Respondents out of the labor force have been asked this question   
         | concerning their previous occupation.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F2009
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Public employee
         |                Employees of a local authority or low-cost
         |                housing association
         |                Hospital civil service employee
         |                Employee of a public company
         |        02.     Employee of a company, craftsman or association
         |                Employee of a private individual
         |                Salaried business owner, CEO, minority manager
         |                or partner.
         |        05.     Self-employed or a freelancer
         |
         | Retired or unemployed respondents were asked this question
         | with regards to their previous occupation (applies to 480 cases).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F2009
         |
         | Data are available for 18 respondents out of the labor force, 
         | e.g. because retired persons in Montenegro are permitted to work,
         | the affected respondents were on sick leave at the time of the
         | survey, or because they make an income by renting property.
         | The two unemployed respondents stating their employment type 
         | in F2009 have erroneously answered the question. Data remain
         | unchanged.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F2009
         |
         | The question wording for F2009 deviates from the CSES MODULE 6 
         | standards. Data were recoded as follows: 
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     I am/was working for a state or public agency or
         |                enterprise, central or local 
         |        02.     I am/was working for a private business
         |                I am/was self-employed
         |        03.     I am/was working for a mixed public/private, or 
         |                non-profit organization
         |        08.     Don't know
         |        09.     I have never been in paid employment
         |
         | For respondents not in the labor force (F2006), the question was 
         | asked with respect to their previous employment.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F2009
         |
         | Respondents out of the labor force have been asked this question   
         | concerning their previous occupation.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022): F2009
         |
         | Employment type has been asked of 370 respondents who are
         | out of the labor force at the time of the interview. For
         | Portugal (2022), this question has been asked to students
         | to provide answers relative to the main income provider in the
         | household. Additionally, respondents who were unemployed,
         | retired, permanently disabled were still asked to report
         | relative to the latest job before their current situation.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F2009
         |
         | Employment type has been asked of 352 respondents who are
         | out of the labor force at the time of the interview. For
         | Portugal (2024) study, this question has been asked to students
         | to provide answers relative to the main income provider in the
         | household. Additionally, respondents who were unemployed,
         | retired, permanently disabled were still asked to report
         | relative to the latest job before their current situation.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F2009
         |
         | Respondents out of the labor force have been asked this question   
         | concerning their previous occupation.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F2009
         |
         | Respondents out of the labor force have been asked this question 
         | with respect to their previous occupation.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     State service
         |                Municipal government service
         |                Regional government service
         |        02.     Private sector
         |        04.     Non-profit organization/foundation

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F2009
         |
         | For respondents who were not in the labor force, F2009 refers
         | to their previous occupation resulting in 1,042 respondents who 
         | reported not to be in the labor force (F2006) to be asked about
         | their employment type.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F2009
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        05.     Others

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F2009
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Local government (for example: city or county 
         |                school district)
         |                State government (including state colleges/
         |                universities) 
         |                Federal government civilian employee
         |        02.     For-profit company or organization
         |                Owner of non-incorporated business, professional 
         |                practice, or farm
         |                Owner of incorporated business, professional
         |                practice, or farm
         |                Worked without pay in a for-profit family business
         |                or farm for 15 hours or more
         |        04.     Non-profit organization (including tax-exempt and 
         |                charitable organizations)
         |        05.     Active duty U.S. Armed Forces or Commissioned 
         |                Corps 
         |        07.     Refused
         |        09.     Inapplicable


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2010_1     >>> HOUSEHOLD INCOME - QUINTILES
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Household income quintile appropriate to the respondent.
         ..................................................................

             1. LOWEST HOUSEHOLD INCOME QUINTILE
             2. SECOND HOUSEHOLD INCOME QUINTILE
             3. THIRD HOUSEHOLD INCOME QUINTILE
             4. FOURTH HOUSEHOLD INCOME QUINTILE
             5. HIGHEST HOUSEHOLD INCOME QUINTILE

             6. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2010_1
         |
         | F2010_1 details respondents' household income in quintiles,   
         | where ranges shown represent sample quintiles (not population 
         | quintiles).
         |
         | Where data were deposited in this format, income ranges shown 
         | are as originally reported by Collaborators including gaps 
         | between contiguous sets of ranges.
         |
         | Where deposited income data were not grouped into sample 
         | quintiles, the data have been recoded into quintiles, according
         | to sample proportions (not national statistics). For cases where
         | it was not possible to compute sample quintiles, the income 
         | categories approximating sample quintiles the closest have been
         | used. Consequently, this variable may contain distributions that
         | do not really represent quintiles.
         |
         | Depending on how the income data was deposited, the variable 
         | reports either monthly or annual income. The table below shows 
         | which of the two applies to the election studies:
         |
         | +++ TABLE: INCOME MEASURE TYPE BY ELECTION STUDY
         |  
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      MONTHLY INCOME     ANNUAL INCOME
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)             -                   X  
         | AUSTRIA (2024)               X                   -  
         | BRAZIL (2022)                X                   -
         | DENMARK (2022)               -                   X
         | FRANCE (2022)                X                   -  
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)            X                   -
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)           -                   X  
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)       X                   -  
         | POLAND (2023)                X                   -  
         | PORTUGAL (2022)              X                   -
         | PORTUGAL (2024)              X                   -
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)              X                   -  
         | SLOVENIA (2022)              X                   -
         | SWEDEN (2022)                -                   X
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)           X                   -
         | TAIWAN (2024)                X                   -   
         | TURKIYE (2023)               X                   -
         | UNITED STATES (2024)         -                   X
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | KEY: X = yes; - = no.
         |
         | In the Election Study Notes below, currency abbreviations are
         | given in the three-letter alphabetical ISO-4217 format as 
         | described by the International Organization for Standardization.
         | An English-language description of the ISO-4217 standard can be
         | found here:
         | https://www.iso.org/iso-4217-currency-codes.html
         | (Date accessed: March 28, 2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F2010_1
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     less than   35,000 AUD 
         |        02.       35,001 -  60,000 AUD 
         |        03.       60,001 -  80,000 AUD 
         |        04.       80,001 - 140,000 AUD 
         |        05.     more than  140,000 AUD 
         |        06.     no income

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F2010_1
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     less than 2,200 EUR
         |        02.       2,200 - 3,099 EUR
         |        03.       3,100 - 4,299 EUR
         |        04.       4,300 - 5,499 EUR
         |        05.     more than 5,499 EUR

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F2010_1
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.         up to 1,212 BRL
         |        02.       1,213 - 2,000 BRL
         |        03.       2,001 - 3,000 BRL
         |        04.       3,001 - 5,000 BRL
         |        05.     more than 5,000 BRL

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F2010_1
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     less than   300,000 DKK
         |        02.     300,000 -   599,999 DKK
         |        03.     600,000 -   799,999 DKK
         |        04.     800,000 - 1,099,999 DKK
         |        05.     more than 1,099,999 DKK

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F2010_1
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     less than      950 EUR 
         |        02.           950 -  1,649 EUR
         |        03.         1,650 -  2,199 EUR
         |        04.         2,200 -  3,199 EUR
         |        05.     more than    3,199 EUR

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F2010_1
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     less than  451 EUR
         |        02.        451 -   750 EUR
         |        03.        751 - 1,000 EUR
         |        04.      1,001 - 1,500 EUR
         |        05.    more than 1,500 EUR

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F2010_1
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     less than    44,521 NZD 
         |        02.        44,521 -  80,179 NZD
         |        03.        80,180 - 123,434 NZD
         |        04.       123,435 - 183,569 NZD
         |        05.     more than   183,570 NZD

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F2010_1
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     less than  26,000 MKD
         |        02.      26,000 -  40,000 MKD
         |        03.      40,001 -  57,000 MKD
         |        04.      57,001 -  69,000 MKD
         |        05.     more than  69,000 MKD

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F2010_1
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.         Up to 3,750 PLN
         |        02.       3,751 - 5,200 PLN
         |        03.       5,201 - 6,700 PLN
         |        04.       6,701 - 8,200 PLN
         |        05.     more than 8,200 PLN
         | 
         | In the 2023 Polish election study, Collaborators asked 
         | respondents to name their monthly net household income in an open 
         | question. However, 983 respondents refusing to name their 
         | income received a follow-up question, asking them to place their
         | income in one of twenty income brackets. 
         | Income quintiles provided in F2010_1 are based on the continuous
         | data. For the 983 respondents for whom continuous data is not 
         | available, data were imputed by using the midpoint of their 
         | stated income category. For example, a respondent stating to 
         | have a monthly household income between 3,001 and 3,500 PLN
         | is assumed to have a household income of 3,250 PLN - thus 
         | falling into the first quintile. 
         | 
         |                       Stated Income               Imputed income
         | CSES Code             (Categorical)                 (Midpoint)
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.          1,001 -  1,250 PLN               1,125 PLN
         |                     1,251 -  1,500 PLN               1,375 PLN
         |                     1,501 -  1,750 PLN               1,625 PLN
         |                     1,751 -  2,000 PLN               1,875 PLN
         |                     2,001 -  2,250 PLN               2,125 PLN
         |                     2,251 -  2,500 PLN               2,375 PLN
         |                     2,501 -  2,750 PLN               2,625 PLN
         |                     2,751 -  3,000 PLN               2,875 PLN
         |                     3,001 -  3,500 PLN               3,250 PLN
         |                     3,501 -  4,000 PLN               3,750 PLN
         |        02.          4,001 -  4,500 PLN               4,250 PLN  
         |                     4,501 -  5,000 PLN               4,750 PLN
         |        03.          5,001 -  7,000 PLN               6,000 PLN 
         |        04.          7,001 -  8,000 PLN               7,500 PLN
         |        05.          8,001 - 10,000 PLN               9,000 PLN
         |                       Above 10,000 PLN              10,000 PLN
         | 
         | Also see ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F2010_2.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022 & 2024): F2010_1
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |-----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.            up to 300 EUR
         |        02.            301 - 750 EUR
         |        03.          751 - 1,500 EUR
         |        04.        1,501 - 2,500 EUR
         |        05.      more than 2,500 EUR
         |
         | Household income variable has been asked in the questionnaire in
         | five categories offered to respondents. Thus, for Portugal,
         | variables F2010_1 and F2010_2 are identical. Users should note
         | that the distribution provided does not resemble quintiles.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F2010_1
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.        Less than 850 EUR
         |        02.          851 - 1,050 EUR
         |        03.        1,051 - 1,400 EUR
         |        04.        1,401 - 2,500 EUR
         |        05.      More than 2,501 EUR

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F2010_1
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |------------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.          up to 1,000 EUR
         |        02.        1,001 - 1,050 EUR
         |        03.        1,051 - 2,300 EUR
         |        04.        2,301 - 3,000 EUR
         |        05.      more than 3,000 EUR

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F2010_1
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     less than 300,001 SEK
         |        02.     300,001 - 500,000 SEK
         |        03.     500,001 - 700,000 SEK
         |        04.     700,001 - 900,000 SEK
         |        05.     more than 900,000 SEK

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F2010_1
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.          Up to 60,000 CHF
         |        02.      60,001 -  84,000 CHF
         |        03.      84,001 - 108,000 CHF
         |        04.     108,001 - 156,000 CHF
         |        05.     More than 156,000 CHF

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F2010_1
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     less than  31,000 TWD
         |        02.      31,001 -  56,000 TWD
         |        03.      56,001 -  78,000 TWD
         |        04.      78,001 - 132,000 TWD
         |        05.     more than 132,000 TWD
         |        08.     Don't know
         |        09.     It's hard to say

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F2010_1
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.        Up to   9,999 TRY
         |        02.     10,000 -  12,999 TRY
         |        03.     13,000 -  19,999 TRY
         |        04.     20,000 -  24,000 TRY
         |        05.     more than 24,000 TRY
         | 
         | In the 2023 Turkish election study, Collaborators asked 
         | respondents to name their monthly household income in an open 
         | question. However, 545 respondents refusing to name their 
         | income received a follow-up question, asking them to place their
         | income in one of seven categories. 
         | Income quintiles provided in F2010_1 are based on the continuous
         | data. For the 274 respondents for whom continuous data was not 
         | available but who answered the follow-up question, data were 
         | imputed by using the midpoint of their stated income category. 
         | For example, a respondent stating to have a monthly household 
         | income between 5,001 and 7,000 TRY is assumed to have a 
         | household income of 6,250 TRY - thus falling into the first 
         | quintile. 
         | 
         |                       Stated Income               Imputed income
         | CSES Code             (Categorical)                 (Midpoint)
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.         Less than 5,000 TRY               2,500 TRY
         |                     5,001 -  7,500 TRY               6,250 TRY
         |                     7,501 - 10,000 TRY               8,750 TRY 
         |                    10,001 - 15,000 TRY              12,500 TRY
         |                    15,001 - 25,000 TRY              20,000 TRY
         |                    25,501 - 40,000 TRY              32,500 TRY 
         |        02.        More than 40,000 TRY              40,000 TRY

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F2010_1
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     less than   35,000 USD
         |        02.      35,000 -   64,999 USD 
         |        03.      65,000 -   99,999 USD
         |        04.     100,000 -  174,999 USD
         |        05.     175,000    or more USD


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2010_2     >>> HOUSEHOLD INCOME - ORIGINAL VARIABLE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D09. Household income for the respondent's household.
         ..................................................................

             0-99999996. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             99999997.   VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             99999998.   VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             99999999.   MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2010_2
         |
         | F2010_2 details the original data for household income in the 
         | format collected by the Collaborators.
         |
         | In the Election Study Notes below, currency abbreviations are
         | given in the three-letter alphabetical ISO-4217 format as 
         | described by the International Organization for Standardization.
         | An English-language description of the ISO-4217 standard can be
         | found here:
         | https://www.iso.org/iso-4217-currency-codes.html
         | (Date accessed: March 28, 2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F2010_2
         |
         | Respondents were asked to provide their annual gross income.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     no income
         |        02.     less than   15,000 AUD
         |        03.       15,000 -  25,000 AUD
         |        04.       25,001 -  35,000 AUD
         |        05.       35,001 -  45,000 AUD
         |        06.       45,001 -  60,000 AUD
         |        07.       60,001 -  80,000 AUD
         |        08.       80,001 - 100,000 AUD
         |        09.      100,001 - 120,000 AUD
         |        10.      120,001 - 140,000 AUD
         |        11.      140,001 - 160,000 AUD
         |        12.      160,001 - 180,000 AUD
         |        13.      180,001 - 200,000 AUD
         |        14.      200,001 - 250,000 AUD
         |        15.     more than  250,000 AUD

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F2010_2
         |
         | Respondents were asked to provide their monthly net income.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.                less than 1,100 EUR 
         |        02.       1,100 to less than 1,500 EUR
         |        03.       1,500 to less than 1,800 EUR
         |        04.       1,800 to less than 2,200 EUR
         |        05.       2,200 to less than 2,700 EUR
         |        06.       2,700 to less than 3,100 EUR
         |        07.       3,100 to less than 3,700 EUR
         |        08.       3,700 to less than 4,300 EUR
         |        09.       4,300 to less than 5,500 EUR
         |        10.       5,500 or more EUR

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F2010_2
         |
         | In the 2022 Brazilian election study, Collaborators asked 
         | respondents to name their monthly household income in an open 
         | question. Respondents not providing their income received a 
         | follow-up question, asking them to place their income in one of
         | the following eight categories: 
         |
         |  01.         up to  1,212 BRL (up to one minimum salary)
         |  02.    1,212.01 -  2,424 BRL (one to two minimum salaries)
         |  03.    2,424.01 -  3,636 BRL (two to three minimum salaries)
         |  04.    3,636.01 -  6,060 BRL (three to five minimum salaries)
         |  05.    6,060.01 - 12,120 BRL (five to ten minimum salaries)
         |  06.   12,120.01 - 18,180 BRL (ten to fifteen minimum salaries)
         |  07.   18,180.01 - 24,240 BRL (fifteen to twenty min. salaries)
         |  08.   24,240.00 and more BRL (more than twenty min. salaries)
         |
         | Collaborators combined answers from both income questions before 
         | depositing the data. This combined variable was used for coding
         | F2010_.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F2010_2
         |
         | Respondents were asked to provide their annual gross household 
         | income. 
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     less than   100,000 DKK
         |        02.     100,000 -   149,999 DKK
         |        03.     150,000 -   199,999 DKK
         |        04.     200,000 -   249,999 DKK
         |        05.     250,000 -   299,999 DKK
         |        06.     300,000 -   349,999 DKK
         |        07.     350,000 -   399,999 DKK
         |        08.     400,000 -   449,999 DKK
         |        09.     450,000 -   499,999 DKK
         |        10.     500,000 -   599,999 DKK
         |        11.     600,000 -   699,999 DKK
         |        12.     700,000 -   799,999 DKK
         |        13.     800,000 -   899,999 DKK
         |        14.     900,000 -   999,999 DKK
         |        15.   1,000,000 - 1,099,999 DKK
         |        16.   1,100,000 - 1,199,999 DKK
         |        17.   1,200,000 - 1,299,999 DKK
         |        18.   1,300,000 - 1,399,999 DKK
         |        19.   1,400,000 - 1,499,999 DKK
         |        20.   1,500,000 DKK or more

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F2010_2
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     less than      650 EUR
         |        02.           650 -    949 EUR
         |        03.           950 -  1,199 EUR
         |        04.         1,200 -  1,399 EUR
         |        05.         1,400 -  1,649 EUR
         |        06.         1,650 -  1,899 EUR
         |        07.         1,900 -  2,199 EUR
         |        08.         2,200 -  2,499 EUR
         |        09.         2,500 -  3,199 EUR
         |        10.     more than    3,200 EUR

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F2010_2
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     No income
         |        02.     less than   150 EUR
         |        03.         151 -   300 EUR
         |        04.         301 -   450 EUR
         |        05.         451 -   600 EUR
         |        06.         601 -   750 EUR
         |        07.         751 -   900 EUR
         |        08.         901 - 1,000 EUR
         |        09.       1,001 - 1,200 EUR
         |        10.       1,201 - 1,500 EUR
         |        11.     more than 1,501 EUR

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F2010_2
         |
         | Respondents were asked to indicate their yearly household income  
         | before tax between April 1, 2022, and March 31, 2023, placing
         | themselves in one of the following income brackets:
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     no income
         |        02.     less than    44,521 NZD 
         |        03.        44,521 -  80,179 NZD
         |        04.        80,180 - 123,434 NZD
         |        05.       123,435 - 183,569 NZD
         |        06.     more than   183,570 NZD

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F2010_2
         |
         | The monthly household income is provided as a continuous 
         | variable, measured in Macedonian denar (MKD).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F2010_2
         |
         | In the 2023 Polish election study, Collaborators asked 
         | respondents to name their monthly net household income in an open 
         | question. However, 983 respondents refusing to name their 
         | income received a follow-up question, asking them to place their
         | income in one of the following twenty categories, which were  
         | coded as follows:
         |  
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |---------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Up to      300 PLN
         |        02.       301 -    500 PLN
         |        03.       501 -    750 PLN
         |        04.       751 -  1,000 PLN
         |        05.     1,001 -  1,250 PLN
         |        06.     1,251 -  1,500 PLN
         |        07.     1,501 -  1,750 PLN
         |        08.     1,751 -  2,000 PLN
         |        09.     2,001 -  2,250 PLN
         |        10.     2,251 -  2,500 PLN
         |        11.     2,501 -  2,750 PLN
         |        12.     2,751 -  3,000 PLN
         |        13.     3,001 -  3,500 PLN
         |        14.     3,501 -  4,000 PLN
         |        15.     4,001 -  4,500 PLN
         |        16.     4,501 -  5,000 PLN
         |        17.     5,001 -  7,000 PLN
         |        18.     7,001 -  8,000 PLN
         |        19.     8,001 - 10,000 PLN
         |        20.     above   10,000 PLN
         |
         | The 983 respondents who placed themselves in one of the 
         | categories rather than naming their detailed household income
         | all placed themselves in categories 5 to 20.
         | For all other respondents in the sample, F2010_2 provides the 
         | monthly household income on a continuous scale, as indicated by
         | respondents.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022 & 2024): F2010_2
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |-----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.            up to 300 EUR
         |        02.            301 - 750 EUR
         |        03.          751 - 1,500 EUR
         |        04.        1,501 - 2,500 EUR
         |        05.      more than 2,500 EUR
         |
         | Household income variable has been asked in the questionnaire in
         | five categories offered to respondents. Thus, for Portugal,
         | variables F2010_1 and F2010_2 are identical.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F2010_2
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Less than     350 EUR
         |        02.           351 -   550 EUR
         |        03.           551 -   850 EUR
         |        04.           851 - 1,050 EUR
         |        05.         1,051 - 1,400 EUR
         |        06.         1,401 - 2,500 EUR
         |        07.         2,501 - 3,500 EUR
         |        08.         3,501 - 4,500 EUR
         |        09.     More than   4,500 EUR

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F2010_2
         |
         | Slovenia (2022) provides household income, the original variable, 
         | as a continuous variable, measured in EUR.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F2010_2
         |
         | The question used in the Swedish survey asked respondents to 
         | provide an approximate estimate of the total annual income of all 
         | individuals in their household before taxes, including pensions, 
         | student grants, etc. The following 12 categories were offered
         | to respondents: 
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     100,000     or less SEK
         |        02.     100,001 -   200,000 SEK
         |        03.     200,001 -   300,000 SEK
         |        04.     300,001 -   400,000 SEK
         |        05.     400,001 -   500,000 SEK 
         |        06.     500,001 -   600,000 SEK 
         |        07.     600,001 -   700,000 SEK 
         |        08.     700,001 -   800,000 SEK 
         |        09.     800,001 -   900,000 SEK 
         |        10.     900,001 - 1,000,000 SEK
         |        11.   1,000,001 - 1,100,000 SEK 
         |        12.   more than   1,100,000 SEK

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F2010_2
         |
         | Respondents were asked to provide their monthly income.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Less than  24,000 CHF
         |        02.      24,001 -  36,000 CHF
         |        03.      36,001 -  48,000 CHF
         |        04.      48,001 -  60,000 CHF
         |        05.      60,001 -  72,000 CHF
         |        06.      72,001 -  84,000 CHF
         |        07.      84,001 -  96,000 CHF
         |        08.      96,001 - 108,000 CHF
         |        09.     108,001 - 120,000 CHF
         |        10.     120,001 - 132,000 CHF
         |        11.     132,001 - 144,000 CHF
         |        12.     144,001 - 156,000 CHF
         |        13.     156,001 - 168,000 CHF
         |        14.     168,001 - 180,000 CHF
         |        15.     180,001 - 192,000 CHF
         |        16.     192,001 - 204,000 CHF
         |        17.     204,001 - 216,000 CHF
         |        18.     216,001 - 228,000 CHF
         |        19.     228,001 - 240,000 CHF
         |        20.     More than 240,000 CHF

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F2010_2
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.      Less than 31,000 TWD
         |        02.      31,001 -  45,000 TWD
         |        03.      45,001 -  56,000 TWD
         |        04.      56,001 -  69,000 TWD
         |        05.      69,001 -  78,000 TWD
         |        06.      78,001 -  93,000 TWD
         |        07.      93,001 - 108,000 TWD
         |        08.     108,001 - 132,000 TWD
         |        09.     132,001 - 164,000 TWD
         |        10.     More than 141,001 TWD
         |  99999998.     Don't know
         |  99999999.     It's hard to say

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F2010_2
         |
         | In the 2023 Turkish election study, Collaborators asked 
         | respondents to name their monthly household income in an open 
         | question. However, 545 respondents (36% of the sample) refusing 
         | to name their income received a follow-up question, asking them 
         | to place their income in one of the following seven categories. 
         | The 274 respondents answering the follow-up question were coded 
         | as follows for F2010_2:
         |  
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |-----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.       Less than 5,000 TRY              
         |        02.        5,001 -  7,500 TRY              
         |        03.        7,501 - 10,000 TRY               
         |        04.       10,001 - 15,000 TRY             
         |        05.       15,001 - 25,000 TRY              
         |        06.       25,501 - 40,000 TRY              
         |        07.      More than 40,000 TRY              
         |
         | For all other respondents in the sample, F2010_2 provides the 
         | monthly household income on a continuous scale, as indicated by
         | respondents.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F2010_2
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     less than   5,000 USD
         |        02.       5,000 -   9,999 USD
         |        03.      10,000 -  12,499 USD
         |        04.      12,500 -  14,999 USD
         |        05.      15,000 -  17,499 USD
         |        06.      17,500 -  19,999 USD
         |        07.      20,000 -  22,499 USD
         |        08.      22,500 -  24,999 USD
         |        09.      25,000 -  27,499 USD
         |        10.      27,500 -  29,999 USD
         |        11.      30,000 -  34,999 USD
         |        12.      35,000 -  39,999 USD
         |        13.      40,000 -  44,999 USD
         |        14.      45,000 -  49,999 USD
         |        15.      50,000 -  54,999 USD
         |        16.      55,000 -  59,999 USD
         |        17.      60,000 -  64,999 USD
         |        18.      65,000 -  69,999 USD
         |        19.      70,000 -  74,999 USD
         |        20.      75,000 -  79,999 USD
         |        21.      80,000 -  89,999 USD
         |        22.      90,000 -  99,999 USD
         |        23.     100,000 - 109,999 USD
         |        24.     110,000 - 124,999 USD
         |        25.     125,000 - 149,999 USD
         |        26.     150,000 - 174,999 USD
         |        27.     175,000 - 249,999 USD
         |        28.     more than 250,000 USD


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2011       >>> RELIGIOUS DENOMINATION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D10. Religious denomination.
         ..................................................................

             CHRISTIAN
             1000. CHRISTIAN (NO DENOMINATION GIVEN)

             CATHOLIC
             1101. ROMAN CATHOLIC
             1102. EASTERN (GREEK RITE) CATHOLIC CHURCHES
             1199. CATHOLIC, OTHER [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             PROTESTANT
             1200. PROTESTANT, NO DENOMINATION GIVEN
             1201. ADVENTIST
             1203. BAPTIST
             1204. CONGREGATIONAL
             1205. EUROPEAN FREE CHURCH (ANABAPTISTS,
                   MENNONITES)
             1206. HOLINESS
             1207. FUNDAMENTALIST
             1208. LUTHERAN
             1209. METHODIST
             1210. PENTECOSTAL
             1211. PRESBYTERIAN
             1212. CALVINIST
             1213. SALVATION ARMY/SALVATIONIST
             1214. CHRISTIAN BRETHREN
             1215. CHURCHES OF CHRIST
             1216. REFORMED CHURCHES
             1217. PROTESTANT CHURCH OF THE NETHERLANDS
             1298. PROTESTANT, OTHER [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             1299. PROTESTANT, OTHER [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             ANGLICAN
             1300. EPISCOPALIAN, ANGLICAN, CHURCH OF ENGLAND,
                   CHURCH OF IRELAND

             INDEPENDENTS-NON-AFFILIATED
             1401. INDEPENDENT-FUNDAMENTALIST
             1410. APOSTOLIC
             1420. UNITED CHURCHES
             1499. INDEPENDENT, OTHER [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             NON-TRADITIONAL PROTESTANTS
             1501. CHRISTIAN SCIENTISTS
             1502. MORMONS, CHURCH OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS
             1503. UNITARIAN UNIVERSALISTS
             1504. JEHOVAH'S WITNESSES
             1599. NON-TRADITIONAL PROTESTANT, OTHER
                   [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             ORTHODOX
             1600. EASTERN ORTHODOX
             1698. ORTHODOX, OTHER [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             1699. ORTHODOX, OTHER [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             JEWISH
             2000. JEWISH

             ISLAM
             3000. MUSLIM; MOHAMMEDAN; ISLAM (NO DENOMINATION GIVEN)
             3100. SUNNI
             3200. SHI'ISM
             3210. ISMA'ILIS
             3211. DRUSE

             BUDDHISM
             4000. BUDDHIST
             4100. THERAVADA
             4200. MAHAYANA

             HINDUISM AND OTHER RELIGIONS OF INDIA
             5000. HINDU
             5010. PARSIISM
             5020. VAISHNAVISM
             5030. SHAIVISM
             5040. SHAKTISM
             5500. JAINISM
             5600. SIKHISM

             INDIGENOUS RELIGIONS OF EAST ASIA
             6100. CONFUCIANISM
             6200. TAOISM
             6300. SHINTO
             6400. NEW RELIGIONSISTS
             6401. I-KUAN-TAO
             6500. TRADITIONAL FOLK BELIEF/NICHIREN SHSHU

             ETHNORELIGIONS/OTHER BELIEVER
             7100. PAGAN, HEATHEN, TRIBAL RELIGIONSIST,
                   TRADITIONAL RELIGIONIST, ANIMISM, SHAMANISM
             7110. RATANA, MAORI
             7200. SPIRITISM
             7500. BAHAI
             7900. EHTNORELIGIONIST, OTHER [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             7901. EHTNORELIGIONIST, OTHER [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             NON BELIEVERS
             8100. AGNOSTIC
             8200. ATHEIST
             8300. NONE

             OTHERS
             9001. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             9002. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             9003. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             9004. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             9005. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             9006. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             9600. OTHER: NOT SPECIFIED

             9997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             9998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9999. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2011
         |
         | Data are unavailable for FRANCE (2022).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F2011
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |      6400.     Seicho-No-Ie, oriental, east Asia
         |      7200.     Spiritualist
         |      7900.     African (Candomble)
         |      7901.     African (Umbanda)
         |      8200.     Agnostic/atheist 
         |      8300.     No religion

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F2011
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |      1600.     Orthodox Christian, but I do not want to choose
         |                between the SOC and MOC
         |      1698.     Serbian Orthodox Christian (SOC)
         |      1699.     Montenegrin Orthodox Christian (MOC)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F2011
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |      7110.     Ratana
         |                Ringatu

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F2011
         |
         | For the Swiss election study, code 1298 was used to code 
         | all references to various protestant free churches. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F2011
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |      1199.     Catholic, not further specified
         |      4200.     Tibetan Buddhism 
         |      6400.     Soka Gakkai International
         |                Cheondoism
         |                Unification Church
         |      9001.     Buddhist and Taoist
         |      9002.     Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism 
         |      9003.     Buddhism and I Kuan-Tao

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F2011
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |      1298.     Evangelical Churches (Evangelical Covenant 
         |                Church, Evangelical Free Church, EFC, or EFCA)
         |      7900.     American Indian religions; Native American 
         |                religions
         |      9001.     More than one major religion


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2012       >>> RELIGIOUS SERVICES ATTENDANCE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D11. Attendance at religious services.
         ..................................................................

             1. NEVER
             2. ONCE A YEAR
             3. TWO TO ELEVEN TIMES A YEAR
             4. ONCE A MONTH
             5. TWO OR MORE TIMES A MONTH
             6. ONCE A WEEK/MORE THAN ONCE A WEEK

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2012
         | 
         | F2012 is asked irrespective of individuals' religious 
         | denomination, as the CSES questionnaire of origin does not 
         | include filter instructions in the demographic section. 
         |
         | Data are unavailable for FRANCE (2022).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F2012
         |
         | The answer categories for F2012 offered to respondents deviated 
         | slightly from CSES MODULE 6 standards. The variable was recoded
         | as follows:
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Never 
         |        02.     Rarely
         |        03.     A few times a year
         |        04.     Once or twice a month
         |        06.     Once a week
         |                More than once a week

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F2012
         |
         | For the F2012 variable, the Slovakian study included one
         | additional category - "Less often than once a year." This
         | category has been recoded to CSES category "2. Once a year."

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F2012
         |
         | The answer categories for F2012 offered to respondents deviated 
         | from CSES MODULE 6 standards. The variable was recoded as 
         | follows:
         | 
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Never
         |        02.     About once in the past 12 months
         |        03.     About once in the past six months
         |                About once every quarter
         |        04.     About once a month
         |        06.     About once a week
         |                Several times a week

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F2012
         |
         | Only respondents providing a religious denomination in F2011 
         | or not answering to F2011 were asked about their religious 
         | service attendance in F2012. Hence, respondents stating not 
         | to adhere to any religion in F2011 are coded missing in F2012.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2013       >>> RACE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D12. This item reports the respondent's race.
         ..................................................................

             001.-995. RACE CODES [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             996.      OTHER: NOT SPECIFIED

             997.      VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             998.      VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             999.      MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2013
         |
         | F2013 is coded according to national standards.
         |
         | See also VARIABLE NOTES for variable F2014.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRALIA (2022), AUSTRIA (2024),
         | DENMARK (2022), FRANCE (2022), MONTENEGRO (2023), NORTH MACEDONIA
         | (2024), POLAND (2023), SLOVAKIA (2023), SLOVENIA (2022), 
         | SWEDEN (2022), SWITZERLAND (2023), TAIWAN (2024) and TURKIYE 
         | (2023).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F2013
         |
         | The 2022 Brazilian study included two questions on respondents' 
         | race, the first one asking respondents to provide their race in 
         | an open-ended question. The second question read: "IBGE - the 
         | institute that conducts censuses in Brazil - uses the terms 
         | black, brown, white, yellow, and indigenous to classify people's 
         | color or race. Which of these terms best describes your color or 
         | race?" F2013 is based on the latter question grouping respondents
         | according to official census categories.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       001.     Black
         |       002.     Mixed
         |       003.     White
         |       004.     Yellow
         |       005.     Indigenous

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F2013
         |
         | For the New Zealand 2023 study, F2013 identifies respondents of
         | Maori descent. Researchers are advised that F2013 combines 
         | information from two sources - the electoral roll and self-
         | reported Maori heritage in the survey ("Are you of Maori 
         | ethnicity?"). Respondents were classified as Maori if either
         | or both sources suggested respondents were Maori.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       001.     Maori Descent
         |       002.     No Maori Descent

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022 & 2024): F2013
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |------------------------------------------------------------------
         |       001.     White
         |       002.     Black
         |       003.     Roma/Gypsy/Sinti
         |       996.     None of these

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F2013
         |
         | For F2013, respondents were allowed to name more than one race
         | they considered themselves to belong to. The answers were 
         | pre-coded by the ANES as follows:
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       001.     White, non-Hispanic
         |       002.     Black, non-Hispanic
         |       003.     Hispanic
         |       004.     Asian or Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander, 
         |                non-Hispanic alone
         |       005.     Native American/Alaska Native or other race, 
         |                non-Hispanic alone
         |       006.     Multiple races, non-Hispanic


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2014       >>> ETHNICITY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D13. This variable reports the ethnic identity of respondents.
         ..................................................................

             001.-995. ETHNICITY CODES [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             996.      OTHER: NOT SPECIFIED

             997.      VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             998.      VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             999.      MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2014
         |
         | F2014 is coded according to national standards.
         |
         | See also VARIABLE NOTES for variable F2013.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRALIA (2022), AUSTRIA (2024), BRAZIL 
         | (2022), DENMARK (2022), FRANCE (2022), PORTUGAL (2022, 2024),
         | SWEDEN (2022), SWITZERLAND (2023), and UNITED STATES (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F2014
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       001.     Montenegrin
         |       002.     Serbian
         |       003.     Albanian
         |       004.     Bosniak
         |       005.     Muslim
         |       006.     Croatian
         |       996.     Other

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F2014
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       001.     European
         |       002.     Asian and other 
         |       003.     Pasifika
         |       004.     Maori

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F2014
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       001.     Macedonian
         |       002.     Albanian
         |       003.     Turkish
         |       004.     Romani
         |       005.     Serbian
         |       006.     Vlach
         |       007.     Bosniak

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F2014
         |
         | The Poland 2023 study assessed respondents' ethnicity with an 
         | open-ended question. For CSES, answers were classified as 
         | follows:
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       001.     White
         |       002.     Christian
         |       003.     European
         |       004.     Kashubian
         |       005.     Catholic
         |       006.     Kociewie
         |       007.     Krakowian
         |       008.     Malopolska 
         |       009.     Polish
         |       010.     Poznanian
         |       011.     Roma
         |       012.     Slovak
         |       013.     Slavic
         |       014.     Silesian
         |       996.     Driver
         |                Youth
         |                Worker
         |                Believer
         |       999.     None

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F2014
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       001.     Slovak
         |       002.     Hungarian
         |       003.     Roma

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F2014
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |------------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Slovenian
         |        02.     Bosnian
         |        03.     Montenegrin
         |        04.     Croatian
         |        05.     Italian
         |        06.     Hungarian
         |        07.     Macedonian
         |        08.     Serbian
         |        09.     Russian
         |        10.     Czech
         |        11.     Vietnamese 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F2014
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       001.     Taiwanese Hakka
         |       002.     Taiwanese Min-Nan
         |       003.     Mainlander
         |       004.     Aboriginal
         |       005.     Recent mainland immigrant
         |       006.     Recent foreign immigrant
         |       007.     Foreigner

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F2014
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       001.     Turkish
         |       002.     Kurdish


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2015       >>> COUNTRY OF BIRTH
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D14. Respondent's country of birth.
         ..................................................................

             004. AFGHANISTAN
             008. ALBANIA
             012. ALGERIA
             024. ANGOLA
             031. AZERBAIJAN
             032. ARGENTINA
             036. AUSTRALIA
             040. AUSTRIA
             048. BAHRAIN
             050. BANGLADESH
             056. BELGIUM
             068. BOLIVIA (PLURINATIONAL STATE OF)
             070. BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
             076. BRAZIL
             100. BULGARIA
             112. BELARUS
             116. CAMBODIA
             120. CAMEROON
             124. CANADA
             132. CABO VERDE
             144. SRI LANKA
             152. CHILE
             156. CHINA
             158. TAIWAN
             170. COLOMBIA
             178. CONGO
             184. COOK ISLANDS
             188. COSTA RICA
             191. CROATIA
             192. CUBA
             196. CYPRUS
             200. CZECHOSLOVAKIA
             203. CZECHIA
             208. DENMARK
             214. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
             218. ECUADOR
             232. ERITREA
             234. FAROE ISLANDS
             242. FIJI
             246. FINLAND
             250. FRANCE
             266. GABON
             276. GERMANY
             300. GREECE
             304. GREENLAND
             332. HAITI
             344. CHINA, HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION
             348. HUNGARY
             356. INDIA
             360. INDONESIA
             364. IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
             368. IRAQ
             372. IRELAND
             376. ISRAEL
             380. ITALY
             388. JAMAICA
             392. JAPAN
             398. KAZAKHSTAN
             400. JORDAN
             404. KENYA
             410. REPUBLIC OF KOREA
             417. KYRGYZSTAN
             418. LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
             422. LEBANON
             428. LATVIA
             430. LIBERIA
             438. LIECHTENSTEIN
             440. LITHUANIA
             442. LUXEMBOURG
             450. MADAGASCAR
             458. MALAYSIA
             462. MALDIVES
             470. MALTA
             480. MAURITIUS
             484. MEXICO
             499. MONTENEGRO
             504. MOROCCO
             508. MOZAMBIQUE
             524. NEPAL
             528. NETHERLANDS
             554. NEW ZEALAND
             562. NIGER
             566. NIGERIA
             578. NORWAY
             586. PAKISTAN
             591. PANAMA
             598. PAPUA NEW GUINEA
             604. PERU
             608. PHILIPPINES
             616. POLAND
             620. PORTUGAL
             630. PUERTO RICO
             642. ROMANIA
             643. RUSSIAN FEDERATION
             646. RWANDA
             682. SAUDI ARABIA
             686. SENEGAL
             688. SERBIA
             694. SIERRA LEONE
             702. SINGAPORE
             703. SLOVAKIA
             704. VIET NAM
             705. SLOVENIA
             710. SOUTH AFRICA
             716. ZIMBABWE
             724. SPAIN
             748. ESWATINI
             752. SWEDEN
             756. SWITZERLAND
             760. SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC
             764. THAILAND
             788. TUNISIA
             792. TURKIYE
             804. UKRAINE
             807. NORTH MACEDONIA
             818. EGYPT
             826. UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
             834. UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
             840. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
             858. URUGUAY
             862. VENEZUELA (BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF)
             882. SAMOA
             890. SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA
             894. ZAMBIA

             900. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             901. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             996. OTHER: NOT SPECIFIED

             997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             999. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2015
         |
         | F2015 details respondents' country of birth based on country 
         | codes provided by the United Nations Statistics Division
         | ("countries or areas, codes and abbreviations", revised
         | February 13, 2002), similar to F1005 and F1006_UN.
         |
         | Whenever this is not possible, due to referring to a country
         | that does not exist anymore, earlier country codes, according to
         | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49chang.htm were
         | employed (Date accessed: December 10, 2024).
         |
         | As long as a question on respondents' country of birth was
         | included in the questionnaire, native-born citizens were coded
         | according to the country code of the appropriate state.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for MONTENEGRO (2023) and SLOVAKIA (2023).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F2015
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       900.     Eastern Europe

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F2015
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       900.     Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia
         |       901.     Poland, Czech Republic, Russia, Hungary

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F2015
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       900.     European Union
         |       901.     Outside the European Union

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F2015
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       900.     Kosovo

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022): F2015
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |------------------------------------------------------------------
         |       900.     Ex-Colony (Angola, Cabo Verde, Goa, Guinea-Bissau,
         |                Macau, Mozambique, Sao Tome and Principe)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F2015
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |------------------------------------------------------------------
         |       900.     Ex-Colony (Angola, Cabo Verde, Goa, Guinea-Bissau,
         |                Macau, Mozambique, Sao Tome and Principe)
         |       901.     Other country

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F2015
         |
         | Collaborators distinguish between three countries or regions of
         | birth, which have been coded as follows for CSES: 
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       752.     R born in Sweden
         |       900.     R born in another European country
         |       901.     R born outside of Europe

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F2015
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       900.     Kosovo

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F2015
         |
         | Upon assessing respondents' place of birth, collaborators did 
         | not only distinguish between countries, but further within 
         | different Taiwanese regions. All respondents with Taiwanese 
         | origin were classified into code "158", the ISO 3166 code for 
         | Taiwan.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       156.     China
         |       158.     Yilan County
         |                Hsinchu County
         |                Miaoli County
         |                Changhua County
         |                Nantou County
         |                Yunlin County
         |                Chiayi County
         |                Pingtung City
         |                Taitung County 
         |                Hualien County
         |                Penghu County
         |                Keelung City
         |                Hsinchu City
         |                Chiayi City 
         |                Kinmen County
         |                Lienchiang County 
         |                Taipei City
         |                Kaohsiung City
         |                New Taipei City
         |                Taichung City
         |                Tainan City  
         |                Taoyuan County
         |       344.     Hong Kong       

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2015): F2015
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       840.     A U.S. state or Washington D.C.
         |       630.     Puerto Rico
         |       900.     Another U.S. territory (Guam, American Samoa, 
         |                U.S. Virgin Islands)
         |       901.     Another country 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2016       >>> WAS EITHER BIOLOGICAL PARENT BORN OUTSIDE OF THE COUNTRY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D15. Was either biological parent born outside of [COUNTRY]?
         ..................................................................

             0. NO
             1. YES

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2016
         |
         | Data are unavailable for FRANCE (2022).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F2016
         |
         | In the 2022 Danish election study, respondents were asked
         | separately for each parent whether they were born in Denmark. 
         | The following table lists how answers to both questions were 
         | combined for F2016:
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |         0.     Both father and mother were born in Denmark
         |         1.     At least one parent born outside of Denmark
         |         7.     Refused to answer for both mother and father
         |                whether born in or outside of Denmark
         |         8.     Don't know for both parents whether born in or 
         |                outside of Denmark
         |                First parent born in Denmark, don't know whether
         |                second parent born in or outside of Denmark

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F2016
         |
         | The Montenegrin 2023 study assessed parental origin separately
         | for each parent, one answer option being born outside of 
         | Montenegro. Collaborators constructed F2016 combining answers
         | from both original items based on parents originating from 
         | abroad.  

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F2016
         |
         | The New Zealand election study asked respondents whether they had
         | one or more parents born outside of New Zealand. Answers were 
         | coded as follows:
         | 
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |         0.     No
         |         1.     Yes, one 
         |                Yes, both 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F2016
         |
         | In the Sweden 2022 study, data on parental origin have not been
         | collected in the survey but were obtained from population 
         | registers. 
         | Generally, register data were sourced in 2022, i.e., the election
         | year.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F2016
         |
         | The Taiwanese study asked respondents whether either biological
         | parent was born outside of Taiwan. Answers were coded as follows:
         | 
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |         0.     Neither
         |         1.     Only father
         |                Only mother
         |                Both of them

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F2016
         |
         | The Turkish study asked respondents whether either biological
         | parent was born in Turkiye. Answers were coded as follows:
         | 
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |         0.     Both my mother and father were born within the 
         |                borders of Turkiye
         |         1.     Only my mother was born within the borders of 
         |                Turkiye
         |                Only my father was born within the borders of 
         |                Turkiye
         |                Neither my mother nor my father was born within 
         |                the borders of Turkiye

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F2016
         |
         | The ANES 2024 study asked respondents whether they had one or 
         | more parents born in the U.S. Answers were coded as follows:
         | 
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |         0.     Both parents born in the US
         |         1.     One parent born in the US  
         |                Both parents born in another country
         |         7.     Refused
         |         8.     Don't know


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2017       >>> LANGUAGE USUALLY SPOKEN AT HOME
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D16. Language usually spoken in the respondent's household.
         ..................................................................

             001. AFRIKAANS
             002. ALBANIAN, ARVANITIKA
             003. ALBANIAN, GHEG
             004. ALBANIAN, TOSK
             007. ARABIC, JUDEO-MOROCCAN
             008. ARABIC, LEVANTINE (ISRAEL)
             237. ASYRIAN
             012. AYMARA, CENTRAL (ARGENTINA, PERU)
             231. AZERI

             014. BELORUSSIAN
             016. BENGALI, BANGLADESHI, BANGLA (INDIA)
             017. BHOJPURI (INDIA)
             018. BOSNIAN
             020. BULGARIAN

             276. CENTRAL THAI
             203. CHINESE, CANTONESE
             023. CHINESE, HAKKA
             024. CHINESE, MANDARIN
             025. CHINESE, MIN NAN
             027. CROATIAN
             028. CZECH

             029. DANISH
             031. DUTCH

             032. ENGLISH
             034. ESTONIAN

             209. FARSI (IRAN)
             302. FILIPINO, NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED
             035. FINNISH
             036. FRENCH

             044. GERMAN, STANDARD
             045. GREEK
             047. GUJARATI (SOUTH AFRICA, INDIA)

             048. HEBREW
             049. HUNGARIAN
             051. HINDI

             050. ICELANDIC
             210. INDONESIAN
             278. ISAN THAI
             052. ITALIAN

             054. JAPANESE

             055. KANNADA (INDIA)
             066. KOREAN
             232. KURDISH

             277. LANNA THAI
             063. LATVIAN
             068. LITHUANIAN

             073. MACEDONIAN
             074. MAITHILI (INDIA)
             075. MALAY
             076. MALAYALAM (INDIA)
             080. MAORI
             082. MARATHI (INDIA)
             085. MONTENEGRIN

             088. NORWEGIAN

             092. ORIYA (INDIA)

             246. PANGASINENSE (PHILIPPINES)
             094. PANJABI, EASTERN (INDIA)
             236. PERSIAN
             096. POLISH
             097. PORTUGUESE
             098. PROVENCAL
             219. PUSHTO (PAKISTAN)

             099. QUECHUA, ANCASH, HUAYLAS

             103. ROMANI, BALKAN
             104. ROMANI, CARPATHIAN
             106. ROMANIAN
             109. RUSSIAN

             111. SCHWYZERDUTSCH (SWITZERLAND)
             112. SERB
             113. SERBO-CROATIAN
             117. SLOVAK
             118. SLOVENIAN
             281. SOUTHERN THAI
             121. SPANISH
             222. SWAHILI
             123. SWEDISH

             240. TAGALOG (PHILIPPINES)
             124. TAMIL (INDIA)
             126. TELUGU (INDIA)
             127. TIBETAN
             128. TICANESE (SWITZERLAND)
             314. TIGRINYA
             129. TONGA (ZAMBIA)
             134. TURKISH

             135. UKRAINIAN
             136. URDU (INDIA)

             225. VIETNAMESE

             139. WELSH

             980. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             981. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             982. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             983. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             984. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             985. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             986. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             996. OTHER: NOT SPECIFIED

             997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             999. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2017
         |
         | F2017 details the language usually spoken in the respondent's 
         | household. If more than one language is spoken at home, F2017
         | reports the language spoken most of the time.
         |
         | Coding of F2017 follows the scheme of F1023 (language of
         | questionnaire administration).
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for FRANCE (2022), NEW ZEALAND (2023), 
         | SLOVAKIA (2023), and UNITED STATES (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F2017
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       980.     Nepali
         |       981.     Persian (excluding Dari)
         |       982.     Sinhalese

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F2017
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       980.     Indigenous language
         |       981.     Brazilian sign language (Libras)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F2017
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       980.     Serbian-Montenegrin

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F2017
         |
         | The CSES classification for F2017 distinguishes between multiple 
         | Albanian dialects. Collaborators advise the predominant dialect
         | spoken in North Macedonia is Gheg. However, official, state-
         | sponsored education is based on Standard Albanian (Tosk). 
         | Therefore, collaborators used the general term "Albanian" 
         | commonly employed by North Macedonian surveys with respondents,  
         | as asking respondents to specify a dialect would have likely 
         | been confusing and challenging for them to answer. 
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       980.     Albanian (not further specified)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F2017
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       980.     Karen
         |       981.     Sign Language

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F2017
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       980.     Romansh (Switzerland)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F2017
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |       025.     Taiwanese
         |       980.     Aboriginal language
         |       981.     Both Mandarin and Taiwanese
         |       982.     Both Mandarin and Hakka
         |       983.     Both Taiwanese and Hakka
         |       984.     Both Mandarin and Aboriginal language
         |       985.     Mandarin, Taiwanese and Hakka 
         |       986.     Mandarin, Taiwanese, Hakka and English


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2018       >>> REGION OF RESIDENCE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D17. Respondent's region of residence.
         ..................................................................

             01.-80. REGION CODES [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             99.     MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2018
         |
         | F2018 details the respondent's region of residence. Regions are
         | usually (but not always) based upon the social, cultural, or 
         | historical differences (though some correspond to administrative
         | regions) that manifest themselves in political cleavages.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F2018
         |   
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     New South Wales
         |        02.     Victoria
         |        03.     Queensland
         |        04.     South Australia
         |        05.     Western Australia
         |        06.     Tasmania
         |        07.     Northern Territory
         |        08.     Australian Capital Territory

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F2018
         |
         | The Austrian 2024 study includes six respondents residing 
         | outside of Austria. These respondents were eligible to vote 
         | in 2024 and are identified with code 10 in F2018.
         | Austrian citizens living abroad are entitled to vote in federal 
         | elections (i.e., National Council elections), referendums and
         | plebiscites.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Burgenland  
         |        02.     Carinthia  
         |        03.     Lower Austria  
         |        04.     Upper Austria
         |        05.     Salzburg
         |        06.     Styria
         |        07.     Tyrol
         |        08.     Vorarlberg
         |        09.     Vienna
         |        10.     Not in Austria (anymore)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F2018
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Southeast
         |        02.     Northeast
         |        03.     Center-West
         |        04.     North
         |        05.     South

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F2018
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Capital Region of Denmark (Hovedstaden)
         |        02.     Zealand Region (Sjaelland)
         |        03.     Region of Southern Denmark (Syddanmark)
         |        04.     Central Denmark Region (Midtjylland)
         |        05.     North Denmark Region (Nordjylland)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F2018
         | 
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Paris Area      
         |        02.     North      
         |        03.     East      
         |        04.     West     
         |        05.     South West
         |        06.     Center East
         |        07.     Mediterranean

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F2018
         |
         | Respondents were not asked to provide their region of residence 
         | in the survey. Instead, F2018 reflects the three geographical 
         | units used for regional stratification of the sample. 
         | For further information, see Codebook Part 5, and the Design 
         | Report for Montenegro 2023.
         | 
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     South
         |        02.     Center
         |        03.     North

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F2018
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Northland
         |        02.     Auckland
         |        03.     Waikato
         |        04.     Bay of Plenty
         |        05.     Gisborne
         |        06.     Hawkes' Bay
         |        07.     Taranaki
         |        08.     Manawatu-Whanganui
         |        09.     Wellington
         |        10.     West Coast
         |        11.     Canterbury
         |        12.     Otago
         |        13.     Southland
         |        14.     Tasman
         |        15.     Nelson
         |        16.     Marlborough

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F2018
         |
         | For North Macedonia (2024), F2018 reports national statistical
         | regions, corresponding to NUTS3 codes (Nomenclature of 
         | Territorial Units for Statistics) by Eurostat.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Skopje Region
         |        02.     Eastern Region
         |        03.     Southeastern Region
         |        04.     Northeastern Region
         |        05.     Pelagonija Region
         |        06.     Vardar Region
         |        07.     Southwestern Region
         |        08.     Polog Region

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F2018
         |
         | In the Poland (2023) study, regions correspond to Poland's 16
         | provinces, also known as voivodeships.
         | 
         | CSES-Code      Election study code/category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Lower Silesia (Dolnoslaskie)
         |        02.     Kuyavia-Pomerania (Kujawsko-Pomorskie)
         |        03.     Lublin (Lubelskie)
         |        04.     Lubusz (Lubuskie)
         |        05.     Lodz (Lodzkie)
         |        06.     Lesser Poland (Malopolskie)
         |        07.     Massovia (Mazowieckie)
         |        08.     Opole (Opolskie)
         |        09.     Subcarpathia (Podkarpackie)
         |        10.     Podlaskie (Podlaskie)
         |        11.     Pomerania (Pomorskie)
         |        12.     Silesia (Slaskie)
         |        13.     Swietokrzyskie (Swietokrzyskie)
         |        14.     Warmia-Masuria (Warminsko-Mazurskie)
         |        15.     Greater Poland (Wielkopolskie)
         |        16.     West Pomerania (Zachodniopomorskie)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022): F2018
         |
         | The regions of residence listed below correspond to EU NUTS II 
         | regions, used as primary sampling units for the 2022 Portuguese
         | election study. For further information, see Codebook Part 5,
         | and the Design Report for Portugal 2022.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Norte
         |        02.     Centro
         |        03.     Grande Lisboa
         |        04.     Alentejo
         |        05.     Algarve

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F2018
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     North
         |        02.     Center
         |        03.     Lisbon Metropolitan Region
         |        04.     Alentejo
         |        05.     Algarve

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F2018
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Bratislava
         |        02.     Trnava
         |        03.     Trencin
         |        04.     Nitra
         |        05.     Zilina
         |        06.     Banska Bystrica
         |        07.     Presov
         |        08.     Kosice

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F2018
         |
         | For Slovenia (2022), F2018 reports national statistical regions,
         | corresponding to NUTS3 codes (Nomenclature of Territorial Units
         | for Statistics) by Eurostat.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |------------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Mura (Pomurska)
         |        02.     Drava (Podravska)
         |        03.     Carinthia (Koroska)
         |        04.     Savinja (Savinjska)
         |        05.     Central Sava (Zasavska)
         |        06.     Lower Sava (Posavska)
         |        07.     Southeast Slovenia (Jugovzhodna Slovenija)
         |        08.     Central Slovenia (Osrednjeslovenska)
         |        09.     Upper Carniola (Gorenjska)
         |        10.     Littoral-Inner Carniola (Primorsko-notranjska)
         |        11.     Gorizia (Goriska)
         |        12.     Coastal-Karst (Obalno-kraska)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F2018
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Stockholm County
         |        03.     Uppsala County
         |        04.     Sodermanland County 
         |        05.     Ostergotland County 
         |        06.     Jonkoping County 
         |        07.     Kronoberg County 
         |        08.     Kalmar County 
         |        09.     Gotland County
         |        10.     Blekinge County
         |        12.     Skane County 
         |        13.     Halland County 
         |        14.     Vastra Gotaland County
         |        17.     Varmland County 
         |        18.     Orebro County 
         |        19.     Vastmanland County 
         |        20.     Dalarna County
         |        21.     Gavleborg County
         |        22.     Vasternorrland County 
         |        23.     Jamtland County 
         |        24.     Vasterbotten County 
         |        25.     Norrbotten County

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F2018
         |
         | For the Swiss 2023 election study, the region of residence 
         | categories are the same as the primary electoral district 
         | categories (F2019).
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Zurich
         |        02.     Bern
         |        03.     Lucerne
         |        04.     Uri
         |        05.     Schwyz
         |        06.     Obwalden
         |        07.     Nidwalden
         |        08.     Glarus
         |        09.     Zug
         |        10.     Fribourg
         |        11.     Solothurn
         |        12.     Basel-Stadt
         |        13.     Basel-Landschaft
         |        14.     Schaffhausen
         |        15.     Appenzell Ausserrhoden
         |        16.     Appenzell Innerrhoden
         |        17.     St. Gallen
         |        18.     Graubuenden
         |        19.     Aargau
         |        20.     Thurgau
         |        21.     Ticino
         |        22.     Vaud
         |        23.     Valais
         |        24.     Neuchatel
         |        25.     Geneva
         |        26.     Jura

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F2018
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Taipei, New Taipei, Keelung and Ilan
         |        02.     Taoyuan, Hsinchu and Miaoli
         |        03.     Taichung, Changhua and Nantou
         |        04.     Yunlin, Chiayi and Tainan
         |        05.     Kaohsiung, Pingtung and Penghu
         |        06.     Hualien, Taitung and Offshore Islands

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F2018
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Istanbul
         |        02.     Western Marmara
         |        03.     Aegean
         |        04.     Eastern Marmara
         |        05.     Western Anatolia
         |        06.     Mediterranean
         |        07.     Central Anatolia
         |        08.     Western Black Sea
         |        09.     Eastern Black Sea
         |        10.     North-Eastern Anatolia
         |        11.     Central Eastern Anatolia
         |        12.     South-Eastern Anatolia

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F2018
         |
         | F2018 reports the federal state a respondent is living in,
         | according to US-FIPS codes.
         | District data for CSES MODULE 6 were collected for the U.S.
         | Presidential Elections, i.e., the main elections. The United 
         | States use an electoral college system for Presidential 
         | elections operating on the state level. Hence, users are advised
         | to use F2018 for linking district data provided in variables
         | F4001 - F4007 to individual respondents, as F2018 corresponds
         | to the U.S. states.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Alabama
         |        02.     Alaska
         |        04.     Arizona
         |        05.     Arkansas
         |        06.     California
         |        08.     Colorado
         |        09.     Connecticut
         |        10.     Delaware
         |        11.     Washington, D.C.
         |        12.     Florida
         |        13.     Georgia
         |        15.     Hawaii
         |        16.     Idaho
         |        17.     Illinois
         |        18.     Indiana
         |        19.     Iowa
         |        20.     Kansas
         |        21.     Kentucky
         |        22.     Louisiana
         |        23.     Maine
         |        24.     Maryland
         |        25.     Massachusetts
         |        26.     Michigan
         |        27.     Minnesota
         |        28.     Mississippi
         |        29.     Missouri
         |        30.     Montana
         |        31.     Nebraska
         |        32.     Nevada
         |        33.     New Hampshire
         |        34.     New Jersey
         |        35.     New Mexico
         |        36.     New York
         |        37.     North Carolina
         |        38.     North Dakota
         |        39.     Ohio
         |        40.     Oklahoma
         |        41.     Oregon
         |        42.     Pennsylvania
         |        44.     Rhode Island
         |        45.     South Carolina
         |        46.     South Dakota
         |        47.     Tennessee
         |        48.     Texas
         |        49.     Utah
         |        50.     Vermont
         |        51.     Virginia
         |        53.     Washington
         |        54.     West Virginia
         |        55.     Wisconsin
         |        56.     Wyoming


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2019       >>> PRIMARY ELECTORAL DISTRICT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D18. Primary electoral district of respondent.
         ..................................................................

             00001.-90000. [SEE CODEBOOK PART 4 FOR CODE VALUE LABELS]

             99996.        NATIONWIDE DISTRICT

             99999.        MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2019
         |
         | F2019 details respondents' primary electoral districts, using 
         | official district identification numbers wherever possible. 
         | Deviations from this CSES convention are detailed when applicable
         | in the ELECTION STUDY NOTES. 
         |
         | In some cases, not all districts in a polity are sampled by
         | the election study. More specific information regarding this
         | is detailed in the tables in the District Data section of the
         | Codebook. 
         |
         | In some cases, respondents' electoral districts were identified
         | "indirectly," through postal codes, etc., by the CSES Secretariat
         | (always with the help of the appropriate Collaborator(s)). Where
         | postal codes, etc., were ambiguous, cases are coded missing. 
         | Refusals and "don't know" are coded missing.
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024) and SLOVENIA (2022).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F2019
         |
         | Sweden has two electoral segments: The lower tier returns 310 
         | seats from 29 multi-member districts, the upper tier consists of 
         | 39 adjustment seats. F2019 and hence district data in F4001-F4007
         | refer to the lower tier.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F2019
         |
         | The 113 members of Taiwan's unicameral parliament, the 
         | Legislative Yuan, are elected by parallel voting:
         | 73 seats are awarded by first-past-the-post in single-member
         | districts, six by single non-transferable votes in multi-
         | member districts reserved for indigenous candidates, and the  
         | remaining 34 by closed party lists. The district identifier 
         | included in CSES, and hence district data, refer to the 73 
         | single-member districts, out of which 40 are represented in the 
         | Taiwanese 2024 study.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F2019
         | 
         | This variable reports the electoral districts for the U.S. Lower
         | House elections, the House of Representatives. The first two
         | digits of the district codes indicate the federal state (U.S.-
         | FIPS-codes as used in F2018).
         | However, the district data for CSES MODULE 6 were collected for 
         | the U.S. Presidential Elections, i.e., the main elections.
         | Considering that the United States uses an electoral college 
         | system for Presidential elections that operates on the U.S.
         | state level, the data was collected accordingly. Hence, to link 
         | district data to respondents in the CSES dataset, users are 
         | advised to make use of the variable F2018 (Region of Residence) 
         | which corresponds to the U.S. states.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2020       >>> RURAL OR URBAN RESIDENCE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D19. Rural/Urban Residence.
         ..................................................................

             1. RURAL AREA OR VILLAGE
             2. SMALL OR MIDDLE-SIZED TOWN
             3. SUBURBS OF LARGE TOWN OR CITY
             4. LARGE TOWN OR CITY

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2020
         |
         | Instead of using the CSES-schema, some countries employ the
         | amount of inhabitants for the size of respondent's place of
         | residence. These measurements do not fit the categories
         | generally used for F2020. Consequently, we advise users to
         | carefully read the ELECTION STUDY NOTES of the current variable.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for TAIWAN (2024) and UNITED STATES (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F2020
         |
         | The answer categories offered to respondents deviated from CSES 
         | MODULE 6 standards, including only two response options for 
         | F2020. These two options were classified as follows:
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Rest of state
         |        04.     Capital city

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F2020
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Village
         |        02.     Small town
         |                Middle-sized town
         |        03.     Suburbs of large town
         |        04.     In the center of a large town

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F2020
         |
         | The answer categories offered to respondents deviated from CSES 
         | MODULE 6 standards, including only two response options for 
         | F2020. These two options were classified as follows:
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Rural
         |        04.     Urban

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F2020
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |         1.     A small village with less than 200 inhabitants
         |                or rural area
         |                A town with 200 - 999 inhabitants
         |                A town with 1,000 - 2,999 inhabitants
         |         2.     A town with 3,000 - 9,999 inhabitants
         |                A town with 10,000 - 19,999 inhabitants
         |                A town with 20,000 - 39,999 inhabitants
         |                A town with over 40,000 inhabitants
         |         3.     In a suburb of Aarhus / Aalborg / Odense
         |                In a suburb of Copenhagen / Greater Copenhagen
         |         4.     Aarhus / Aalborg / Odense
         |                Copenhagen / Greater Copenhagen

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F2020
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |         1.     Rural
         |         2.     A town with less than 20,000 inhabitants
         |         3.     A town with 20,000 - 99,999 inhabitants
         |         4.     A city with 100,000 - 1,999,999 inhabitants
         |                Greater Paris

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F2020
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Rural settlement or other rural area
         |        02.     Small or medium urban area
         |        04.     Large or major urban area

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F2020
         |
         | Although the North Macedonian 2024 survey fielded F2020 in
         | accordance with CSES conventions, none of the respondents 
         | selected the option "3. SUBURB OF LARGE TOWN OR CITY". 
         | Collaborators advise that the term "suburb" is not commonly 
         | used throughout the country. The largest city, Skopje, home to 
         | about a third of the population, is likely the only place where 
         | the concept of "suburbs" might apply. However, people generally 
         | do not refer to any of the surrounding neighborhoods using that 
         | term, which might explain why none of the interviewees placed 
         | themselves in that category.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F2020
         |
         | For F2020, Swedish respondents were asked in which type of area
         | they lived. The answer categories offered to respondents deviated
         | from CSES MODULE 6 standards and were recoded as follows:
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Rural area
         |                Smaller town
         |        02.     Larger town
         |                City: outer area
         |                City: central area
         |        03.     Large city: outer area/suburb
         |        04.     Large city: central area

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F2020
         |
         | Respondents in the Swiss study were not asked this question
         | directly. Instead, the variable was calculated based on
         | respondents' residence using classification schemes of the
         | Federal Statistical Office (FSO).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F2020
         | 
         | This variable is available only for respondents who answered the
         | post-election survey as a self-administered paper-and-pencil
         | postal mail-back interview.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2021       >>> NUMBER IN HOUSEHOLD
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         D20. Total number of persons in household.
         ..................................................................

             01.-90. NUMBER OF PERSONS

             97.     VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             98.     VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             99.     MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F2021
         | 
         | F2021 details the total number of persons living in a household -
         | that is, the number of persons living together in the housing 
         | unit excluding paid employees and persons who pay rent for a 
         | room.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for SWEDEN (2022), TAIWAN (2024), and UNITED
         | STATES (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F2021
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |         6.     6 household members or more

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F2021
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |         6.     6 household members or more

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F2021
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |         7.     7 household members or more

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F2021
         | 
         | Respondents were asked to indicate the number of adults and 
         | children living in their household in two consecutive survey 
         | questions. Both variables were added together to create F2021.
         | Respondents who left the question on the number of children 
         | living in their household blank are assumed not to have any
         | children living with them. For these cases, F2021 has been 
         | coded based on the indicated number of adults only.



===========================================================================
))) CSES MODULE 6 VARIABLES: MICRO-LEVEL (SURVEY) DATA
                             THE CSES MODULE 6 QUESTIONNAIRE
===========================================================================

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3001       >>> Q01. POLITICAL INTEREST
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q01. How interested would you say you are in politics? Are you 
              very interested, somewhat interested, not very interested, or
              not at all interested?
         ..................................................................
         
             1. VERY INTERESTED   
             2. SOMEWHAT INTERESTED   
             3. NOT VERY INTERESTED
             4. NOT AT ALL INTERESTED 
             
             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3002_1     >>> Q02a. MEDIA USAGE: WATCH NEWS ON A PUBLIC TELEVISION 
                      BROADCASTER
F3002_2     >>> Q02b. MEDIA USAGE: WATCH NEWS ON A PRIVATE TELEVISION 
                      BROADCASTER
F3002_3     >>> Q02c. MEDIA USAGE: LISTEN TO THE NEWS ON RADIO
F3002_4     >>> Q02d. MEDIA USAGE: READ NEWSPAPERS
F3002_5     >>> Q02e. MEDIA USAGE: ONLINE NEWS SITES
F3002_6_1   >>> Q02f. MEDIA USAGE: SOCIAL MEDIA
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

               In the next questions, we would like to know what kind of
               media you used to follow news about parties and candidates 
               during the recent election campaign. We begin with the 
               traditional media of television, radio and newspapers, but
               regardless of whether you use these media in the traditional
               ways or online.

               (During the recent election campaign, in a typical week, how
               many days did you:)
         
         Q02a. Watch the news on a public television broadcaster?

               HELP: Interviewer instruction: If the respondent says 
               'every day' please ask them for a number of days.

         Q02b. Watch the news on a private television broadcaster?
         
               HELP: At their discretion, the interviewer may use the 
               optional phrase (the phrase which is in parentheses) if they
               perceive it would be helpful to the respondent. 
         
               Interviewer instruction: If the respondent says 'every day' 
               please ask them for a number of days.

         Q02c. Listen to the news on the radio?

               HELP: At their discretion, the interviewer may use the 
               optional phrase (the phrase which is in parentheses) if they
               perceive it would be helpful to the respondent. 
         
               Interviewer instruction: If the respondent says 'every day' 
               please ask them for a number of days.

         Q02d. Read newspapers, regardless of whether you read them in print
               or online?

               HELP: At their discretion, the interviewer may use the 
               optional phrase (the phrase which is in parentheses) if they
               perceive it would be helpful to the respondent. 
         
               Interviewer instruction: If the respondent says 'every day' 
               please ask them for a number of days.

         Q02e. Visit online news sites?

               HELP: At their discretion, the interviewer may use the 
               optional phrase (the phrase which is in parentheses) if they
               perceive it would be helpful to the respondent. 
         
               Interviewer instruction: If the respondent says 'every day' 
               please ask them for a number of days.

         Q02f. Use social media such as Facebook, Twitter, or WhatsApp to 
               follow news about parties and candidates?

               HELP: Interviewer instruction: If the respondent says 
               'every day' please ask them for a number of days.
         ..................................................................

              0. NONE/ZERO DAYS
              1. ONE DAY  
              2. TWO DAYS   
              3. THREE DAYS
              4. FOUR DAYS
              5. FIVE DAYS
              6. SIX DAYS
              7. SEVEN DAYS 
             
             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             98. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
 
             99. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: MODULE THEME 

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3002_
         |
         | Data for F3002_2 are unavailable for DENMARK (2022).
         | Data for F3002_5 are unavailable for DENMARK (2022).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F3002_2 & F3002_5
         |
         | Collaborators note F3002_2 and F3002_5 were not included in the 
         | Danish 2022 study because there are no private news television 
         | broadcasters or relevant independent news sites in Denmark.  

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F3002_3
         |
         | Collaborators fielded two items on radio consumption: One item
         | pertaining to public radio (Radio New Zealand National) and 
         | a second one referring to private radio broadcasters (such as 
         | Newstalk ZB). F3002_3 reports public radio usage. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3002_6_2   >>> Q02g. MEDIA USAGE: SOCIAL MEDIA - PER DAY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q02g. And how often during a typical day did you use social media
               such as Facebook, Twitter, or WhatsApp to follow news about
               parties and candidates - only about once per day, several 
               times per day, or at least ten times per day?
         ..................................................................

              1. ONLY ABOUT ONCE PER DAY
              2. SEVERAL TIMES PER DAY
              3. AT LEAST TEN TIMES PER DAY
                      
              7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
              8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
 
              9. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: MODULE THEME 
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for SLOVAKIA (2023).

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3002_6_2
         |
         | Respondents' daily social media consumption in F3002_6_2 
         | should have only been asked for those respondents who reported 
         | to have followed news on social media about parties and 
         | candidates on seven days in a typical week during the election
         | campaign (F3002_6_1 = 7).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F3002_6_2
         |
         | The question wording for F3002_6_2 deviates from the CSES MODULE  
         | 6 standards. Specifically, the New Zealand 2023 study included an
         | additional category not envisaged by CSES, offering respondents
         | to state they did not use social media to follow news about 
         | parties and candidates at all. The 500 respondents selecting
         | that option were classified as "9. MISSING" for CSES: 
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category 
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     About once a day
         |        02.     Several times a day
         |        03.     At least 10 times 
         |        08.     Don't know
         |        09.     Not at all
         |                Missing
         |
         | Additionally, researchers are advised that respondents answered
         | to F3002_6_ inconsistently. Most notably, 72 respondents 
         | specified to consume news about parties and candidates at 
         | least once a day on social media in F3002_6_2, although they 
         | stated not to have used social media to follow news during the 
         | election campaign in F3002_6_1. As the New Zealand survey was 
         | entirely self-administered, collaborators assume respondents had
         | challenges navigating skip patterns as envisaged. Data remain 
         | unchanged.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3003       >>> Q03. INTERNAL EFFICACY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q03. Please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, 
              neither agree nor disagree, somewhat disagree, or strongly
              disagree with each of the following statements:

              You feel you understand the most important political issues 
              of this country.
         ..................................................................

             1. STRONGLY AGREE
             2. SOMEWHAT AGREE         
             3. NEITHER AGREE NOR DISAGREE
             4. SOMEWHAT DISAGREE     
             5. STRONGLY DISAGREE 
              
             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
 
             9. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3004_1     >>> Q04a. TRUST AND SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRACY: PREFERABLE 
F3004_2     >>> Q04b. TRUST AND SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRACY: COURTS 
F3004_3     >>> Q04c. TRUST AND SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRACY: STRONG LEADER 
                      BENDS THE RULES
F3004_4     >>> Q04d. TRUST AND SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRACY: REPRESENTATION 
                      OF WOMEN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

               (Please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, 
               neither agree nor disagree, somewhat disagree or strongly 
               disagree with each of the following statements:)

         Q04a. Democracy is always and under all circumstances preferable 
               to any other kind of government.
               
               HELP: At their discretion, the interviewer may use the 
               optional phrase (the phrase which is in parentheses) if they
               perceive it would be helpful to the respondent in 
               remembering the possible answer choices.

         Q04b. The courts should be able to stop the government acting 
               beyond its authority.
               
               HELP: At their discretion, the interviewer may use the 
               optional phrase (the phrase which is in parentheses) if they
               perceive it would be helpful to the respondent in 
               remembering the possible answer choices.

         Q04c. Having a strong leader in government is good for COUNTRY 
               even if the leader bends the rules to get things done.

               HELP: At their discretion, the interviewer may use the 
               optional phrase (the phrase which is in parentheses) if they
               perceive it would be helpful to the respondent in 
               remembering the possible answer choices.

         Q04d. Policies to increase the representation of women in politics
               have gone too far.

               HELP: At their discretion, the interviewer may use the 
               optional phrase (the phrase which is in parentheses) if they
               perceive it would be helpful to the respondent in 
               remembering the possible answer choices.
         ..................................................................

             1. STRONGLY AGREE
             2. SOMEWHAT AGREE         
             3. NEITHER AGREE NOR DISAGREE
             4. SOMEWHAT DISAGREE     
             5. STRONGLY DISAGREE 
              
             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
 
             9. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: MODULE THEME 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3005_1     >>> Q05a. COUNTRY BETTER RUN BY: BUSINESS LEADERS
F3005_2     >>> Q05b. COUNTRY BETTER RUN BY: INDEPENDENT EXPERTS
F3005_3     >>> Q05c. COUNTRY BETTER RUN BY: CITIZENS IN REFERENDUMS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

               (Please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, 
               neither agree nor disagree, somewhat disagree or strongly 
               disagree with each of the following statements:)

         Q05a. Instead of elected politicians, the country would be run 
               better if important political decisions were left up to:

               Successful business leaders.
               
               HELP: At their discretion, the interviewer may use the 
               optional phrase (the phrase which is in parentheses) if they
               perceive it would be helpful to the respondent in 
               remembering the possible answer choices.
               
         Q05b. Instead of elected politicians, the country would be run 
               better if important political decisions were left up to:
         
               Independent experts.
               
               HELP: At their discretion, the interviewer may use the 
               optional phrase (the phrase which is in parentheses) if they
               perceive it would be helpful to the respondent in 
               remembering the possible answer choices.
               
         Q05c. Instead of elected politicians, the country would be run 
               better if important political decisions were left up to:
         
               Citizens in referendums.
               
               HELP: At their discretion, the interviewer may use the 
               optional phrase (the phrase which is in parentheses) if they
               perceive it would be helpful to the respondent in 
               remembering the possible answer choices.
         ..................................................................
         
             1. STRONGLY AGREE
             2. SOMEWHAT AGREE         
             3. NEITHER AGREE NOR DISAGREE
             4. SOMEWHAT DISAGREE     
             5. STRONGLY DISAGREE 
              
             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
 
             9. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: MODULE THEME 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3006       >>> Q06. HOW DEMOCRATIC IS YOUR COUNTRY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q06. On a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 means [COUNTRY] is not at all 
              democratic, and 10 means [COUNTRY] is completely democratic,  
              what position would you choose?
         ..................................................................

             00. NOT AT ALL DEMOCRATIC
             01.
             02.
             03.
             04.
             05.
             06.
             07.
             08.
             09.
             10. COMPLETELY DEMOCRATIC 

             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             98. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
 
             99. MISSING   


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: MODULE THEME 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3007_1     >>> Q07a. TRUST IN: PARLIAMENT
F3007_2     >>> Q07b. TRUST IN: GOVERNMENT
F3007_3     >>> Q07c. TRUST IN: JUDICIARY
F3007_4     >>> Q07d. TRUST IN: SCIENTISTS
F3007_5     >>> Q07e. TRUST IN: POLITICAL PARTIES
F3007_6     >>> Q07f. TRUST IN: TRADITIONAL MEDIA
F3007_7     >>> Q07g. TRUST IN: SOCIAL MEDIA
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

               We would now like to ask you a question about how much trust
               you have in certain institutions and groups. For each of the
               following institutions, please tell me if you trust it a lot,
               trust it somewhat, do not trust it very much, or do not trust
               it at all?

               How about: 

         Q07a. Parliament?
         
               Do you trust it a lot, trust it somewhat, do not trust it
               very much, or do not trust it at all?

               (How about:)

         Q07b. The government?
         
               (Do you trust it a lot, trust it somewhat, do not trust it
               very much, or do not trust it at all?)

               HELP: At their discretion, the interviewer may use the 
               optional phrase (the phrase which is in parentheses) if they
               perceive it would be helpful to the respondent in 
               remembering the possible answer choices.

               (How about:)

         Q07c. The judiciary?
         
               (Do you trust it a lot, trust it somewhat, do not trust it
               very much, or do not trust it at all?)

               HELP: At their discretion, the interviewer may use the 
               optional phrase (the phrase which is in parentheses) if they
               perceive it would be helpful to the respondent in 
               remembering the possible answer choices.

              (How about:)

         Q07d. Scientists?
         
               (Do you trust it a lot, trust it somewhat, do not trust it
               very much, or do not trust it at all?)

               HELP: At their discretion, the interviewer may use the 
               optional phrase (the phrase which is in parentheses) if they
               perceive it would be helpful to the respondent in 
               remembering the possible answer choices.

              (How about:)

         Q07e. The political parties?
         
               (Do you trust it a lot, trust it somewhat, do not trust it
               very much, or do not trust it at all?)

               HELP: At their discretion, the interviewer may use the 
               optional phrase (the phrase which is in parentheses) if they
               perceive it would be helpful to the respondent in 
               remembering the possible answer choices.

               (How about:)

         Q07f. Traditional news media, such as newspapers, television or
               radio?
         
               (Do you trust it a lot, trust it somewhat, do not trust it
               very much, or do not trust it at all?)

               HELP: At their discretion, the interviewer may use the 
               optional phrase (the phrase which is in parentheses) if they
               perceive it would be helpful to the respondent in 
               remembering the possible answer choices.

               (How about:)

         Q07g. Social media, such as Facebook, Twitter, or WhatsApp?
         
               (Do you trust it a lot, trust it somewhat, do not trust it
               very much, or do not trust it at all?)

               HELP: At their discretion, the interviewer may use the 
               optional phrase (the phrase which is in parentheses) if they
               perceive it would be helpful to the respondent in 
               remembering the possible answer choices.
         ..................................................................

             1. TRUST A LOT
             2. TRUST SOMEWHAT
             3. DO NOT TRUST VERY MUCH
             4. DO NOT TRUST AT ALL

             6. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
              
             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
 
             9. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: MODULE THEME 

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3007_
         | 
         | Data on F3007_3 are unavailable for FRANCE (2022).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F3007_
         |
         | The wording of one answer category offered to respondents 
         | deviated slightly from CSES MODULE 6 standards. The category  
         | was as follows:
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Trust completely

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F3007_
         |
         | The 2024 Austrian election study asked respondents to rate 
         | their trust on an 11-point scale. Hence, the answer categories
         | offered to respondents deviated from CSES MODULE 6 standards 
         | with response options ranging from 1 to 4. The 11-point 
         | scale runs from "0. Don't trust at all" to "10. Completely 
         | trust". The categories were assigned as listed below. Please 
         | note that the middle category 5 was assigned to "6. [SEE 
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES]". This gives users the flexibility to 
         | decide whether to include or exclude these respondents, and how 
         | to recode them accordingly.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Codes 8 to 10
         |        02.     Codes 6 to 7
         |        03.     Codes 3 to 4
         |        04.     Codes 0 to 2
         |        06.     Code 5


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3008_1     >>> Q08a. GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE: GENERAL
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q08a. Now thinking about the performance of the [government in 
               [CAPITAL]/President] in general, how good or bad a job do you 
               think the [government/President in [CAPITAL]] did over the 
               past [NUMBER OF YEARS SINCE LAST GOVERNMENT TOOK OFFICE, 
               BEFORE THE CURRENT ELECTION] years? Has [it/he/she] done a 
               very good job? A good job? A bad job? A very bad job?
         ..................................................................

             1.  VERY GOOD JOB
             2.  GOOD JOB
             3.  BAD JOB
             4.  VERY BAD JOB

             6.  [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             7.  VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8.  VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9.  MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F3008_1
         |
         | The answer categories for F3008_1 offered to respondents 
         | deviated slightly from CSES MODULE 6 standards. Unlike the 
         | MODULE 6 item, the Brazil 2022 study included a middle-category
         | based on spontaneous responses, which was recoded as follows:
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        06.     Volunteered: Mediocre ("Regular")

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F3008_
         |
         | The wording of the answer categories for F3008_ offered to 
         | respondents deviated slightly from CSES MODULE 6 standards and 
         | read as follows: 
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     A very good job
         |        02.     A fairly good job
         |        03.     A fairly bad job
         |        04.     A very bad job

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F3008_
         |
         | The questions refer to the performance of President Tsai Ing-wen.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3008_2     >>> Q08b. GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE: COVID-19 PANDEMIC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q08b. And how good or bad a job do you think the [government/
               president in [CAPITAL]] has done over the past [NUMBER OF 
               YEARS SINCE LAST GOVERNMENT TOOK OFFICE, BEFORE THE CURRENT
               ELECTION] years in handling the consequences of the 
               coronavirus pandemic? A very good job? A good job? 
               A bad job? A very bad job?
         ..................................................................

             1.  VERY GOOD JOB
             2.  GOOD JOB
             3.  BAD JOB
             4.  VERY BAD JOB

             7.  VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8.  VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9.  MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: MODULE THEME 

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3008_2
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for MONTENEGRO (2023) and PORTUGAL (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F3008_2
         |
         | F3008_2 was not included in the Montenegrin 2023 study.
         | Collaborators specify F3008_2 was omitted because the incumbent 
         | government was in office for less than two years, and hence not 
         | in charge of managing COVID-19 when the pandemic was still 
         | salient.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F3008_
         |
         | The wording of the answer categories for F3008_ offered to 
         | respondents deviated slightly from CSES MODULE 6 standards and 
         | read as follows: 
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     A very good job
         |        02.     A fairly good job
         |        03.     A fairly bad job
         |        04.     A very bad job

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F3008_
         |
         | The questions refer to the performance of President Tsai Ing-wen.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F3008_2
         | 
         | The CSES item concerns the government's performance during
         | COVID-19 pandemic. The ANES question asks about the Presidents'
         | performance during COVID-19 pandemic.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3009       >>> Q09. STATE OF THE ECONOMY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q09. Would you say that over the past twelve months, the state of
              the economy in [COUNTRY] has gotten much better, gotten 
              somewhat better, stayed about the same, gotten somewhat 
              worse, or gotten much worse?
         ..................................................................

             1. GOTTEN MUCH BETTER
             2. GOTTEN SOMEWHAT BETTER
             3. STAYED ABOUT THE SAME
             4. GOTTEN SOMEWHAT WORSE
             5. GOTTEN MUCH WORSE

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F3009
         |
         | The wording of the answer categories for F3009 offered to 
         | respondents deviated slightly from CSES MODULE 6 standards and 
         | read as follows: 
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Got a lot better
         |        02.     Got a little better
         |        03.     Stayed the same
         |        04.     Got a little worse
         |        05.     Got a lot worse


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3010_ME    >>> MAIN ELECTION - CSES CLASSIFICATION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Current main election as classified by CSES.
         ..................................................................

             0. LOWER HOUSE - PARTY LIST
             1. LOWER HOUSE - DISTRICT CANDIDATE
             2. PRESIDENT - FIRST ROUND
             3. PRESIDENT - SECOND ROUND
             4. UPPER HOUSE - PARTY LIST
             5. UPPER HOUSE - DISTRICT CANDIDATE


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3010_ME
         | 
         | F3010_ME details the type of election classified as the main 
         | election by CSES. 
         |
         | CSES classifies the main election based on the regime
         | (executive) type and the election in which the CSES survey has
         | been administered. For polities rated as parliamentary systems,
         | CSES classifies the main election as elections to the lower house
         | for most studies. It deviates for a few cases when elections to
         | the upper house constitute the main election, usually due to the
         | respective CSES study focusing on the upper house contest.
         | For polities rated as Presidential systems, CSES conventionally
         | classifies the main election as the Presidential election. It
         | sometimes deviates when data for the Presidential election is
         | unavailable (e.g., when the CSES survey was administered in a
         | midterm election). For polities rated as mixed systems, CSES
         | has tended to classify the main election as elections to the
         | lower house. However, it sometimes deviates depending on data
         | availability. Users are advised to consult the table below 
         | specifying the main election for each study in CSES for specific
         | details.        
         |
         | +++ TABLE: ELECTION STUDIES BY TYPE OF MAIN ELECTION
         |
         |                        Presidential  Lower House  Upper House  
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)       Election     Election      Election  
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)             -            X            -  
         | AUSTRIA (2024)               -            X            -  
         | BRAZIL (2022)                X            -            -
         | DENMARK (2022)               -            X            -
         | FRANCE (2022)                X            -            -  
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)            -            X            -
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)           -            X            -  
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)       -            X            -  
         | POLAND (2023)                -            X            -  
         | PORTUGAL (2022)              -            X            -
         | PORTUGAL (2024)              -            X            -
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)              -            X            -
         | SLOVENIA (2022)              -            X            -
         | SWEDEN (2022)                -            X            -  
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)           -            X            -  
         | TAIWAN (2024)                X            -            - 
         | TURKIYE (2023)               X            -            -
         | UNITED STATES (2024)         X            -            -
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         |
         | Researchers are advised that the classification in F3010_ME is 
         | used to code the following derivative variables in CSES MODULE 6,
         | all pertaining to the main election:
         |   - Turnout: main election (F3010) 
         |   - Turnout switcher between the current election and the  
         |     previous election (F3010_TS)
         |   - First-time voter in the current main election (F3010_FTV)
         |   - Current main election: vote choice - outgoing government 
         |     (Incumbent) (F3011_OUTGOV)
         |   - Vote switcher between the current election and the previous 
         |     election (F3011_VS_1)        
         |   - Current main election - vote for Leftist/Center/Rightist - 
         |     CSES (F3011_LR_CSES)
         |   - Current main election - vote for Leftist/Rightist (Rile) -
         |     MARPOR/CMP (F3011_LR_MARPOR)
         |   - Current main election - vote choice by ideological family 
         |     classification - CSES (F3011_IF_CSES)
         |   - Current main election - vote choice linked with CSES 
         |     Collaborator expert judgment L-R (F3100_LR_CSES)
         |   - Current main election - vote choice linked with MARPOR/CMP
         |     Rile (F3100_LR_MARPOR) 
         |   - Current main election - vote choice linked with CSES 
         |     Collaborator expert judgment on populism (F3100_POP_CSES)    
         |   - Current main election - vote choice linked with CSES
         |     Collaborator expert judgment of ideological family 
         |     (F3100_IF_CSES)


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3010       >>> TURNOUT: MAIN ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether or not the respondent cast a ballot in the main election.
         ..................................................................

             0. RESPONDENT DID NOT CAST A BALLOT
             1. RESPONDENT CAST A BALLOT

             93. VOLUNTEERED: RESPONDENT NOT REGISTERED ON ELECTORAL 
                 LISTS [IF APPLICABLE]

             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             98. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
             99. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3010
         | 
         | F3010 ascertains whether or not the respondent cast a ballot
         | in the main election, regardless of whether or not it was valid.
         | The wording of this item, which is to record voting in the 
         | national election, follows national standards.
         |
         | In case of a single election taking place, e.g., a lower house
         | election only, F3010 reports the turnout decision for that
         | particular election. In cases where multiple elections took 
         | place, e.g., a Presidential and a lower house election, F3010
         | reports the turnout decision in the main election. 
         | 
         | CSES classifies the main election based on the regime
         | (executive) type and the election in which the CSES survey has
         | been administered. For polities rated as parliamentary systems,
         | CSES classifies the main election as elections to the lower house
         | for most studies. It deviates for a few cases when elections to
         | the upper house constitute the main election, usually due to the
         | respective CSES study focusing on the upper house contest.
         | For polities rated as Presidential systems, CSES conventionally
         | classifies the main election as the Presidential election. It
         | sometimes deviates when data for the Presidential election is
         | unavailable (e.g., when the CSES survey was administered in a
         | midterm election). For polities rated as mixed systems, CSES
         | has tended to classify the main election as elections to the
         | lower house. However, it sometimes deviates depending on data
         | availability. Users are advised to consult the VARIABLE NOTES of 
         | "F3010_ME" for more detailed specifications of the main election   
         | for each study in CSES.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3010_PR_1  >>> Q10P1-a. CURRENT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: DID RESPONDENT CAST 
                         A BALLOT - 1ST ROUND
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether or not the respondent cast a ballot in the first round of
         the Presidential elections.
         ..................................................................
 
             0. RESPONDENT DID NOT CAST A BALLOT
             1. RESPONDENT CAST A BALLOT

             93. VOLUNTEERED: RESPONDENT NOT REGISTERED ON ELECTORAL 
                 LISTS / NOT ELIGIBLE [IF APPLICABLE]

             95. NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT
             96. NOT APPLICABLE: NO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 
             
             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             98. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
             
             99. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3010_PR_1
         | 
         | F3010_PR_1 ascertains whether or not the respondent cast a ballot
         | in the first round of the Presidential elections, regardless of
         | whether or not it was valid. Hence, F3010_PR_1 details reported
         | turnout, irrespective of whether respondents voted on election
         | day or participated in early/advance voting.
         |
         | The wording of F3010_PR_1, which is to record voting in the 
         | national election, follows national standards.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F3010_PR_1
         |
         | The question of whether respondents voted in the "first round" 
         | of the current election did not differentiate between the
         | Presidential, lower house and upper house elections. Since
         | voting is compulsory, it can be assumed that most persons who
         | answered "yes" voted in all of the elections, and those who
         | answered "no" did not vote in any of the elections, which took
         | place simultaneously. Furthermore, there were different kinds of
         | "no" answers in the original dataset which showed why
         | respondents did not vote. These values were recoded as follows:
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |         0.     No, more than 70 years old (voluntary)
         |                No, 16-17 years old (voluntary)
         |                No, showed justification in the first round
         |                Neither voted nor showed justification at first 
         |                round
         |                No, didn't have the necessary documentation 
         |         1.     Yes, voted

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F3010_PR_
         |
         | For the North Macedonian 2024 Presidential elections, turnout in 
         | the sample is significantly higher than reported in official
         | election results. 
         | Apart from social desirability, collaborators advise that 
         | the electoral roll in North Macedonia is subject to long-standing 
         | inconsistencies: The number of registered voters significantly 
         | exceeds the resident population, as the electoral roll covers a
         | considerable number of expatriates and sometimes even deceased
         | persons. For that reason, the North Macedonian 2024 study is 
         | based on the domicile population rather than the electoral roll. 
         | Collaborators further note that surveys in North Macedonia 
         | typically overreport turnout, suggesting systemic issues with 
         | the Electoral Roll as one explanation for this finding.
         |
         | Furthermore, researchers are advised that 23 respondents stated 
         | they had not been registered to vote for the first round of the 
         | 2024 Presidential elections, although voter registration is 
         | conducted automatically in North Macedonia. The same applies to 
         | 14 respondents for the second round, respectively. 
         | Collaborators provide three possible explanations for this 
         | anomaly: 
         | (1) misreporting by respondents, likely due to discomfort with 
         |     disclosing voting status; 
         | (2) interviewer coding errors;
         | (3) inclusion of individuals without an ID - legally eligible to 
         |     vote but unable to do so in practice due to a lack of 
         |     documents.
         | Following the collaborators' advice, the affected 23 respondents 
         | in F3010_PR_1 and 14 respondents in F3010_PR_2 have been recoded 
         | to missing, respectively.  


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3010_PR_2  >>> Q10P2-a. CURRENT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: DID RESPONDENT CAST 
                         A BALLOT - 2ND ROUND
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether or not the respondent cast a ballot in the second round 
         of the Presidential elections.
         ..................................................................
 
             0. RESPONDENT DID NOT CAST A BALLOT/WILL NOT CAST A BALLOT
             1. RESPONDENT CAST A BALLOT/WILL CAST A BALLOT

             93. VOLUNTEERED: RESPONDENT NOT REGISTERED ON ELECTORAL 
                 LISTS / NOT ELIGIBLE [IF APPLICABLE]

             95. NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT
             96. NOT APPLICABLE: NO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS/ 
                 NO SECOND ROUND
             
             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             98. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
            
             99. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3010_PR_2
         |
         | F3010_PR_2 ascertains whether or not the respondent cast a ballot
         | in the second round of the Presidential elections, regardless of
         | whether or not it was valid. Hence, F3010_PR_2 details reported
         | turnout, irrespective of whether respondents voted on election
         | day or participated in early/advance voting.
         |
         | The wording of F3010_PR_2, which is to record voting in the 
         | national election, follows national standards.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F3010_PR_
         |
         | For the North Macedonian 2024 Presidential elections, turnout in 
         | the sample is significantly higher than reported in official
         | election results. 
         | Apart from social desirability, collaborators advise that 
         | the electoral roll in North Macedonia is subject to long-standing 
         | inconsistencies: The number of registered voters significantly 
         | exceeds the resident population, as the electoral roll covers a
         | considerable number of expatriates and sometimes even deceased
         | persons. For that reason, the North Macedonian 2024 study is 
         | based on the domicile population rather than the electoral roll. 
         | Collaborators further note that surveys in North Macedonia 
         | typically overreport turnout, suggesting systemic issues with 
         | the Electoral Roll as one explanation for this finding.
         |
         | Furthermore, researchers are advised that 23 respondents stated 
         | they had not been registered to vote for the first round of the 
         | 2024 Presidential elections, although voter registration is 
         | conducted automatically in North Macedonia. The same applies to 
         | 14 respondents for the second round, respectively. 
         | Collaborators provide three possible explanations for this 
         | anomaly: 
         | (1) misreporting by respondents, likely due to discomfort with 
         |     disclosing voting status; 
         | (2) interviewer coding errors;
         | (3) inclusion of individuals without an ID - legally eligible to  
         |     vote but unable to do so in practice due to a lack of 
         |     documents.
         | Following the collaborators' advice, the affected 23 respondents  
         | in F3010_PR_1 and 14 respondents in F3010_PR_2 have been recoded  
         | to missing, respectively. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3010_LH    >>> Q10LH-a. CURRENT LOWER HOUSE ELECTION: DID RESPONDENT CAST 
                         A BALLOT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether or not the respondent cast a ballot in the lower house 
         election.
         ..................................................................
 
             0. RESPONDENT DID NOT CAST A BALLOT
             1. RESPONDENT CAST A BALLOT

             93. VOLUNTEERED: RESPONDENT NOT REGISTERED ON ELECTORAL 
                 LISTS/NOT ELIGIBLE [IF APPLICABLE]

             96. NOT APPLICABLE: NO LOWER HOUSE ELECTION 
             
             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             98. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
             
             99. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3010_LH
         |
         | F3010_LH ascertains whether or not the respondent cast a ballot
         | in the lower house election, regardless of whether or not it was
         | valid. Hence, F3010_LH details reported turnout, irrespective of
         | whether respondents voted on election day or participated in 
         | early/advance voting.
         |
         | The wording of F3010_LH, which is to record voting in the 
         | national election, follows national standards.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F3010_LH
         |
         | The question of whether respondents voted in the "first round" 
         | of the current election did not differentiate between the
         | Presidential, lower house and upper house elections. Since
         | voting is compulsory, it can be assumed that most persons who
         | answered "yes" voted in all of the elections, and those who
         | answered "no" did not vote in any of the elections, which took
         | place simultaneously. Furthermore, there were different kinds of
         | "no" answers in the original dataset which showed why
         | respondents did not vote. These values were recoded as follows:
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |         0.     No, more than 70 years old (voluntary)
         |                No, 16-17 years old (voluntary)
         |                No, showed justification in the first round
         |                Neither voted nor showed justification at first 
         |                round
         |                No, didn't have the necessary documentation 
         |         1.     Yes, voted

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F3010_LH
         |
         | In the New Zealand (2023) study, collaborators assessed turnout
         | by a multiple-choice question. Respondents were asked to mark 
         | as many answers as applied among the following categories: 
         | - "Cast a party vote" (i.e., party-list vote)
         | - "Cast an electorate vote" (i.e., district-candidate vote) 
         | - "Cast a blank or invalid vote"
         | - "Chose not to vote"
         | - "Didn't manage to vote"
         | For F3010_LH, respondents were classified as voters if they 
         | stated to have cast a party vote, an electorate vote, or a 
         | blank or invalid vote, or a combination of the three.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F3010_LH
         |
         | For the North Macedonian 2024 legislative elections, turnout in 
         | the sample is significantly higher than reported in official
         | election results. 
         | Apart from social desirability, collaborators advise that 
         | the electoral roll in North Macedonia is subject to long-standing 
         | inconsistencies: The number of registered voters significantly 
         | exceeds the resident population, as the electoral roll covers a
         | considerable number of expatriates and sometimes even deceased
         | persons. For that reason, the North Macedonian 2024 study is 
         | based on the domicile population rather than the electoral roll. 
         | Collaborators further note that surveys in North Macedonia 
         | typically overreport turnout, suggesting systemic issues with 
         | the Electoral Roll as one explanation for this finding.
         |
         | Furthermore, researchers are advised that 25 respondents stated 
         | they had not been registered to vote for the lower house 
         | election, although voter registration is conducted automatically 
         | in North Macedonia. 
         | Collaborators provide three possible explanations for this 
         | anomaly: 
         | (1) misreporting by respondents, likely due to discomfort with 
         |     disclosing voting status; 
         | (2) interviewer coding errors;
         | (3) inclusion of individuals without an ID - legally eligible to  
         |     vote but unable to do so in practice due to a lack of 
         |     documents.
         | Following the collaborators' advice, the affected 25 respondents  
         | in F3010_LH have been recoded to missing.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F3010_LH
         |
         | Researchers are advised that 10 respondents stated they had not 
         | been registered to vote for the lower house election. 
         | Collaborators note that the respective voters might not have 
         | been registered due to various potential administrative lapses.
         | In Slovakia, electoral registers are derived from population 
         | registers, covering voting-age eligible citizens with permanent
         | residence in a respective municipality. Persons might have been
         | erroneously omitted from the electoral register in case of recent
         | changes in place of residence, recent changes in the surname due
         | to marriage, etc. Hence, data in F3010_LH remain unchanged.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F3010_LH
         |
         | Five respondents state to have not been registered for the lower 
         | house election, although they voted in the Presidential contest. 
         | Collaborators note that citizens need to be registered in a
         | respective district for at least four months to cast a district
         | candidate vote for the lower house. Hence, due to internal 
         | migration, some individuals may not meet the four-month residency 
         | requirement for the district election, and are thus ineligible to
         | vote in that race.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3010_UH    >>> Q10UH-a. CURRENT UPPER HOUSE ELECTION: DID RESPONDENT CAST 
                         A BALLOT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether or not the respondent cast a ballot in the upper house
         election.
         ..................................................................
 
             0. RESPONDENT DID NOT CAST A BALLOT
             1. RESPONDENT CAST A BALLOT

             93. VOLUNTEERED: RESPONDENT NOT REGISTERED ON ELECTORAL 
                 LISTS/NOT ELIGIBLE [IF APPLICABLE]

             95. NOT APPLICABLE: UNICAMERAL SYSTEM
             96. NOT APPLICABLE: NO UPPER HOUSE ELECTION
             
             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             98. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
             
             99. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3010_UH
         |
         | F3010_UH ascertains whether or not the respondent cast a ballot
         | in the upper house election, regardless of whether or not it was
         | valid. Hence, F3010_UH details reported turnout, irrespective of
         | whether respondents voted on election day or participated in
         | early/advance voting.
         |
         | The wording of F3010_UH, which is to record voting in the 
         | national election, follows national standards.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F3010_UH
         |
         | The question of whether respondents voted in the "first round" 
         | of the current election did not differentiate between the
         | Presidential, lower house and upper house elections. Since
         | voting is compulsory, it can be assumed that most persons who
         | answered "yes" voted in all of the elections, and those who
         | answered "no" did not vote in any of the elections, which took
         | place simultaneously. Furthermore, there were different kinds of
         | "no" answers in the original dataset which showed why
         | respondents did not vote. These values were recoded as follows:
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |         0.     No, more than 70 years old (voluntary)
         |                No, 16-17 years old (voluntary)
         |                No, showed justification in the first round
         |                Neither voted nor showed justification at first 
         |                round
         |                No, didn't have the necessary documentation 
         |         1.     Yes, voted

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F3010_UH
         |
         | F3010_UH includes 314 respondents coded as missing. These 
         | include respondents from the cantons of Obwald (N=109) and 
         | Appenzell Innerrhoden (N=109), who did not receive the question 
         | because a) in Obwald, a "silent election" took place (only 1 
         | candidate), and b) upper house elections in Appenzell 
         | Innerrhoden took place at the Landsgemeinde in April before the 
         | federal election.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3010_TS  >>> TURNOUT SWITCHER BETWEEN CURRENT ELECTION AND 
              PREVIOUS ELECTION                                       
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether or not the respondent reports voting in the current and
         previous election.
         ..................................................................

            0. RESPONDENT ABSTAINED IN BOTH ELECTIONS
            1. RESPONDENT ABSTAINED IN CURRENT ELECTION BUT VOTED IN 
               PREVIOUS ELECTION
            2. RESPONDENT VOTED IN CURRENT ELECTION BUT ABSTAINED IN 
               PREVIOUS ELECTION
            3. RESPONDENT VOTED IN BOTH CURRENT AND PREVIOUS ELECTION

            5. RESPONDENT ABSTAINED IN CURRENT ELECTION BUT INELIGIBLE 
               TO VOTE IN PREVIOUS ELECTION
            6. RESPONDENT VOTED IN CURRENT ELECTION BUT INELIGIBLE TO VOTE 
               IN PREVIOUS ELECTION

            9. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: DERIVATIVE VARIABLE (BASED ON CORE)

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3010_TS
         |
         | F3010_TS is constructed based on the respondent's reported
         | turnout in the current and previous main elections.
         | In polities where multiple elections took place simultaneously,
         | F3010_TS reports the turnout decision in the main election.
         | The classifications of the main election by election study are
         | listed in the variable notes for variable F3010_ME.
         |
         | CSES classifies the main election based on the regime 
         | (executive) type and the election in which the CSES survey has
         | been administered. For polities rated as parliamentary systems,
         | CSES classifies the main election as elections to the lower house
         | for most studies. It deviates for a few cases when elections to
         | the upper house constitute the main election, usually due to the
         | respective CSES study focusing on the upper house contest.
         | For polities rated as Presidential systems, CSES conventionally
         | classifies the main election as the Presidential election. It
         | sometimes deviates when data for the Presidential election is
         | unavailable (e.g., when the CSES survey was administered in a
         | midterm election). For polities rated as mixed systems, CSES
         | has tended to classify the main election as elections to the
         | lower house. However, it sometimes deviates depending on data
         | availability. Users are advised to consult the table listed in
         | VARIABLE NOTES for F3010_ME specifying the main election for 
         | each study in CSES for specific details.
         |
         | In instances when the previous turnout refers to a different type 
         | of election, e.g., current main elections are Presidential but
         | the previous turnout variable refers to the lower house election 
         | only, these studies are set to missing for F3010_TS.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3010_FTV  >>> FIRST-TIME VOTER IN CURRENT MAIN ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
         Whether or not the respondent is a first-time voter in the current
         main election.
         ..................................................................
 
            0. R IS NOT A FIRST-TIME VOTER IN CURRENT MAIN ELECTION
            1. R IS A FIRST-TIME VOTER IN CURRENT MAIN ELECTION
 
            6. NOT ASCERTAINABLE [SEE VARIABLE NOTES]
 
            9. MISSING
 

         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: DERIVATIVE VARIABLE (BASED ON CORE)
 
         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3010_FTV
         |
         | F3010_FTV ascertains whether or not the respondent is a 
         | first-time voter in the current main election.
         | Following the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, CSES defines
         | first-time voters as "those young people who are reaching voting
         | age and therefore are facing their first opportunity to vote"
         | in the main election.
         | (see https://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/ve/vee/vee05/vee05h,
         | Date accessed: April 02, 2024).
         |
         | Consequently, F3010_FTV classifies observations as first time
         | voters based on respondent age (variable F2001_Y).
         |
         | Respondents are classified as "1. R IS A FIRST-TIME VOTER" if
         | they attained voting age between the dates of the previous and
         | current main election.
         | Respondents who were eligible at the preceding main election are
         | coded "0. R IS NOT A FIRST-TIME VOTER".
         |
         | As CSES collects respondents' year and month of birth only (for 
         | further information see VARIABLE NOTES for F2001_Y), there are a
         | few instances in the dataset that could not be classified based 
         | on the above definition and are hence coded "6. NOT 
         | ASCERTAINABLE". This applies to the following observations:
         | - Respondents who reached voting age in the month of the
         |   previous main election.
         | - Respondents who reached voting age in the year of the previous
         |   main election and for whom data on the month of birth is
         |   unavailable.
         |
         | Data are coded "9. MISSING" primarily in instances where
         | respondents' year of birth (F2001_Y) is unavailable.
         |
         | In polities where multiple elections took place simultaneously,
         | this variable classifies first-time voters based on the main 
         | election. The classifications of the main elections by election 
         | study are listed in the VARIABLE NOTES for variable F3010_ME.
         |
         | CSES classifies the main election based on the regime
         | (executive) type and the election in which the CSES survey has
         | been administered. For polities rated as parliamentary systems,
         | CSES classifies the main election as elections to the lower house
         | for most studies. It deviates for a few cases when elections to
         | the upper house constitute the main election, usually due to the
         | respective CSES study focusing on the upper house contest.
         | For polities rated as Presidential systems, CSES conventionally
         | classifies the main election as the Presidential election. It
         | sometimes deviates when data for the Presidential election is
         | unavailable (e.g., when the CSES survey was administered in a
         | midterm election). For polities rated as mixed systems, CSES
         | has tended to classify the main election as elections to the
         | lower house. However, it sometimes deviates depending on data
         | availability. Users are advised to consult the table listed in
         | VARIABLE NOTES for F3010_ME specifying the main election for 
         | each study in CSES for specific details.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for FRANCE (2022).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3011_PR_1  >>> Q10P1-b. CURRENT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - 1ST 
                         ROUND
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondent's vote choice for President in the first round of 
         election.
         ..................................................................

             000001-999987. [SEE PART 3 OF CODEBOOK FOR NUMERICAL PARTY/
                             COALITION CODES]

             999988. NONE OF THE CANDIDATES
             999989. INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE
             999990. OTHER LEFT-WING CANDIDATE
             999991. OTHER RIGHT-WING CANDIDATE
             999992. OTHER CANDIDATE (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)
             999993. INVALID/BLANK BALLOT

             999995. NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT
             999996. NOT APPLICABLE: NO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 

             999997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED 
             999998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW 
            
             999999. MISSING/ABSTAINED (DID NOT VOTE)


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3011_PR_1  
         |
         | F3011_PR_1 details the respondent's vote choice for President 
         | in the first round of election, if applicable and a respondent
         | cast a ballot in the Presidential election. Hence, F3011_PR_1
         | details reported vote choice, irrespective of whether respondents
         | voted on election day or participated in early/advance voting.
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 
         | of the CSES Codebook.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F3011_PR_1
         |
         | Numerical codes in F3011_PR_1 refer to the following candidates:
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE    Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        076001.     Lula da Silva (PT)
         |        076002.     Jair Bolsonaro (PL)
         |        076003.     Simone Tebet (MDB)
         |        076004.     Ciro Gomes (PDT)
         |        076005.     Soraya Thronicke (UNIAO)     
         |        076006.     Felipe d'Avila (NOVO)     
         |        076007.     Kelmon Souza (PTB)
         |        076008.     Leonardo Pericles (UP)     
         |        076009.     Sofia Manzano (PCB)
         |        076010.     Vera Lucia Salgado (PSTU)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F3011_PR_1
         |
         | Numerical codes in F3011_PR_1 refer to the following candidates:
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE    Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        250001.     Emmanuel Macron (LREM)
         |        250002.     Marine Le Pen (RN)
         |        250003.     Jean-Luc Melenchon (FI)
         |        250004.     Eric Zemmour (REC)
         |        250005.     Valerie Pecresse (LR)     
         |        250006.     Yannick Jadot (EELV)     
         |        250007.     Jean Lassalle (Resistons!)
         |        250008.     Fabien Roussel (PCF)     
         |        250009.     Nicolas Dupont-Aignan (DLF)
         |        250010.     Anne Hidalgo (PS)
         |        250011.     Philippe Poutou (NPA)
         |        250012.     Nathalie Arthaud (LO)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F3011_PR_1
         |
         | Numerical codes in F3011_PR_1 refer to the following candidates:
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE    Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        499001.     Jakov Milatovic (Europe Now!)
         |        499002.     Milo Dukanovic (DPS)
         |        499003.     Andrija Mandic (NSD)
         |        499007.     Draginja Vuksanovic (SDP)
         |        499016.     Goran Danilovic (UCG)
         |        499099.     Aleksa Becic (Democrats)
         |        999989.     Jovan Radulovic (Independent)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F3011_PR_1
         |
         | Numerical codes in F3011_PR_1 refer to the following candidates:
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE    Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        807001.     Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova (VMRO-DPMNE)
         |        807002.     Stevo Pendarovski (SDSM)
         |        807003.     Bujar Osmani (DUI)
         |        807006.     Maksim Dimitrievski (ZNAM)
         |        807009.     Arben Taravari (Alliance for Albanians)
         |        807014.     Stevcho Jakimovski (GROM)
         |        999989.     Biljana Vankovska-Cvetkovska 
         |
         | Researchers are advised that Biljana Vankovska-Cvetkovska was an
         | independent candidate, but endorsed by the Left (Levica, PARTY E,
         | NUMERICAL CODE 807005).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F3011_PR_1
         |
         | The following candidates contested in the 2023 Turkish 
         | Presidential election: 
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE     Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        792001.     Recep Tayyip Erdogan (AKP)
         |        792002.     Kemal Kilicdaroglu (CHP)
         |        999989.     Sinan Ogan (Independent Candidate)
         |        792004.     Muharrem Ince (Homeland Party)
         |
         | Researchers are advised that Muharrem Ince contested the 
         | previous 2018 election for the Republican People's Party (CHP, 
         | PARTY B, NUMERICAL CODE 792002). However, Ince left the CHP
         | in 2021 to found the Homeland Party.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3011_PR_2  >>> Q10P2-b. CURRENT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - 2ND 
                         ROUND
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondent's vote choice for President in the second round of 
         election.
         ..................................................................

             000001-999987. [SEE PART 3 OF CODEBOOK FOR NUMERICAL PARTY/
                             COALITION CODES]

             999988. NONE OF THE CANDIDATES
             999989. INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE
             999990. OTHER LEFT-WING CANDIDATE
             999991. OTHER RIGHT-WING CANDIDATE
             999992. OTHER CANDIDATE (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)
             999993. INVALID/BLANK BALLOT

             999995. NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT
             999996. NOT APPLICABLE: NO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION/
                     NO SECOND ROUND

             999997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED 
             999998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW 
             
             999999. MISSING/ABSTAINED (DID NOT VOTE)


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3011_PR_2  
         |
         | F3011_PR_2 details the respondent's vote choice for President 
         | in the second round of election, if applicable and a respondent
         | cast a ballot in the Presidential election. Hence, F3011_PR_2
         | details reported vote choice, irrespective of whether respondents
         | voted on election day or participated in early/advance voting.
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 
         | of the CSES Codebook.       

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F3011_PR_2
         |
         | Numerical codes in F3011_PR_2 refer to the following candidates:
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE    Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        076001.     Lula da Silva (PT)
         |        076002.     Jair Bolsonaro (PL)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F3011_PR_2
         |
         | Numerical codes in F3011_PR_2 refer to the following candidates:
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE    Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        250001.     Emmanuel Macron (LaREM)
         |        250002.     Marine Le Pen (RN)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F3011_PR_2
         |
         | Numerical codes in F3011_PR_2 refer to the following candidates:
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE    Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        499001.     Jakov Milatovic (Europe Now!)
         |        499002.     Milo Dukanovic (DPS)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F3011_PR_2
         |
         | Numerical codes in F3011_PR_2 refer to the following candidates:
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE    Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        807001.     Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova (VMRO-DPMNE)
         |        807002.     Stevo Pendarovski (SDSM)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F3011_PR_2
         |
         | Numerical codes in F3011_PR_2 refer to the following candidates:
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE     Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        792001.     Recep Tayyip Erdogan (AKP)
         |        792002.     Kemal Kilicdaroglu (CHP)


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3011_LH_PL >>> Q10LH-b. CURRENT LOWER HOUSE ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - PARTY 
                         LIST
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondent's vote choice for party list in Lower House elections.
         ..................................................................

             000001-999987. [SEE PART 3 OF CODEBOOK FOR NUMERICAL PARTY/
                             COALITION CODES]

             999988. NONE OF THE CANDIDATES/PARTIES
             999989. INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE
             999990. OTHER LEFT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY 
             999991. OTHER RIGHT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY 
             999992. OTHER CANDIDATE/PARTY (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)
             999993. INVALID/BLANK BALLOT

             999995. NOT APPLICABLE: NOT A LIST SYSTEM
             999996. NOT APPLICABLE: NO LOWER HOUSE ELECTION

             999997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED 
             999998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW 
             
             999999. MISSING/ABSTAINED (DID NOT VOTE)


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3011_LH_PL
         |
         | F3011_LH_PL details the respondent's vote choice for party list 
         | in Lower House elections, if applicable and a respondent cast a
         | ballot in the Lower House legislative election.  
         | Hence, F3011_LH_PL details reported vote choice, irrespective of
         | whether respondents voted on election day or participated in 
         | early/advance voting.
         |
         | If more than one candidate have one party's affiliation, 
         | Collaborators were advised to provide vote choice for individual
         | candidates. For preferential voting systems, Collaborators were
         | asked to provide the first two preferences (Q10LH-c1 and 
         | Q10LH-c2).
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 
         | of the CSES Codebook.       
         | 
         | Respondents who mentioned not casting a ballot in the current
         | lower house election (F3010_LH) but report a vote choice
         | are included, as it is not possible to identify why this 
         | inconsistency occurred. Users may identify these cases by 
         | cross-tabulating F3010_LH and F3011_LH_PL in their statistical 
         | software.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F3011_LH_PL
         |
         | Members of Brazil's lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, are 
         | elected from 27 multi-member districts by open list proportional 
         | representation. 
         | Collaborators assessed vote choice for the lower house with an 
         | open-ended question, reading as: "Who did you vote for federal 
         | deputy in this election?". Interviewers were instructed to 
         | document all the details the interviewee remembered about their 
         | vote choice, such as the candidate's name and party affiliation.
         | This information was categorized by collaborators and used to 
         | code F3011_LH_PL. 
         | In classifying open-ended respondent answers, collaborators 
         | identified some incomplete or erroneous information, such as 
         | voters claiming to have voted for a candidate who either wasn't 
         | registered or contested for a different office not related to 
         | the lower house. These instances were coded as follows: 
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |    999992.     Voted for a candidate who contested a different 
         |                office (other than lower house MP)
         |                Voted for a candidate not registered with the 
         |                Superior Electoral Court (TSE)
         |                Voter in another state
         |    999993.     Invalid ballot
         |                Blank ballot

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F3011_LH_PL
         |
         | Code 620101 refers to the Democratic Alliance.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F3011_LH_PL
         |
         | Researchers are advised that the Social Democratic Party 
         | (SAP, PARTY A) fared slightly better in the sample than expected
         | given official election results. At the same time, the Sweden
         | Democrats (SD, PARTY B) did worse in the sample than in the 
         | actual election.
         | Collaborators note that the underrepresentation of Sweden 
         | Democrat voters has been a common outcome for surveys in 
         | Sweden for the last decade or so. One potential explanation for 
         | this phenomenon is voters' unwillingness to admit having voted  
         | for the Sweden Democrats (stigma effect, see Lindskog et al. 
         | 2024), while another explanation stipulates a reluctance of 
         | Sweden Democrat voters to participate in surveys due to a 
         | low level of trust in political and public institutions. 
         | See Lindskog, H., S. Dahlberg, R. Ohrvall, and H. Oscarsson. 
         | 2024. "The Voter Next Door: Stigma Effects on Advance Voting for 
         | Radical Right Parties". Political Studies 72(4): 1591-1608.  
         | DOI: 10.1177/00323217231216305

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F3011_LH_PL
         |
         | In Switzerland, there are many small leftist parties. All of 
         | them are minor parties, which gather less than 1-2% of the 
         | national vote share. These are all independent parties, running 
         | only in some cantons. But because they belong to the same party 
         | family, the Swiss election study collapsed them into a single 
         | category in their questionnaires "AL - Alternative / Sol - 
         | SolidariteS / MPS - Movimento per il socialismo". Within the 
         | CSES, these parties are classified as "999990. OTHER LEFT WING 
         | CANDIDATE/PARTY". 
         | Further, several respondents said that they "voted for persons, 
         | not parties" or that they "voted for several parties". These 
         | answers result from the peculiarities of the Swiss electoral         
         | system, which provides voters with many different options to
         | express preference votes. For instance, the Swiss electoral
         | system allows voters to select a blank list and fill in the 
         | names of candidates. Respondents who reported "voted for 
         | persons, not parties" presumably did so by taking a blank 
         | list and writing in candidates they liked without knowing or 
         | caring which party these candidates represent. This means they 
         | could vote for candidates from different parties. This is also 
         | possible when voters take a party list but modify it by crossing 
         | out some candidates and replacing them with candidates from 
         | another party (panachage). In such cases, they might end up 
         | voting for an equal number of candidates from different parties. 
         | The survey asked respondents to indicate the party from which 
         | they voted for the most candidates. However, many respondents 
         | instead wrote in an open field that they "voted for several 
         | parties" without specifying which ones. Based on national 
         | collaborators' recommendation, both cases are coded "999992. 
         | OTHER CANDIDATE/PARTY (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)".
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |    999990.     AL - Alternative / Sol - SolidariteS / MPS -
         |                Movimento per il socialismo
         |    999992.     Voted for persons, not parties
         |                Voted for several parties

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F3011_LH_PL
         |
         | Three respondents with respondent IDs 792020230000000212, 
         | 792020230000000651, and 792020230000001244 in F1003_1 stated to
         | have voted for the Felicity Party (SP) in F3011_LH_PL. However, 
         | the Felicity Party did not contest in the 2023 election, but 
         | had candidates running on the list of the Republican People's 
         | Party (CHP, PARTY B, NUMERICAL CODE 792002). Consequently, the 
         | three respondents voting for the SP were recoded to 792002 in 
         | F3011_LH_PL.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3011_LH_DC >>> Q10LH-c. CURRENT LOWER HOUSE ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - 
                         DISTRICT CANDIDATE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondent's vote choice for district candidate in Lower House 
         elections.
         ..................................................................

             000001-999987. [SEE PART 3 OF CODEBOOK FOR NUMERICAL PARTY/
                             COALITION CODES]

             999988. NONE OF THE CANDIDATES/PARTIES
             999989. INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE
             999990. OTHER LEFT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY 
             999991. OTHER RIGHT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY 
             999992. OTHER CANDIDATE/PARTY (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)
             999993. INVALID/BLANK BALLOT

             999995. NOT APPLICABLE: NO DISTRICT CANDIDATE VOTE 
             999996. NOT APPLICABLE: NO LOWER HOUSE ELECTION

             999997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED 
             999998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW 
            
             999999. MISSING/ABSTAINED (DID NOT VOTE)


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3011_LH_DC
         |
         | F3011_LH_DC details the respondent's vote choice for district 
         | candidate in Lower House elections, if applicable and a 
         | respondent cast a ballot in the Lower House legislative election.
         | Hence, F3011_LH_DC details reported vote choice, irrespective of
         | whether respondents voted on election day or participated in 
         | early/advance voting.
         |
         | If more than one candidate have one party's affiliation, 
         | Collaborators were advised to provide vote choice for individual
         | candidates. For preferential voting systems, Collaborators were
         | asked to provide the first two preferences (Q10LH-c1 and 
         | Q10LH-c2).
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 
         | of the CSES Codebook.       
         | 
         | Respondents who mentioned not casting a ballot in the current
         | lower house election (F3010_LH) but report a vote choice
         | are included, as it is not possible to identify why this 
         | inconsistency occurred. Users may identify these cases by 
         | cross-tabulating F3010_LH and F3011_LH_DC in their statistical 
         | software.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3011_LH_PF >>> Q10LH-d. CURRENT LOWER HOUSE ELECTION: DID RESPONDENT 
                         CAST CANDIDATE PREFERENCE VOTE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether a respondent cast a preference vote in the Lower House 
         elections.
         ..................................................................

             1. RESPONDENT CAST PREFERENCE VOTE IN PR-LIST SYSTEM 
             2. RESPONDENT CAST PREFERENCE VOTE IN AV/STV SYSTEM
             5. RESPONDENT DID NOT CAST PREFERENCE VOTE

             6. RESPONDENT CAST INVALID BALLOT

             95. NOT APPLICABLE: NOT A PREFERENCE VOTE SYSTEM
             96. NOT APPLICABLE: NO LOWER HOUSE ELECTION
             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             98. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             99. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3011_LH_PF
         |
         | For more detailed information on how CSES codes
         | parties/coalitions, please see Part 3 of the CSES Codebook. 
         |
         | There are two different types of preference vote. The first is
         | associated with open PR-List systems. These systems allow  
         | citizens to vote for a party list and to mark a "preference" for 
         | one or more candidates within the party list. In these systems,
         | this type of vote is known as a preference vote (or a candidate 
         | vote). The second is associated with STV and AV systems, where
         | citizens rank-order candidates in descending order of their
         | preference. In these systems, a distinction is made between a
         | voter's first preference (i.e., who voters allocate their
         | "number 1" preference to) and their subsequent lower preferences.
         | These latter preferences (i.e., all the voter's preferences aside
         | from their first preference) are also known as preference votes.
         | We distinguish between these two different types of preference
         | votes in the above categorization. 
         |
         | In party list systems, the question asked of respondents should 
         | read like this: 
         | "Did you simply vote for a party or did you also express a 
         | candidate preference?"
         |
         | In party list systems where voters have to vote directly for a 
         | candidate and cannot cast a vote for the party list only (e.g., 
         | Estonia, Finland, and Poland), the question asked of respondents 
         | should read like this: 
         | "Do you consider the vote that you cast merely a vote for the 
         | party, or did you also mean it as a vote for a particular 
         | candidate?"
         |
         | In STV/AV systems, the question asked of respondents should be 
         | akin to this: 
         | "Which of the parties/candidates did you give your preference 
         | vote to?"
         | or 
         | "To whom did you give your second (or lower) preference vote to?"
         |
         | Respondents who mentioned not casting a ballot in the current
         | lower house election (F3010_LH) but reported a preference vote 
         | are included, as it is not possible to identify why this 
         | inconsistency occurred. Users may identify these cases by 
         | cross-tabulating F3010_LH and F3011_LH_PF in their statistical 
         | software.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F3011_LH_PF
         |
         | For lower house elections, Australia employs the Alternative 
         | Vote system. In this system, voters are required to list their
         | preferences for as many candidates as there are on the ballot. 
         | Consequently, as preference votes are mandatory, all respondents
         | who turned out to vote according to F3011_LH were classified as
         | having cast a preference vote in F3011_LH_PF.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F3011_LH_PF
         |
         | Members of Brazil's lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, are 
         | elected from 27 multi-member districts by open list proportional 
         | representation. 
         | Collaborators assessed vote choice for the lower house with an 
         | open-ended question (see F3011_LH_PL for details). 
         | For F3011_LH_PF, respondents who specified a valid vote for a 
         | particular candidate in F3011_LH_PL were classified as 
         | "1. RESPONDENT CAST PREFERENCE VOTE IN PR-LIST SYSTEM" in 
         | F3011_LH_PF. Respondents only providing the name of a party or 
         | a name of a candidate not contesting for the lower house were 
         | classified as not having cast a preference vote in F3011_LH_PF.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3011_UH_PL >>> Q10UH-b. CURRENT UPPER HOUSE ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - 
                         PARTY LIST
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondent's vote choice for party list in Upper House elections. 
         ..................................................................

             000001-999987. [SEE PART 3 OF CODEBOOK FOR NUMERICAL PARTY/
                             COALITION CODES]

             999988. NONE OF THE CANDIDATES/PARTIES
             999989. INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE
             999990. OTHER LEFT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY 
             999991. OTHER RIGHT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY 
             999992. OTHER CANDIDATE/PARTY (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)
             999993. INVALID/BLANK BALLOT

             999995. NOT APPLICABLE: UNICAMERAL SYSTEM
             999996. NOT APPLICABLE: NO UPPER HOUSE ELECTION OR LIST VOTE

             999997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED 
             999998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW 
             
             999999. MISSING/ABSTAINED (DID NOT VOTE)


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3011_UH_PL
         |
         | F3011_UH_PL details the respondent's vote choice for party list 
         | in Upper House elections, if applicable and a respondent cast a
         | ballot in the Upper House legislative election.
         | Hence, F3011_UH_PL details reported vote choice, irrespective of
         | whether respondents voted on election day or participated in 
         | early/advance voting.
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 
         | of the CSES Codebook.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3011_UH_DC_1 >>> Q10UH-c. CURRENT UPPER HOUSE ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - 
                           DISTRICT CANDIDATE 1
F3011_UH_DC_2 >>> Q10UH-c. CURRENT UPPER HOUSE ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - 
                           DISTRICT CANDIDATE 2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondent's vote choice for district candidate/s in Upper House 
         elections.
         ..................................................................

             000001-999987. [SEE PART 3 OF CODEBOOK FOR NUMERICAL PARTY/
                             COALITION CODES]

             999988. NONE OF THE CANDIDATES/PARTIES
             999989. INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE
             999990. OTHER LEFT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY 
             999991. OTHER RIGHT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY 
             999992. OTHER CANDIDATE/PARTY (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)
             999993. INVALID/BLANK BALLOT

             999995. NOT APPLICABLE: UNICAMERAL SYSTEM
             999996. NOT APPLICABLE: NO UPPER HOUSE ELECTION OR CANDIDATE
                                     VOTE

             999997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED 
             999998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW 
             
             999999. MISSING/ABSTAINED (DID NOT VOTE)


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3011_UH_DC_
         |
         | F3011_UH_DC_ detail the respondent's vote choice for district 
         | candidate/s in Upper House elections, if applicable and a 
         | respondent cast a ballot in the Upper House legislative election.
         | Hence, F3011_UH_DC_ detail reported vote choice, irrespective of
         | whether respondents voted on election day or participated in 
         | early/advance voting.
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 
         | of the CSES Codebook.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F3011_UH_DC_
         |
         | Members of the Brazilian Senate (Senado Federal) serve a term of 
         | eight years and are elected in alternative electoral cycles. 
         | Each of Brazil's federative units (N = 27) has three Senators, 
         | such that the total N of seats is 81 (27 x 3). 
         | Two thirds of the seats (N = 54) are contested in one electoral 
         | cycle, while the remaining one-third are contested in the other.
         | As the 2022 elections saw one-third of the seats contested,  
         | voters had one vote in this election as one Senator per State was
         | being selected. This vote is coded in F3011_UH_DC_1. However, as
         | the previous 2018 election had two seats contested per state, 
         | voters had two votes in the previous upper house elections, coded
         | in F3016_UH_DC_1 and F3016_UH_DC_2.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F3011_UH_DC_1
         |
         | Of the five alliances forming for the 2023 Polish lower house
         | election (see Codebook Part 3 for details), two participated 
         | in the 2023 Senate election as well, namely, United Right 
         | (NUMERICAL CODE 616001) headed by Law and Justice (PiS, PARTY A),
         | and Confederation Liberty and Independence (Konfederacja, 
         | NUMERICAL CODE 616006, PARTY F). 
         | The remaining three alliances formed the Senate Pact 2023 
         | coalition for the upper house election, i.e., member parties of 
         | the Civic Coalition (KO, NUMERICAL CODE 616002), Third Way (TD, 
         | NUMERICAL CODE 616003), and the Left (NUMERICAL CODE 616004) 
         | alliances, together with Yes! For Poland (T!DPL). 
         |
         | Collaborators assessed vote choice for the current upper house 
         | election with two consecutive questions. In the first question, 
         | respondents were asked to provide their vote choice based on the
         | alliance structures outlined above. Voters of the Senate Pact 
         | 2023 received a follow-up question, asking them to specify the 
         | party affiliation of the candidate they voted for (i.e., whether
         | the candidate was affiliated with the Civic Coalition, Third 
         | Way, or the Left). 
         | F3011_UH_DC_1 combines answers from both questions. If voters 
         | provided details on a candidate's affiliation in the follow-up
         | question, that information was used for F3011_UH_DC_1. All other
         | voters of the Senate Pact 2023 are classified in NUMERICAL CODE
         | 616099. Senate Pact 2023.
         |
         | CSES-Code      Election study code/category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |    616001.     United Right
         |    616002.     Senate Pact 2023 - "Civic Coalition" Candidate
         |    616003.     Senate Pact 2023 - "Third Way" Candidate
         |    616004.     Senate Pact 2023 - "The Left" Candidate
         |    616006.     Confederation Liberty and Independence
         |    616009.     Nonpartisan Local Government Activists
         |    616010.     There is One Poland
         |    616099.     Senate Pact 2023 - not further specified

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F3011_UH_DC_
         |
         | In Switzerland, voters can choose up to two candidates for the 
         | Council of States (the upper house). The 20 "full" cantons have
         | two seats and the six "half" cantons have only one seat in the 
         | Council of States. Variable F3011_UH_DC_1 therefore represents
         | the first choice for voters who can elect two candidates, and the 
         | (single) choice for voters who can only elect one candidate, 
         | whereas variable F3011_UH_DC_2 represents the second choice for
         | voters in "full" cantons.
         | Further, there are many small leftist parties. All of them are
         | minor parties, which gather less than 1-2% of the national vote
         | share. These are all independent parties, running only in some
         | cantons. But because they belong to the same party family, the
         | Swiss election study collapsed them into a single category in
         | their questionnaires "AL - Alternative / Sol - SolidariteS / MPS
         | - Movimento per il socialismo". Within the CSES, these parties 
         | as well as "EaG - LUP" and "EaG: SOL, DAL, PDT" (both contesting
         | in Geneva) are classified as "999990. OTHER LEFT-WING CANDIDATE/
         | PARTY". 
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |    999990.     AL - Alternative / Sol - SolidariteS / MPS -
         |                Movimento per il socialismo
         |                EaG - LUP
         |                EaG: SOL, DAL, PDT 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3011_UH_PF >>> Q10UH-d. CURRENT UPPER HOUSE ELECTION: DID RESPONDENT CAST
                         CANDIDATE PREFERENCE VOTE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether a respondent cast a preference vote in the Upper House 
         elections.
         ..................................................................

             1. RESPONDENT CAST PREFERENCE VOTE IN PR-LIST SYSTEM 
             2. RESPONDENT CAST PREFERENCE VOTE IN AV/STV SYSTEM
             5. RESPONDENT DID NOT CAST PREFERENCE VOTE

             6. RESPONDENT CAST INVALID BALLOT

             95. NOT APPLICABLE: UNICAMERAL SYSTEM
             96. NOT APPLICABLE: NO UPPER HOUSE ELECTION OR PREFERENCE VOTE 
                 SYSTEM
             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             98. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             99. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3011_UH_PF
         |
         | For more detailed information on how CSES codes 
         | parties/coalitions, please see Part 3 of the CSES Codebook. 
         |
         | There are two different types of preference vote. The first is
         | associated with open PR-List systems. These systems allow 
         | citizens to vote for a party list and to mark a "preference" for 
         | one or more candidates within the party list. In these systems,
         | this type of vote is known as a preference vote (or a candidate 
         | vote). The second is associated with STV and AV systems, where
         | citizens rank-order candidates in descending order of their
         | preference. In these systems, a distinction is made between a
         | voter's first preference (i.e., who voters allocate their
         | "number 1" preference to) and their subsequent lower preferences.
         | These latter preferences (i.e., all the voter's preferences aside
         | from their first preference) are also known as preference votes.
         | We distinguish between these two different types of preference
         | votes in the above categorization. 
         |
         | In party list systems, the question asked of respondents should 
         | read like this: 
         | "Did you simply vote for a party or did you also express a 
         | candidate preference?"
         |
         | In party list systems where voters have to vote directly for a 
         | candidate and cannot cast a vote for the party list only (e.g., 
         | Estonia, Finland, & Poland), the question asked of respondents 
         | should read like this: 
         | "Do you consider the vote that you cast merely a vote for the 
         | party, or did you also mean it as a vote for a particular 
         | candidate?"
         |
         | In STV/AV systems, the question asked of respondents should be 
         | akin to this: 
         | "Which of the parties/candidates did you give your preference
         | vote to?"
         | or 
         | "To whom did you give your second (or lower) preference vote to?"
         |
         | Respondents who mentioned not casting a ballot in the current
         | upper house election (F3010_UH) but reported a vote choice are
         | included as it is not possible to identify why this 
         | inconsistency occurred. Users may identify these cases by 
         | cross-tabulating F3010_UH and F3011_UH_PF in their statistical 
         | software.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3011_OUTGOV  >>> CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE CHOICE - OUTGOING 
                  GOVERNMENT (INCUMBENT)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether or not the respondent cast a ballot for the outgoing 
         incumbent.
         ..................................................................

             0. DID NOT VOTE FOR THE OUTGOING GOVERNMENT (INCUMBENT)
             1. VOTED FOR THE OUTGOING GOVERNMENT (INCUMBENT)

             999996. NOT ASCERTAINED / INCUMBENT CANDIDATE/PARTY DID NOT 
                     CONTEST
 
             999997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             999998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
             
             999999. MISSING/ABSTAINED (DID NOT VOTE)


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: DERIVATIVE VARIABLE (BASED ON CORE)

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3011_OUTGOV
         |
         | F3011_OUTGOV ascertains whether or not the respondent cast a 
         | ballot for the outgoing incumbent, regardless of whether or not 
         | it was valid. 
         |
         | In case of a single election taking place, e.g., a lower house
         | election only, F3011_OUTGOV reports the voting decision for
         | that particular election. In cases where multiple elections took 
         | place, e.g., a Presidential and a lower house election, 
         | F3011_OUTGOV reports the voting decision in the main election. 
         |
         | CSES classifies the main election based on the regime
         | (executive) type and the election in which the CSES survey has
         | been administered. For polities rated as parliamentary systems,
         | CSES classifies the main election as elections to the lower house
         | for most studies. It deviates for a few cases when elections to
         | the upper house constitute the main election, usually due to the
         | respective CSES study focusing on the upper house contest.
         | For polities rated as Presidential systems, CSES conventionally
         | classifies the main election as the Presidential election. It
         | sometimes deviates when data for the Presidential election is
         | unavailable (e.g., when the CSES survey was administered in a
         | midterm election). For polities rated as mixed systems, CSES
         | has tended to classify the main election as elections to the
         | lower house. However, it sometimes deviates depending on data
         | availability. Users are advised to consult the table below
         | specifying the main election for each study in CSES for specific 
         | details.
         |
         | In case of a Presidential election as main election, F3011_OUTGOV
         | refers to the incumbent President and/or the incumbent 
         | President's party. In all other cases, F3011_OUTGOV refers to 
         | the party/parties which was/were part of the outgoing cabinet. 
         | 
         | In mixed electoral systems where voters have a list vote and a 
         | district candidate vote, the list vote was used to determine if 
         | the respondent voted for the outgoing government or not.
         |
         | In case of a caretaker government, e.g., after a collapse of the
         | government, the party affiliations of its (remaining) members 
         | were used to code F3011_OUTGOV. Cabinet members without a formal 
         | party affiliation were not considered for F3011_OUTGOV.
         | 
         | Respondents who reported having cast an invalid ballot are coded
         | as "0. DID NOT VOTE FOR THE OUTGOING GOVERNMENT (INCUMBENT)."
         |
         | +++ TABLE: ELECTION STUDIES BY TYPE OF MAIN ELECTION
         |
         |                        Presidential  Lower House  Upper House  
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)       Election     Election      Election  
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)             -            X            -  
         | AUSTRIA (2024)               -            X            -  
         | BRAZIL (2022)                X            -            -
         | DENMARK (2022)               -            X            -
         | FRANCE (2022)                X            -            -  
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)            -            X            -
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)           -            X            -  
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)       -            X            -  
         | POLAND (2023)                -            X            -  
         | PORTUGAL (2022)              -            X            -
         | PORTUGAL (2024)              -            X            -
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)              -            X*           -
         | SLOVENIA (2022)              -            X            -  
         | SWEDEN (2022)                -            X            -  
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)           -            X*           -
         | TAIWAN (2024)                X            -            -  
         | TURKIYE (2023)               X            -            -
         | UNITED STATES (2024)         X            -            -
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | KEY: X = yes; - = no
         |      * = Incumbent not identified - see ELECTION STUDY NOTES 
         |          below.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F3011_OUTGOV
         |
         | For Brazil 2022, respondents are coded as having voted for the 
         | incumbent if they voted for Jair Bolsonaro's platform, the 
         | Liberal Party (PL), in the current Presidential election. 
         | Bolsonaro contested the previous 2018 election as a candidate of 
         | the Social Liberal Party (PSL) but left the party in 2019 - 
         | joining the PL in November 2021. 
         | The PSL merged with the Democrats (DEM) to form Brazil Union 
         | (UNIAO, PARTY E) in October 2021.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F3011_OUTGOV
         |
         | For Montenegro 2023, F3011_OUTGOV classifies vote for the 
         | incumbent government at the 2023 election, that is, votes for 
         | parties holding ministries in Dritan Abazovic's cabinet.
         | After Zdravko Krivokapic, Prime Minister since the previous 
         | 2020 legislative elections, was ousted in a motion of no 
         | confidence in February 2022, the Montenegrin parliament elected 
         | Abazovic (URA) as Prime Minister in April of the same year. 
         | However, Abazovic lost a motion of confidence himself after less
         | than four months in office on August 20, 2022. He remained acting
         | Prime Minister until the 2023 elections, with the following 
         | parties holding posts in his cabinet ahead of the election: 
         |
         | - United Reform Action (URA, PARTY D, NUMERICAL CODE 499004)
         | - Democrats (PARTY I, NUMERICAL CODE 499099)
         | - Bosniak Party (BS, PARTY E, NUMERICAL CODE 499005)
         | - Socialist People's Party (SNP, PARTY F, NUMERICAL CODE 499006)
         | - Croatian Civic Initiative (HGI, NUMERICAL CODE 499012)
         |
         | Voters for any of these parties or their associated electoral 
         | coalitions for the 2023 election are classified as having voted 
         | for the incumbent government. However, researchers are advised 
         | that the SNP (PARTY F) participated in an electoral coalition 
         | with the Democratic Alliance (DEMOS, NUMERICAL CODE 499016) in
         | the 2023 election. DEMOS did not hold any government portfolio 
         | in the outgoing government.
         | Further, the Albanian Alternative (AA) held one ministry before 
         | the 2023 election. As none of the respondents indicated to have 
         | voted for the AA's electoral coalition, the Albanian Forum, 
         | in the current election, that incumbent party is disregarded 
         | for F3011_OUTGOV.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F3011_OUTGOV
         |
         | In North Macedonia, a technical government was sworn in on 
         | January 28, 2024, 100 days ahead of election day. 
         | The transitional government, headed by Talat Xhaferi (DUI, 
         | PARTY C), the country's first ethnic Albanian Prime Minister, 
         | was mainly tasked with administering the upcoming parliamentary 
         | elections. 
         | The tradition of setting up a provisional government ahead of 
         | elections dates back to the 2015 Przino Agreement, which 
         | followed a political and institutional crisis in North 
         | Macedonia sparked by wiretapping allegations against the 
         | then incumbent Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski. The Przino 
         | agreement, negotiated between the main political parties with 
         | support of the European Union, foresees the creation of a 
         | provisional government ahead of parliamentary elections that 
         | also involves ministers from the opposition, thereby fostering
         | free and fair elections. 
         |
         | Following the CSES coding conventions, incumbent vote choice is
         | classified based on the latest cabinet in office ahead of the
         | election, i.e., the Xhaferi government. 
         | The following parties held posts in this transitional
         | government:
         | - Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic
         |   Party for Macedonian National Unity (VMRO-DPMNE, PARTY A, 
         |   NUMERICAL CODE 807001).
         | - Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (SDSM, PARTY B, NUMERICAL 
         |   CODE 807002).
         | - Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).
         | - Democratic Union for Integration (DUI, PARTY C, NUMERICAL CODE 
         |   807003.
         | - Alliance for Albanians (AA).
         | Voters for any of these parties or their associated electoral 
         | coalitions for the 2024 election are classified as having voted 
         | for the incumbent government.
         |
         | Still, researchers are advised that transitional governments 
         | based on the Przino Agreement, also formed in 2016 and 2020, are 
         | mainly tasked with organizing elections, do not contest for 
         | re-election, and assign portfolios to the opposition. 
         | Consequently, the preceding  cabinet, headed by Prime Minister 
         | Dimitar Kovacevski (SDSM), did not involve VMRO-DPMNE, the major 
         | opposition party at the time.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F3011_OUTGOV
         |
         | Respondents are classified as incumbent voters if they voted for
         | the United Right electoral coalition (NUMERICAL CODE 616001) led
         | by Law and Justice (PiS). For the 2023 election, United Right 
         | consisted of the following member parties: 
         | - Law and Justice (PiS), PARTY A.
         | - Sovereign Poland (SP), PARTY G, NUMERICAL CODE 616007.
         | - The Republicans.
         | - Kukiz'15.
         | Law and Justice, Sovereign Poland and the Republicans held 
         | cabinet posts in the outgoing government by Prime Minister 
         | Mateusz Morawiecki (PiS). Formally, Kukiz'15 was not part of the 
         | government, but supported it in parliament from 2021 to 2022. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022): F3011_OUTGOV
         |
         | Portuguese 2022 snap elections were called when the budget,
         | proposed by the Socialist minority government, was rejected in
         | the Parliament. The Left Bloc (BE) and the Portuguese Communist
         | Party (PCP), both of whom had previously supported the
         | government, joined the center-right to right-wing opposition
         | parties and rejected the budget. After that, the Portuguese
         | President announced a snap election.
         | Thus, F3011_OUTGOV was only coded as "1. VOTED FOR THE OUTGOING
         | GOVERNMENT (INCUMBENT)" for those respondents who voted for 
         | PARTY A, the Socialist Party (NUMERICAL CODE 620001) in 
         | F3011_LH_PL.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F3011_OUTGOV
         |   
         | At the time of the election, Slovakia was led by an interim 
         | technocratic government, which was appointed by the President 
         | between May 15, 2023 and October 25, 2023, until the new 
         | government formed after an early election on September 30, 2023. 
         | Because of this, F3011_OUTGOV was coded as "9999996. NOT 
         | ASCERTAINED /INCUMBENT CANDIDATE/PARTY DID NOT CONTEST." Before 
         | the technocratic government, the Slovakian parliament was led by 
         | Eduard Heger from Ordinary People - Independent Personalities 
         | (OlaNO).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F3011_OUTGOV
         |
         | F3011_OUTGOV classifies respondents as incumbent voters if they 
         | voted for the Social Democrats in F3011_LH_PL (SAP, PARTY A, 
         | NUMERICAL CODE 752001).
         | After incumbent Prime Minister Stefan Lofven (SAP) retired in 
         | November 2021, former finance minister Magdalena Andersson (SAP) 
         | became Prime Minister, and the first female holding this 
         | position. However, the Greens (MG), who previously formed a 
         | minority government with the SAP, left the coalition shortly 
         | after Andersson's budget proposal failed to win a majority in 
         | parliament. The now single-party SAP minority government 
         | - approved by the Riksdag shortly after - remained in office 
         | until election day, and is hence used for classifying voters in
         | F3011_OUTGOV.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F3011_OUTGOV
         | 
         | The Federal Council of Switzerland functions as the collective
         | executive in Switzerland. Because the Federal President rotates
         | among its members from each of the parties on a fixed, annual
         | basis, no incumbent was coded.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F3011_OUTGOV
         |
         | For Taiwan 2024, respondents are coded as having voted for the 
         | incumbent if they voted for Tsai Ing-wen's party, the Democratic 
         | Progressive Party (DPP, PARTY A, NUMERICAL CODE 158001), in the 
         | current Presidential election.
         | Incumbent President Tsai Ing-wen served as President of Taiwan 
         | for two consecutive terms from 2016 to 2024, and was hence 
         | ineligible for re-election due to term limits. 
         | For the 2024 Presidential election, the DPP nominated Lai 
         | Ching-te (LEADER A).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3011_VS_1  >>> VOTE SWITCHER BETWEEN CURRENT ELECTION AND PREVIOUS ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether or not the respondent reports voting for the same 
         party/coalition in the current and previous election.
         ..................................................................

            0. DID NOT SWITCH (VOTED FOR SAME PARTY/COALITION 
               IN CURRENT & PREVIOUS ELECTION)
            1. SWITCHER (CHANGED VOTE IN CURRENT ELECTION FROM 
               PREVIOUS ELECTION)

            9. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: DERIVATIVE VARIABLE (BASED ON CORE)

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3011_VS_1
         |
         | F3011_VS_1 ascertains whether or not the respondent reports 
         | voting for the same party/coalition in the current and previous
         | election or whether the respondent reports voting for a different
         | party/ coalition in the current election from the previous 
         | election. 
         | F3011_VS_1 is constructed based on the respondent's reported
         | vote choice in the current and previous main election.
         | In polities where multiple elections took place simultaneously,
         | F3011_VS_1 reports the vote-switching behavior in the main 
         | election.
         |
         | CSES classifies the main election based on the regime
         | (executive) type and the election in which the CSES survey has
         | been administered. For polities rated as parliamentary systems,
         | CSES classifies the main election as elections to the lower house
         | for most studies. It deviates for a few cases when elections to
         | the upper house constitute the main election, usually due to the
         | respective CSES study focusing on the upper house contest.
         | For polities rated as Presidential systems, CSES conventionally
         | classifies the main election as the Presidential election. It
         | sometimes deviates when data for the Presidential election is
         | unavailable (e.g., when the CSES survey was administered in a
         | midterm election). For polities rated as mixed systems, CSES
         | has tended to classify the main election as elections to the
         | lower house. However, it sometimes deviates depending on data
         | availability. Users are advised to consult the table listed in
         | VARIABLE NOTES for F3010_ME specifying the main election for 
         | each study in CSES for specific details.
         |
         | Respondents are classified as "0. DID NOT SWITCH" when they
         | expressed a vote choice for the same party/coalition in the
         | current and previous election. In instances where a coalition is
         | competing in the current or previous election, and the parties
         | that comprise that coalition are competing individually in the
         | previous/current election, respondents who report voting for
         | the coalition and/or one of the parties comprising the coalition
         | are classified as "0. DID NOT SWITCH." Details of these cases
         | are specified in ELECTION STUDY NOTES below. 
         |
         | Respondents are classified as "1. SWITCHER" when their reported
         | vote in the current election differs from their reported vote 
         | in the previous election. Further, respondents are classified as
         | "1. SWITCHER" when they report voting in one election (current
         | or previous) for a party/coalition that did not exist or
         | contest in the other (current or previous) election.
         |
         | Respondents are classified as "9. MISSING" when data about
         | their vote choice in the current and/or previous election is
         | unavailable, if they report that they don't know who they
         | voted for, or if they refused to answer the question. 
         | Additionally, respondents who report voting for an independent  
         | candidate or other parties without further specification are 
         | classified as "9. MISSING."
         | In instances where current and previous vote choice refer to 
         | different types of elections, e.g., the current main election is
         | Presidential but previous vote choice refers to the lower
         | house election only, these studies are set to "9. MISSING".

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F3011_VS_1
         |
         | Two Presidential candidates changed party affiliations between 
         | the previous 2018 election and the current 2022 election, 
         | namely:
         | Jair Bolsonaro (LEADER B) contested the previous 2018 election 
         | as a candidate of the Social Liberal Party (PSL, NUMERICAL CODE 
         | 076033) but left the party in 2019 - joining the Liberal Party 
         | (PL, PARTY B, NUMERICAL CODE 076002) in November 2021.
         | Geraldo Alckmin (LEADER G) contested the previous 2018 election 
         | for the Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB, PARTY F, 
         | NUMERICAL CODE 076012) but left the party in 2021 to join the 
         | Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB, PARTY G, NUMERICAL CODE 076013).
         | In 2022, Alckmin contested on the Workers' Party ticket (PT, 
         | PARTY A, NUMERICAL CODE 076001) as Lula da Silva's vice-
         | Presidential candidate.
         | Researchers are advised that for Brazil, vote-switching 
         | behavior in F3011_VS_1 is based on respondents' party choice 
         | rather than candidate choice, to ensure a consistent approach 
         | with other studies. Hence, voters who voted for Bolsonaro's
         | Social Liberal Party in the previous election and for the 
         | Liberal Party in the current election are classified as 
         | "1. SWITCHER" in F3011_VS_1. 
         | Likewise, respondents voting for Alckmin's PSDB in the previous 
         | election and for the Workers' Party in the current election 
         | are classified as "1. SWITCHER" in F3011_VS_1.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F3011_VS_1
         |
         | Together! (DPS-SD-DUA-LP, NUMERICAL CODE: 499002) was an 
         | electoral coalition participating in the current 2023 lower 
         | house election. This coalition consisted of the following 
         | parties: Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS), NUMERICAL CODE: 
         | 499002), Social Democrats of Montenegro (SD, NUMERICAL CODE: 
         | 499097), Democratic Union of Albanians (DUA) and Liberal Party 
         | of Montenegro (LP). 
         | Respondents who reported voting for one of these parties in the
         | previous election, and for Together! in the current election are
         | classified as "0. DID NOT SWITCH" for F3011_VS_1.  
         |
         | For the Future of Montenegro (NSD-DNP-RP, NUMERICAL CODE 499003)
         | was an electoral alliance participating in the current 2023 and 
         | previous 2020 lower house elections. In 2023, the coalition was 
         | composed of the following parties: New Serbian Democracy (NSD, 
         | NUMERICAL CODE 499003, Democratic People's Party (DNP, NUMERICAL 
         | CODE 499098), and Workers' Party (RP). However, researchers are 
         | advised that the For the Future of Montenegro alliance was 
         | supported by the following additional parties in the previous 
         | 2020 lower house election: Socialist People's Party (SNP, 
         | NUMERICAL CODE 499006), Movement for Changes (PzP, NUMERICAL 
         | CODE 499013), United Montenegro (UCG, NUMERICAL CODE 499019), 
         | True Montenegro (PCG), and Free Montenegro (SCG). The latter 
         | two parties participated in the People's Coalition in the 
         | 2023 election (DP-PCG-SCG-DSS, NUMERICAL CODE 499011).
         | Respondents who reported voting for For the Future of Montenegro 
         | in the previous election and for either this alliance, 
         | Movement for Changes or the People's Coalition in the current 
         | election are classified as "0. DID NOT SWITCH" for F3011_VS_1.  
         |
         | Aleksa and Dritan - Count Bravely! (Demokrate-URA, NUMERICAL 
         | CODE 499004) was an electoral coalition that was formed for the 
         | current lower house election. This coalition was composed of the 
         | following member parties: United Reform Action (URA, NUMERICAL 
         | CODE 499004) and Democratic Montenegro (Demokrate, NUMERICAL 
         | CODE 499099).
         | In the previous 2020 election, URA contested the election 
         | jointly with the Citizen's Union "Civis", forming the electoral 
         | coalition Civic Platform "In Black and White" (NUMERICAL CODE 
         | 499021).
         | Respondents who reported voting for the Civic Platform in the
         | previous election, and for Count Bravely! in the current election
         | election are classified as "0. DID NOT SWITCH" for F3011_VS_1. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F3011_VS_1
         |
         | "Your Macedonia" (NUMERICAL CODE: 807001) was an electoral 
         | coalition participating in the current 2024 lower house election. 
         | This coalition was led by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary 
         | Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity
         | (VMRO-DPMNE) and comprised 21 additional smaller parties. 
         | For the previous 2020 election, VMRO-DPMNE was the dominant 
         | member of the "Renewal of Macedonia" coalition. 
         | Due to VMRO-DPMNE's dominance in both alliances, respondents who 
         | reported voting for "Your Macedonia" in the current election, 
         | and the "Renewal of Macedonia" coalition in the previous 
         | election are classified as "0. DID NOT SWITCH" for F3011_VS_1.  
         | Still, researchers are advised that some of the smaller 
         | coalition members changed affiliations between contests, most
         | notably the Besa Movement (BESA, NUMERICAL CODE: 807010), which 
         | was part of the "Your Macedonia" coalition in the previous 
         | election, but joined the Vlen Coalition (PARTY D, NUMERICAL 
         | CODE: 807004) for the current election. 
         |
         | "For a European Future" (NUMERICAL CODE: 807002) was an 
         | electoral coalition participating in the current 2024 lower 
         | house election. 
         | This coalition was led by the Social Democratic Union of 
         | Macedonia (SDSM) and comprised 13 additional smaller parties. 
         | For the previous 2020 election, SDSM was the dominant member of
         | the "We can" coalition. 
         | Due to SDSM's dominance in both alliances, respondents who 
         | reported voting for "For a European Future" in the current 
         | election, and the "We can" coalition in the previous election 
         | are classified as "0. DID NOT SWITCH" for F3011_VS_1.  
         | Still, researchers are advised that some of the smaller 
         | coalition members changed affiliations between contests.
         |
         | "European Front" (NUMERICAL CODE: 807003) was an electoral 
         | coalition that was formed for the current lower house election.
         | This coalition was composed of the following member parties:
         | - Democratic Union for Integration (DUI), PARTY C, NUMERICAL  
         |   CODE 807003.
         | - Democratic Party of Albanians (DPA), NUMERICAL CODE 807013.
         | - Alliance for Albanians (Ziadin Sela group), NUMERICAL CODE 
         |   807009.
         | - People's Movement.
         | - Democratic Party of Turks of Macedonia (DPT).
         | - Movement of the Turks of Macedonia for Justice and Democracy.
         | - Roma Union.
         | - European Democratic Party.
         | - Bosniak Democratic Union.
         | Respondents who reported voting for DUI or DPA in the previous 
         | election and the "European Front" current election are 
         | classified as "0. DID NOT SWITCH" for F3011_VS_1.
         |
         | "Bravely for Macedonia" (NUMERICAL CODE: 807007) was an electoral
         | coalition that was formed for the current lower house election.
         | This coalition was composed of the following member parties:
         | - Citizen Option for Macedonia (GROM), NUMERICAL CODE 807014.
         | - Party for the Full Emancipation of the Roma of Macedonia 
         |  (PCERM).
         | - Integra - Macedonian Conservative Party, NUMERICAL CODE 807018.
         | Respondents who reported voting for one of these parties in the
         | previous election, and for "Bravely for Macedonia" in the 
         | current election are classified as "0. DID NOT SWITCH" for 
         | F3011_VS_1.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F3011_VS_1
         |
         | The following four alliances participated in the current and 
         | previous lower house election:
         | - United Right (ZP, NUMERICAL CODE 616001)
         | - Civic Coalition (KO, NUMERICAL CODE 616002)
         | - The Left (NUMERICAL CODE 616004)
         | - Confederation Liberty and Independence (Konfederacja, 
         |   NUMERICAL CODE 616006).
         | Voters who voted for any of these alliances in the current
         | election and for their respective predecessor in the previous 
         | election are classified as "0. DID NOT SWITCH" in F3011_VS_1.
         | Details on the composition of each of these electoral coalitions
         | are provided in Codebook Part 3.
         |
         | Further, researchers are advised that Third Way (TD, NUMERICAL 
         | CODE 616003) was an alliance participating in the current lower
         | house election. This coalition consisted of the following 
         | parties:
         | - Szymon Holownia's Poland 2050 (PL2050), PARTY C.
         | - Polish People's Party (PSL), PARTY E, NUMERICAL CODE 616005.
         | - Agreement, NUMERICAL CODE 616014.
         | - Union of European Democrats (UED).
         | - Center for Poland (CdPL).
         | In the previous 2020 election, PSL formed the electoral coalition
         | "Polish Coalition" (NUMERICAL CODE 616015) together with UED as 
         | well, further supported by the Alliance of Democrats (SD),  
         | Silesians Together, Poland Needs Us, and One-PL.
         | Respondents who reported voting for the Third Way in the current
         | election, and for the Polish Coalition in the previous election
         | are classified as "0. DID NOT SWITCH" for F3011_VS_1.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F3011_VS_1
         |
         | Democratic Alliance (AD, NUMERICAL CODE: 620101) was an 
         | electoral coalition participating in the current 2024 lower 
         | house election. This coalition consisted of the following 
         | parties: Social Democratic Party (PPD/PSD, NUMERICAL CODE 
         | 620101), and Democratic and Social Center - People's Party 
         | (CDS-PP, NUMERICAL CODE 620109).
         | Respondents who reported voting for one of these parties in the
         | previous election, and for the Democratic Alliance in the current
         | election are classified as "0. DID NOT SWITCH" for F3011_VS_1.  

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F3011_VS_1
         |
         | In the previous 2020 parliamentary election, Progressive 
         | Slovakia (PS, NUMERICAL CODE: 703002) formed an alliance with
         | Democrats (NUMERICAL CODE: 703010). Respondents who reported
         | voting for the alliance in the previous election, and either for
         | Progressive Slovakia (703002) or Democrats (703010) in the 
         | current election are classified as "0. DID NOT SWITCH" for 
         | F3011_VS_1.
         |
         | Respondents who have voted for For The People (NUMERICAL CODE: 
         | 703019) in the previous 2020 election and for OLaNO and Friends 
         | (NUMERICAL CODE: 703004) in the 2023 election were not coded as 
         | switching because the former one merged into the latter. 
         |
         | Respondents who have voted for the Hungarian Community 
         | Togetherness (NUMERICAL CODE: 703020) in the previous 2020 
         | election and for the Hungarian Alliance (NUMERICAL CODE: 703009) 
         | in the 2023 election were not coded as switching because the
         | former one merged into the latter. 
         |
         | Respondents who have voted for Good Choice (NUMERICAL CODE: 
         | 703021) in the previous 2020 election and for Voice - Social 
         | Democracy (NUMERICAL CODE: 703003) in the 2023 election were not 
         | coded as switching because the former one merged into the latter. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F3011_VS_1
         |
         | One Presidential candidate changed party affiliations between 
         | the previous 2018 election and the current 2023 election:
         | Muharrem Ince contested the previous 2018 election as a candidate
         | of the Republican People's Party (CHP, PARTY B, NUMERICAL CODE 
         | 792002) but left the party in 2021 to form the Homeland Party 
         | (Memleket, PARTY D, NUMERICAL CODE 792004).
         | Researchers are advised that for Turkiye, vote-switching behavior
         | in F3011_VS_1 is based on respondents' party choice rather than
         | candidate choice, to ensure a consistent approach with other 
         | studies. Hence, voters who voted for the CHP in the previous 
         | election and for Memleket in the current election are classified
         | as "1. SWITCHER" in F3011_VS_1.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3011_LR_CSES  >>> CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - 
                   VOTE FOR LEFTIST/CENTER/RIGHTIST - CSES
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether or not the respondent reports voting for a leftist/center/
         rightist party/candidate of the party, based on CSES Collaborators
         experts' judgment of parties' ideology.
         ..................................................................

            1. VOTED FOR LEFTIST PARTY/CANDIDATE
            2. VOTED FOR CENTER PARTY/CANDIDATE
            3. VOTED FOR RIGHTIST PARTY/CANDIDATE

            9. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: DERIVATIVE VARIABLE (BASED ON CORE)

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3011_LR_CSES
         |
         | F3011_LR_CSES details whether or not the respondent reports 
         | voting for a leftist/center/rightist party/candidate of the 
         | party. The classification is based on CSES Collaborators experts'
         | judgment of parties' ideology and the respondents' reported vote 
         | choice. 
         |
         | F3011_LR_CSES is available for voters who reported voting for a 
         | party where expert judgments are available (i.e., for parties 
         | receiving an alphabetical classification by CSES). For more 
         | details on which parties/coalitions receive alphabetical 
         | classification, see "CSES MODULE 6 CODING OF PARTIES/COALITIONS
         | & LEADERS" in Codebook Part 3. 
         |
         | F3011_LR_CSES differentiates voters based on expert judgments
         | of the CSES Collaborators on the left-right ideology scale. 
         | Collaborators assign parties scores on an 11-point scale ranging
         | from "0. LEFT" to "10. RIGHT" for all parties assigned an 
         | alphabetical code by CSES. The expert judgment data by party 
         | are available in variable F5029_.  
         |
         | The coding of F3011_LR_CSES is based on F3100_LR_CSES. 
         | For F3100_LR_CSES, CSES linked the CSES Collaborator expert 
         | judgment with the reported vote choice of the respondent in the 
         | main election. A respondent who reports voting for a party/
         | candidate of PARTY A is assigned the value the CSES Collaborator 
         | gave to PARTY A in the said election on the left-right scale 
         | (and so on for PARTY B, PARTY C etc...). CSES reports these 
         | values in variable F3100_LR_CSES.          
         |
         | These scores provided in F3100_LR_CSES have then been 
         | re-classified for F3011_LR_CSES to establish whether a 
         | respondent voted for a leftist, center or rightist party/
         | candidate. Scores assigned by Collaborators are recoded into a 
         | trichotomy as follows: 
         |
         |          F3011_LR_CSES         CSES Collaborators Rating
         |-----------------------------------------------------------------
         |                     01.      0.0 -  3.9
         |                     02.      4.0 -  6.0
         |                     03.      6.1 - 10.0
         | 
         | In polities where multiple elections took place simultaneously, 
         | this variable reports the vote choice in the main election. 
         |
         | CSES classifies the main election based on the regime
         | (executive) type and the election in which the CSES survey has
         | been administered. For polities rated as parliamentary systems,
         | CSES classifies the main election as elections to the lower house
         | for most studies. It deviates for a few cases when elections to
         | the upper house constitute the main election, usually due to the
         | respective CSES study focusing on the upper house contest.
         | For polities rated as Presidential systems, CSES conventionally
         | classifies the main election as the Presidential election. It
         | sometimes deviates when data for the Presidential election is
         | unavailable (e.g., when the CSES survey was administered in a
         | midterm election). For polities rated as mixed systems, CSES
         | has tended to classify the main election as elections to the
         | lower house. However, it sometimes deviates depending on data
         | availability. Users are advised to consult the table listed in
         | VARIABLE NOTES for F3010_ME specifying the main election for 
         | each study in CSES for specific details.  
         |         
         | Data are unavailable primarily because Collaborator expert 
         | judgments of parties were not provided for certain election
         | studies. 
         |
         | Data are unavailable for TAIWAN (2024) and UNITED STATES (2024).         

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F3011_LR_CSES
         |
         | For the NUMERICAL CODE 703004, the classification in 
         | F3011_LR_CSES refers exclusively to the expert rating of 
         | Ordinary People - Independent Personalities (OLaNO), 
         | even though respondents were able to indicate voting for an 
         | alliance in F3011_LH_PL (OLaNO and Friends, NUMERICAL CODE
         | 703004).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3011_LR_MARPOR >>> CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE FOR LEFTIST/RIGHTIST
                    (RILE) - MARPOR/CMP
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether or not the respondent reports voting for a leftist or 
         rightist party or candidate of the party, based on MARPOR's "RILE"
         index value. 
         ..................................................................

            0. VOTED FOR LEFTIST PARTY/CANDIDATE
            1. VOTED FOR RIGHTIST PARTY/CANDIDATE

            9. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: DERIVATIVE VARIABLE (BASED ON CORE)

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3011_LR_MARPOR
         |
         | F3011_LR_MARPOR details whether or not the respondent reports
         | voting for a leftist or rightist party or candidate of the party.
         | The classification is based on MARPOR's "RILE" index value 
         | assigned to the party based on the manifesto the party contested
         | the election on and the respondents' reported vote choice. 
         |
         | F3011_LR_MARPOR is available for voters who reported voting for a 
         | party receiving an alphabetical classification by CSES, and for
         | which MARPOR "rile" index data is available. For more details on
         | which parties/coalitions receive alphabetical classification,
         | see "CSES MODULE 6 CODING OF PARTIES/COALITIONS & LEADERS" in 
         | Codebook Part 3.
         |
         | F3011_LR_MARPOR differentiates voters who voted for a leftist/
         | rightist party/candidate of a party based on the Manifesto
         | Research on Political Representation (MARPOR/CMP) data.
         | F3011_LR_MARPOR is based on the "RILE" index. The index was
         | developed by Laver and Budge (1992). It takes 24 categories (12
         | are defined as right-wing and 12 as left-wing) and subtracts the
         | sum of all right-wing items from the sum of all left-wing items.
         | The RILE index ranges from -100 (if a party only mentions left-
         | wing issues in its program) and +100 (if a party only mentions
         | right-wing issues in its program). However, these are the 
         | theoretical maximum and minimum values which are empirically
         | rare.
         |
         | More information about MARPOR/CMP data and the RILE index can 
         | be found at https://manifestoproject.wzb.eu/
         | (Date accessed: April 02, 2024).
         | 
         | The coding of F3011_LR_MARPOR is based on F3100_LR_MARPOR. 
         | For F3100_LR_MARPOR, CSES linked the MARPOR/CMP data with the 
         | reported vote choice of the respondent in the main election.
         | A respondent who reports voting for a party/candidate of PARTY A 
         | is assigned the value the MARPOR/CMP RILE index gives to PARTY A
         | in the said election (and so on for PARTY B, PARTY C etc...). 
         | CSES reports these values in variable F3100_LR_MARPOR.        
         |
         | These scores provided in F3100_LR_MARPOR have then been 
         | re-classified for F3011_LR_MARPOR to establish whether a 
         | respondent voted for a leftist/rightist party/candidate. RILE 
         | Scores assigned by MARPOR/CMP are recoded into a dichotomy as 
         | follows: 
         |
         |       F3011_LR_MARPOR         MARPOR RILE index
         |-----------------------------------------------------------------
         |                    00.        -100 - -0.01
         |                    01.        0.01 - 100.0
         |
         | When a party scores 0.00 on the RILE index, that usually means
         | that there is not enough data on the dimensions available to 
         | construct a reliable RILE estimate. These cases have been set to
         | "9. MISSING".       
         | 
         | In polities where multiple elections took place simultaneously, 
         | this variable reports the vote choice in the main election. 
         |
         | CSES classifies the main election based on the regime
         | (executive) type and the election in which the CSES survey has
         | been administered. For polities rated as parliamentary systems,
         | CSES classifies the main election as elections to the lower house
         | for most studies. It deviates for a few cases when elections to
         | the upper house constitute the main election, usually due to the
         | respective CSES study focusing on the upper house contest.
         | For polities rated as Presidential systems, CSES conventionally
         | classifies the main election as the Presidential election. It
         | sometimes deviates when data for the Presidential election is
         | unavailable (e.g., when the CSES survey was administered in a
         | midterm election). For polities rated as mixed systems, CSES
         | has tended to classify the main election as elections to the
         | lower house. However, it sometimes deviates depending on data
         | availability. Users are advised to consult the table listed in
         | VARIABLE NOTES for F3010_ME specifying the main election for 
         | each study in CSES for specific details.  
         |
         | CSES and MARPOR/CMP have different scopes of parties/coalitions 
         | in elections and thus corresponding values assigned to
         | parties/coalitions by CSES Collaborators may be unavailable in
         | MARPOR/CMP and vice versa. 
         | In this variable, the L-R classifications assigned by MARPOR/CMP 
         | (originally available in F3100_MARPOR) are transformed into a
         | dichotomous variable.
         | Meanwhile, the L-R classifications assigned by CSES Collaborators
         | (available in F3011_LR_CSES and originally in F3100_LR_CSES and
         | F5029_ respectively) are transformed into a three-category
         | variable. Consequently, users are advised that this results in
         | some parties/coalitions falling into different categorizations
         | on F3011_LR_CSES and F3011_LR_MARPOR.
         |
         | Users are advised that CSES and MARPOR/CMP sometimes classify
         | coalitions differently in elections and across polities. For
         | example, CSES sometimes has data solely on coalitions and not 
         | the parties comprising the alliance, while MARPOR/CMP may have 
         | data concerning the individual parties in the coalition, or 
         | vice versa. Consequently, some parties may have multiple 
         | identifiers within the MARPOR/CMP dataset across time. A non 
         | comprehensive list of these deviations is noted in Part 3  
         | of the CSES Module Codebook in ELECTION STUDY NOTES.  
         |         
         | In certain elections, there can be little intra-study variation  
         | on this variable as all the main parties (i.e., those receiving 
         | most votes) are classified in one category (e.g., they are
         | all designated by MARPOR/CMP to have minus scores, and 
         | consequently, all are deemed to be on the left of the ideological
         | spectrum). 
         | Intra-study variation can be obtained by consulting variable 
         | F3100_LR_MARPOR. 
         |         
         | Data are unavailable primarily because some polities which are
         | in the CSES are not represented in the MARPOR/CMP dataset.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024), DENMARK (2022), 
         | FRANCE (2022), NEW ZEALAND (2023), NORTH MACEDONIA (2024), 
         | POLAND (2023), PORTUGAL (2024), SLOVAKIA (2023), SLOVENIA
         | (2022), SWITZERLAND (2023), TAIWAN (2024) and TURKIYE (2023).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3011_IF_CSES  >>> CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE CHOICE BY IDEOLOGICAL
                   FAMILY CLASSIFICATION - CSES
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondents' reported vote choice by the ideological family of the
         party/candidate of the party, based on CSES Collaborators experts' 
         classifications.
         ..................................................................

             01. VOTED FOR A SOCIALIST PARTY
             02. VOTED FOR AN ECOLOGY PARTY
             03. VOTED FOR A SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY
             04. VOTED FOR A LIBERAL PARTY
             05. VOTED FOR A CHRISTIAN DEMOCRAT PARTY
             06. VOTED FOR A CONSERVATIVE PARTY
             07. VOTED FOR A NATIONAL PARTY

             10. VOTED FOR A PARTY OF OTHER CLASSIFICATION

             97. NOT APPLICABLE
             98. NO IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY MENTIONED
             99. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: DERIVATIVE VARIABLE (BASED ON CORE)

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3011_IF_CSES
         |
         | F3011_IF_CSES details respondents' reported vote choice by the
         | ideological family of the party/candidate of the party.
         | The classification is based on CSES Collaborators experts' 
         | judgments of the party's ideological family and the respondents' 
         | reported vote choice. 
         |
         | F3011_IF_CSES is available for voters who reported voting for a 
         | party where expert judgments are available (i.e., for parties 
         | receiving an alphabetical classification by CSES). For more 
         | details on which parties/coalitions receive alphabetical 
         | classification see "CSES MODULE 6 CODING OF PARTIES/COALITIONS
         | & LEADERS" in Codebook Part 3. 
         |         
         | F3011_IF_CSES differentiates voters based on the expert judgment 
         | of the CSES Collaborators on the ideological family
         | classification. The expert judgment data by party are available
         | in variables F5028_.  
         |
         | The coding of F3011_IF_CSES is based on F3100_IF_CSES. 
         | For F3100_IF_CSES, CSES linked the CSES Collaborator expert 
         | judgment with the reported vote choice of the respondent in the 
         | main election. A respondent who reports voting for a party/
         | candidate of PARTY A is assigned the value the CSES Collaborator
         | gave to PARTY A in the said election on the ideological family 
         | classification (and so on for PARTY B, PARTY C etc...). 
         | CSES reports these values in variable F3100_IF_CSES.   
         |
         | These classifications provided in F3100_IF_CSES have then been 
         | re-classified for F3011_IF_CSES to establish an ideological 
         | family a respondent voted for. Scores assigned by Collaborators 
         | are recoded as follows: 
         |
         |            F3011_IF_CSES          CSES Collaborators score
         |-----------------------------------------------------------------
         |                       01.         Socialist parties
         |                       02.         Ecology parties
         |                       03.         Social Democratic parties
         |                       04.         Left Liberal parties
         |                                   Liberal parties
         |                                   Right Liberal parties
         |                       05.         Christian Democratic parties
         |                       06.         Conservative parties
         |                       07.         National parties
         |                       10.         Communist parties
         |                                   Agrarian parties
         |                                   Ethnic parties
         |                                   Regional parties
         |                                   Independent parties
         |                                   Other
         | 
         | In polities where multiple elections took place simultaneously, 
         | F3011_IF_CSES reports the vote choice in the main election. 
         |
         | CSES classifies the main election based on the regime
         | (executive) type and the election in which the CSES survey has
         | been administered. For polities rated as parliamentary systems,
         | CSES classifies the main election as elections to the lower house
         | for most studies. It deviates for a few cases when elections to
         | the upper house constitute the main election, usually due to the
         | respective CSES study focusing on the upper house contest.
         | For polities rated as Presidential systems, CSES conventionally
         | classifies the main election as the Presidential election. It
         | sometimes deviates when data for the Presidential election is
         | unavailable (e.g., when the CSES survey was administered in a
         | midterm election). For polities rated as mixed systems, CSES
         | has tended to classify the main election as elections to the
         | lower house. However, it sometimes deviates depending on data
         | availability. Users are advised to consult the table listed in
         | VARIABLE NOTES for F3010_ME specifying the main election for 
         | each study in CSES for specific details.
         |         
         | Data are unavailable primarily because Collaborator expert 
         | judgments of parties were not provided for certain election
         | studies. 
         |
         | Data are unavailable for TAIWAN (2024) and UNITED STATES (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3012_1     >>> Q11a. SATISFACTION ABOUT VOTE: VOTERS FOR PARTY/CANDIDATE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q11a. Are you very satisfied, fairly satisfied, not very satisfied,
               or not at all satisfied with your decision to vote for the 
               party/candidate you voted for in the last election?
         ..................................................................
         
             1. VERY SATISFIED
             2. FAIRLY SATISFIED
             4. NOT VERY SATISFIED
             5. NOT AT ALL SATISFIED

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9. MISSING        


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: MODULE THEME 

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3012_1
         |
         | F3012_1 should have only been asked for those respondents who
         | reported to have voted for a party or candidate in the current
         | main election (F3011_).
         | Still, in the following polities, F3012_1 was administered to 
         | all respondents who cast a vote in the main election as specified
         | in F3010 (TURNOUT: MAIN ELECTION), irrespective of whether these
         | respondents specified a party/candidate vote in F3011_: 
         | BRAZIL (2022), MONTENEGRO (2023), PORTUGAL (2024), SLOVAKIA 
         | (2023), and SWITZERLAND (2023).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F3012_1
         |
         | For the New Zealand (2023) survey, which was conducted based on 
         | self-administered questionnaires, F3012_1 and F3012_3 were 
         | simplified and combined into one joint question. For measuring
         | respondents' satisfaction with their vote choice or non-vote, 
         | they were asked "How satisfied were you with your decision you
         | made about voting or not voting?". Hence, the same survey item
         | was used to code F3012_1 (VOTE FOR PARTY/CANDIDATE) and F3012_3
         | (NON-VOTERS). F3012_1 reports answers for respondents who 
         | reported having cast a party-list vote, a district-candidate 
         | vote, or both in the current lower house election. Hence, the 
         | coding of F3012_1 assumes that voters were ascribing the question
         | to their party/candidate choice when answering. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022): F3012_1
         |
         | In the Portugal (2022) study, respondents who answered "Don't
         | answer" and "Don't know" to the vote choice question were still
         | allowed to answer questions about their satisfaction with voting
         | for a party/candidate. These respondents are set to missing for
         | F3012_1.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3012_2     >>> Q11b. SATISFACTION ABOUT VOTE: BLANK/INVALID VOTES
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q11b. Are you very satisfied, fairly satisfied, not very satisfied,
               or not at all satisfied with your decision to vote blank/
               invalid in the last election?
         ..................................................................
         
             1. VERY SATISFIED
             2. FAIRLY SATISFIED
             4. NOT VERY SATISFIED
             5. NOT AT ALL SATISFIED

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9. MISSING        


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: MODULE THEME 

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3012_2
         |
         | F3012_2 should have only been asked for those respondents who
         | reported to have cast a blank/invalid vote in the current
         | main election (F3011_).
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRALIA (2022), NEW ZEALAND (2023),
         | SWITZERLAND (2023), and UNITED STATES (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3012_3     >>> Q11c. SATISFACTION ABOUT VOTE: NON-VOTERS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q11c. Are you very satisfied, fairly satisfied, not very satisfied,
               or not at all satisfied with your decision not to vote in 
               the last election?
         ..................................................................
         
             1. VERY SATISFIED
             2. FAIRLY SATISFIED
             4. NOT VERY SATISFIED
             5. NOT AT ALL SATISFIED

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9. MISSING        


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: MODULE THEME 

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3012_3
         |
         | F3012_3 should have only been asked for those respondents who
         | reported not to have turned out in the current main election
         | (as assessed in variable F3010).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F3012_3
         |
         | In the Brazilian 2022 study, all respondents not selecting 
         | "1. RESPONDENT CAST A BALLOT" in F3010_PR_1 were asked 
         | F3012_3. This includes respondents who refused to provide 
         | their turnout (N = 1) and those who did not remember whether 
         | they turned out to vote or not in F3010_PR_1 (N = 2). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F3012_3
         |
         | For the New Zealand (2023) survey, which was conducted based on 
         | self-administered questionnaires, F3012_1 and F3012_3 were 
         | simplified and combined into one joint question. For measuring
         | respondents' satisfaction with their vote choice or non-vote, 
         | they were asked "How satisfied were you with your decision you
         | made about voting or not voting?". Hence, the same survey item
         | was used to code F3012_1 (VOTE FOR PARTY/CANDIDATE) and F3012_3
         | (NON-VOTERS). F3012_3 reports answers for respondents who 
         | reported having neither cast a party-list vote, nor a district-
         | candidate vote in the current lower house election. Hence, the 
         | coding of F3012_3 assumes that non-voters were ascribing the 
         | question to their decision not to turn out to vote when 
         | answering. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3013       >>> Q12. SATISFACTION ABOUT VARIETY OF CHOICE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
         
         Q12. Are you very satisfied, fairly satisfied, not very satisfied, 
              or not at all satisfied with the variety of choice in the
              election?
         ..................................................................
         
             1. VERY SATISFIED
             2. FAIRLY SATISFIED
             4. NOT VERY SATISFIED
             5. NOT AT ALL SATISFIED

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9. MISSING                               


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: MODULE THEME 

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3013
         |
         | Data are unavailable for TAIWAN (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3014       >>> Q13. FAIRNESS OF ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
         
         Q13. In some countries, people believe that the elections are 
              conducted fairly. In other countries, people believe that 
              elections are conducted unfairly. 
         
              Thinking of the election that just occurred in [COUNTRY], 
              where would you place it on a scale of one to five where ONE 
              means that the election was conducted fairly and FIVE means 
              that the election was conducted unfairly?
         ..................................................................
         
             1. ELECTION WAS CONDUCTED FAIRLY
             2. 
             3.
             4. 
             5. ELECTION WAS CONDUCTED UNFAIRLY

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9. MISSING        


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: MODULE THEME 

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3014
         |
         | Data are unavailable for TAIWAN (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3015_PR_1  >>> Q14a. PREVIOUS PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: DID RESPONDENT CAST A
                      BALLOT - 1ST ROUND
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether or not the respondent cast a ballot in the first round of
         the PREVIOUS Presidential elections.
         ..................................................................
 
             0. RESPONDENT DID NOT CAST A BALLOT
             1. RESPONDENT CAST A BALLOT

             93. VOLUNTEERED: RESPONDENT NOT REGISTERED ON ELECTORAL 
                 LISTS/NOT ELIGIBLE [IF APPLICABLE]

             95. NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT   
             96. NOT APPLICABLE: NO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS   

             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED   
             98. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW   
             
             99. MISSING   


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3015_PR_1  
         |
         | F3015_PR_1 ascertains whether or not the respondent cast a ballot
         | in the first round of the PREVIOUS Presidential elections,
         | regardless of whether or not it was valid.
         |
         | +++ TABLE: PREVIOUS PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION (1ST ROUND) AND THE  
         |            YEAR IN WHICH IT WAS HELD
         |     
         |                        Presidential        
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Election 
         | -----------------------------------------------------------
         | BRAZIL (2022)            2018
         | FRANCE (2022)            2017    
         | POLAND (2023)            2020   
         | TAIWAN (2024)            2020
         | TURKIYE (2023)           2018
         | UNITED STATES (2024)     2020
         | ----------------------------------------------------------- 
         |
         | Data are unavailable for MONTENEGRO (2023), NORTH MACEDONIA 
         | (2024) and POLAND (2023).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F3015_PR_
         |
         | For the previous 2020 Polish Presidential election, turnout and 
         | vote choice data are unavailable for the first round (F3015_PR_1
         | and F3016_PR_1). However, data are available for the second round
         | in F3015_PR_2 and F3016_PR_2, which is why the above table lists
         | the year of the previous Presidential election for Poland.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3015_PR_2  >>> Q14a. PREVIOUS PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: DID RESPONDENT CAST A
                      BALLOT - 2ND ROUND
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether or not the respondent cast a ballot in the second round of
         the PREVIOUS Presidential elections.
         ..................................................................
 
             0. RESPONDENT DID NOT CAST A BALLOT
             1. RESPONDENT CAST A BALLOT

             93. VOLUNTEERED: RESPONDENT NOT REGISTERED ON ELECTORAL 
                 LISTS/NOT ELIGIBLE [IF APPLICABLE]

             95. NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT   
             96. NOT APPLICABLE: NO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS/NO SECOND 
                 ROUND  

             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED   
             98. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW   
             
             99. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3015_PR_2
         |
         | F3015_PR_2 ascertains whether or not the respondent cast a ballot
         | in the second round of the PREVIOUS Presidential elections,
         | regardless of whether or not it was valid.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for NORTH MACEDONIA (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3015_LH    >>> Q14a. PREVIOUS LOWER HOUSE ELECTION: DID RESPONDENT CAST A
                      BALLOT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether or not the respondent cast a ballot in the PREVIOUS lower
         house elections.
         ..................................................................
 
             0. RESPONDENT DID NOT CAST A BALLOT
             1. RESPONDENT CAST A BALLOT

             93. VOLUNTEERED: RESPONDENT NOT REGISTERED ON ELECTORAL 
                 LISTS/NOT ELIGIBLE [IF APPLICABLE]

             96. NOT APPLICABLE: NO LOWER HOUSE ELECTION   
            
             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED   
             98. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW   
             
             99. MISSING  


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3015_LH
         |
         | F3015_LH ascertains whether or not the respondent cast a ballot
         | in the PREVIOUS lower house elections, regardless of whether or 
         | not it was valid.
         |
         | +++ TABLE: PREVIOUS LOWER HOUSE ELECTION AND THE YEAR IN WHICH IT
         |            WAS HELD
         |     
         |                        Lower House        
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Election 
         | -----------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)         2019    
         | AUSTRIA (2024)           2019
         | BRAZIL (2022)            2018  
         | DENMARK (2022)           2019
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)        2020
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)       2020    
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)   2020
         | POLAND (2023)            2019
         | PORTUGAL (2022)          2019
         | PORTUGAL (2024)          2022
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)          2020
         | SLOVENIA (2022)          2018
         | SWEDEN (2022)            2018
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)       2019  
         | TAIWAN (2024)            2020  
         | TURKIYE (2023)           2018 
         | UNITED STATES (2024)     2022          
         | ----------------------------------------------------------- 
         |
         | Data are unavailable for BRAZIL (2022).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F3015_LH
         |
         | For the previous 2018 Brazilian general election, turnout was 
         | assessed with an explicit reference to the Presidential elections
         | only, which is why F3015_LH is unavailable for Brazil. However, 
         | researchers are advised that vote choice data for the previous
         | lower house election are available for Brazil in F3016_LH_PL, 
         | which is why the 2018 election year is specified in the VARIABLE
         | NOTES above. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F3015_LH
         |
         | For the 2020 lower house election, turnout and vote choice
         | were assessed simultaneously, such that there was no standalone
         | question assessing turnout. Specifically, respondents were 
         | asked separately for their party-list and district candidate 
         | vote in the 2020 general election, including the options 
         | "I was not eligible" and "I did not vote" in each of the 
         | two questions.
         |
         | For F3015_LH, respondents were coded as having voted if they 
         | provided a party choice for party-list vote, a district candidate 
         | vote, or both. 
         | Consequently, respondents indicating they did not vote in both
         | questions are classified as non-voters. Ineligible voters were 
         | coded analogously (applicable to those specifying "I was not 
         | eligible" in both party list and district candidate questions). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F3015_LH
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |------------------------------------------------------------------
         |        00.     I am sure I did not vote in the 2022 election
         |                I am not sure whether I voted but most likely I 
         |                did not
         |                I am not sure whether I voted but most likely I
         |                did
         |        01.     I am sure I voted in the 2022 election
         |
         | Respondents who selected an option "I am not sure whether I voted
         | but most likely I did" in the Portugal (2024) study were still
         | asked to report vote choice. Hence, there are 15 respondents
         | who report vote choice, but are classified as non-voters in
         | F3015_LH.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3015_UH    >>> Q14a. PREVIOUS UPPER HOUSE ELECTION: DID RESPONDENT CAST A
                      BALLOT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether or not the respondent cast a ballot in the PREVIOUS upper
         house elections.
         ..................................................................
 
             0. RESPONDENT DID NOT CAST A BALLOT
             1. RESPONDENT CAST A BALLOT

             93. VOLUNTEERED: RESPONDENT NOT REGISTERED ON ELECTORAL 
                 LISTS / NOT ELIGIBLE [IF APPLICABLE]
           
             95. NOT APPLICABLE: UNICAMERAL SYSTEM
             96. NOT APPLICABLE: NO UPPER HOUSE ELECTION

             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             98. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
            
             99. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3015_UH
         |
         | F3015_UH ascertains whether or not the respondent cast a ballot
         | in the PREVIOUS upper house elections, regardless of whether or 
         | not it was valid.
         |
         | +++ TABLE: PREVIOUS UPPER HOUSE ELECTION AND THE YEAR IN WHICH IT
         |            WAS HELD
         |     
         |                        Upper House        
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Election 
         | -----------------------------------------------------------
         | BRAZIL (2022)             2018  
         | ----------------------------------------------------------- 
         |
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRALIA (2022), BRAZIL (2022), and
         | SWITZERLAND (2023).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F3015_UH
         |
         | For the previous 2018 Brazilian general election, turnout was 
         | assessed with an explicit reference to the Presidential elections
         | only, which is why F3015_UH is unavailable for Brazil. However, 
         | researchers are advised that vote choice data for the previous
         | upper house election are available for Brazil in F3016_UH_DC_, 
         | which is why the 2018 election year is specified in the VARIABLE
         | NOTES above.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F3015_UH
         |
         | The Swiss 2023 election study asked respondents about their 
         | participation in the past federal election in an unspecified way.
         | In 25 out of 26 cantons, upper house elections took place on the 
         | same day as the lower house elections. Therefore, researchers 
         | interested in the turnout for the previous 2019 upper house 
         | election are referred to F3015_LH (Turnout - Previous Lower 
         | House election), with the exception of respondents from Appenzell
         | Innerrhoden, where upper house elections were not held 
         | simultaneously with the lower house contest in 2019.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3016_PR_1  >>> Q14b. PREVIOUS PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - 1ST 
                      ROUND
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondent's vote choice in the first round of the PREVIOUS 
         Presidential election.
         ..................................................................

             000001-999987. [SEE PART 3 OF CODEBOOK FOR NUMERICAL PARTY/
                             COALITION CODES]

             999988. NONE OF THE CANDIDATES
             999989. INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE
             999990. OTHER LEFT-WING CANDIDATE 
             999991. OTHER RIGHT-WING CANDIDATE
             999992. OTHER CANDIDATE (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)
             999993. INVALID/BLANK BALLOT

             999995. NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT
             999996. NOT APPLICABLE: NO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 

             999997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED 
             999998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW 
             
             999999. MISSING/ABSTAINED (DID NOT VOTE)


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3016_PR_1
         |
         | F3016_PR_1 details the respondent's vote choice for President
         | in the first round of the PREVIOUS election, if applicable and
         | the respondent cast a ballot in the Presidential election.
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 
         | of the CSES Codebook. 
         | To see which election this variable refers to, see VARIABLE NOTES 
         | for F3015_PR_1.
         |
         | Respondents who mentioned not casting a ballot in the first 
         | round of the previous Presidential election (F3015_PR_1) but 
         | report a vote choice are included as it is not possible to 
         | identify why this inconsistency occurred. Users may identify
         | these cases by cross-tabulating F3015_PR_1 and F3016_PR_1 in 
         | their statistical software.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for MONTENEGRO (2023), NORTH MACEDONIA 
         | (2024) and POLAND (2023).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F3016_PR_1
         |
         | Numerical codes in F3016_PR_1 refer to the following candidates:
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE    Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        076001.     Fernando Haddad (PT)
         |        076003.     Henrique Meirelles (MDB)
         |        076004.     Ciro Gomes (PDT)
         |        076006.     Joao Amoedo (NOVO)
         |        076011.     Jose Maria Eymael (DC)
         |        076012.     Geraldo Alckmin (PSDB)
         |        076015.     Alvaro Dias (PODEMOS)
         |        076018.     Guilherme Boulos (PSOL)
         |        076023.     Cabo Daciolo (PATRIOTA)
         |        076027.     Marina Silva (REDE)
         |        076033.     Jair Bolsonaro (PSL)
         |        076035.     Joao Goulart Filho (PPL)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F3016_PR_1
         |
         | Numerical codes in F3016_PR_1 refer to the following candidates:
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE    Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        250001.     Emmanuel Macron (LREM)
         |        250002.     Marine Le Pen (RN)
         |        250003.     Jean-Luc Melenchon (FI)
         |        250005.     Francois Fillon (LR)         
         |        250007.     Jean Lassalle (Resistons!)   
         |        250009.     Nicolas Dupont-Aignan (DLF)
         |        250010.     Benoit Hamon (PS)
         |        250011.     Philippe Poutou (NPA)
         |        250012.     Nathalie Arthaud (LO)
         |        250013.     Francois Asselineau (UPR)
         |        250014.     Jacques Cheminade (S&P)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F3016_PR_1
         |
         | Numerical codes in F3016_PR_1 refer to the following candidates:
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE     Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        158001.     Tsai Ing-wen (DPP)
         |        158002.     Daniel K. Y. Han (KMT)
         |        158008.     James C. Y. Soong (PFP)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F3016_PR_1
         |
         | Numerical codes in F3016_PR_1 refer to the following candidates:
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE     Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        792001.     Recep Tayyip Erdogan (AKP)
         |        792002.     Muharrem Ince (CHP)
         |        792011.     Meral Aksener (IYI)
         |        792017.     Temel Karamollaoglu (SP)
         |        792018.     Selahattin Demirtas (HDP)


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3016_PR_2  >>> Q14b. PREVIOUS PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - 2ND 
                      ROUND
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondent's vote choice in the second round of the PREVIOUS 
         Presidential election.
         ..................................................................

             000001-999987. [SEE PART 3 OF CODEBOOK FOR NUMERICAL PARTY/
                             COALITION CODES]

             999988. NONE OF THE CANDIDATES
             999989. INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE
             999990. OTHER LEFT-WING CANDIDATE
             999991. OTHER RIGHT-WING CANDIDATE
             999992. OTHER CANDIDATE (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)
             999993. INVALID/BLANK BALLOT

             999995. NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT
             999996. NOT APPLICABLE: NO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION/ 
                     NO SECOND ROUND

             999997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED 
             999998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW 
             
             999999. MISSING/ABSTAINED (DID NOT VOTE)


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3016_PR_2
         |
         | F3016_PR_2 details the respondent's vote choice for President
         | in the second round of the PREVIOUS election, if applicable and
         | the respondent cast a ballot in the Presidential election.
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 
         | of the CSES Codebook. 
         | To see which election this variable refers to, see VARIABLE NOTES 
         | F3015_PR_2.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for NORTH MACEDONIA (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F3016_PR_2
         |
         | Numerical codes in F3016_PR_2 refer to the following candidates:
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE    Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        076001.     Fernando Haddad (PT)
         |        076033.     Jair Bolsonaro (PSL)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F3016_PR_2
         |
         | Numerical codes in F3016_PR_2 refer to the following candidates:
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE    Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        250001.     Emmanuel Macron (LREM)
         |        250002.     Marine Le Pen (RN)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F3016_PR_2
         |
         | Numerical codes in F3016_PR_2 refer to the following candidates:
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE    Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        616001.     Andrzej Duda (PiS)
         |        616002.     Rafal Trzaskowski (PO)


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3016_LH_PL >>> Q14b. PREVIOUS LOWER HOUSE ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - PARTY
                      LIST
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondent's vote choice for party list in the PREVIOUS lower 
         house election.
         ..................................................................

             000001-999987. [SEE PART 3 OF CODEBOOK FOR NUMERICAL PARTY/
                             COALITION CODES]

             999988. NONE OF THE CANDIDATES/PARTIES
             999989. INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE
             999990. OTHER LEFT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY 
             999991. OTHER RIGHT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY 
             999992. OTHER CANDIDATE/PARTY (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)
             999993. INVALID/BLANK BALLOT

             999995. NOT APPLICABLE: NOT A LIST SYSTEM
             999996. NOT APPLICABLE: NO LOWER HOUSE ELECTION 

             999997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED 
             999998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW 
             
             999999. MISSING/ABSTAINED (DID NOT VOTE)


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3016_LH_PL
         |
         | F3016_LH_PL details the respondent's vote choice for party list
         | in the PREVIOUS Lower House legislative election, if applicable
         | and the respondent cast a ballot.
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 
         | of the CSES Codebook. 
         | To see which election this variable refers to, see VARIABLE NOTES 
         | F3015_LH.
         |
         | Respondents who mentioned not casting a ballot in the previous
         | lower house election (F3015_LH) but report a vote choice
         | are included, as it is not possible to identify why this 
         | inconsistency occurred. Users may identify these cases by 
         | cross-tabulating F3015_LH and F3016_LH_PL in their statistical 
         | software.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F3016_LH_PL
         |
         | Members of Brazil's lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, are 
         | elected from 27 multi-member districts by open list proportional 
         | representation. 
         | Collaborators assessed vote choice for the lower house with an 
         | open-ended question, reading as: "Who did you vote for federal 
         | deputy in the 2018 election?". Interviewers were instructed to 
         | document all the details the interviewee remembered about their 
         | vote choice, such as the candidate's name and party affiliation.
         | This information was categorized by collaborators and used to 
         | code F3016_LH_PL. 
         | In classifying open-ended respondent answers, collaborators 
         | identified some incomplete or erroneous information, such as 
         | voters claiming to have voted for a candidate who either wasn't 
         | registered or contested for a different office not related to 
         | the lower house. These instances were coded as follows: 
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |    999992.     Voted for a candidate who contested a different 
         |                office (other than lower house MP)
         |                Voted for a candidate not registered with the 
         |                Superior Electoral Court (TSE)
         |                Voter in another state
         |    999993.     Invalid ballot
         |                Blank ballot

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F3016_LH_PL
         |
         | Code 620101 refers to the Social Democratic Party (PPD/PSD).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F3016_LH_PL
         |
         | In the previous 2020 parliamentary election, Progressive Slovakia
         | (PS, NUMERICAL CODE 703002) ran together in a coalition with the
         | Democrats (NUMERICAL CODE 703010). For variable F3016_LH_PL, it
         | is not perfectly distinguishable whether voters voted for 703002.
         | Progressive Slovakia or 703010. Democrats. Voters who indicated
         | to have voted for this coalition in the 2020 election have been
         | recoded into 703002, as Progressive Slovakia was the dominant 
         | party. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F3016_LH_PL
         |
         | Voters who stated that they voted for the Christian Democratic
         | People's Party of Switzerland (CVP/PDC) or the Conservative 
         | Democratic Party of Switzerland (BDP/PBD) in the previous  
         | National Council elections were coded "7560004. The Center", as
         | both parties merged into one party in 2021 and contain the same 
         | numeric code. 
         | Further, there are many small leftist parties in Switzerland. 
         | All of them are minor parties, which gather less than 1-2% of 
         | the national vote share. These are all independent parties, 
         | running only in some cantons. But because they belong to the 
         | same party family, the Swiss election study collapsed them into 
         | a single category in their questionnaires "AL - Alternative / 
         | Sol - SolidariteS / MPS - Movimento per il socialismo". Within 
         | the CSES, these parties are classified as "999990. OTHER LEFT 
         | WING CANDIDATE/PARTY". 
         | Besides, several respondents said that they "voted for persons, 
         | not parties" or that they "voted for several parties". These 
         | answers result from the peculiarities of the Swiss electoral         
         | system, which provides voters with many different options to
         | express preference votes. For instance, the Swiss electoral
         | system allows voters to select a blank list and fill in the 
         | names of candidates. Respondents who reported "voted for 
         | persons, not parties" presumably did so by taking a blank 
         | list and writing in candidates they liked without knowing or 
         | caring which party these candidates represent. This means they 
         | could vote for candidates from different parties. This is also 
         | possible when voters take a party list but modify it by crossing 
         | out some candidates and replacing them with candidates from 
         | another party (panachage). In such cases, they might end up 
         | voting for an equal number of candidates from different parties. 
         | The survey asked respondents to indicate the party from which 
         | they voted for the most candidates. However, many respondents 
         | instead wrote in an open field that they "voted for several 
         | parties" without specifying which ones. Based on national 
         | collaborators' recommendation, both cases are coded "999992. 
         | OTHER CANDIDATE/PARTY (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)".
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |    999990.     AL - Alternative / Sol - SolidariteS / MPS -
         |                Movimento per il socialismo
         |    999992.     Voted for persons, not parties
         |                Voted for several parties

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F3016_LH_PL
         |
         | One respondent with respondent ID 792020230000000868 stated to
         | have voted for the Workers' Party of Turkiye (TIP) in 
         | F3016_LH_PL. However, TIP did not contest in the previous 2018
         | election, but had candidates running on the list of the People's
         | Democratic Party (HDP, NUMERICAL CODE 792018). Consequently, the
         | respondent voting for TIP was recoded to 792018 in F3016_LH_PL.
         |
         | Two respondents with respondent IDs 792020230000000404 and
         | 792020230000001323 in F1003_1 stated to have voted for the Grand 
         | Party (BBP) in F3016_LH_PL. However, BBP did not contest in the 
         | previous 2018 election, but ran under the banner of the Justice
         | and Development Party (AKP, PARTY A, NUMERICAL CODE 792001). 
         | Consequently, the respondents voting for BBP were recoded to 
         | 792001 in F3016_LH_PL.
         |
         | Finally, one respondent with ID 792020230000000715 claimed to
         | have voted for the Homeland Party (NUMERICAL CODE 792004) in 
         | F3016_LH_PL, although that party was only founded in 2021. 
         | As collaborators cannot provide an explanation for this minor
         | anomaly, data remain unchanged.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3016_LH_DC >>> Q14c. PREVIOUS LOWER HOUSE ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - DISTRICT
                      CANDIDATE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondent's vote choice for district candidate in the PREVIOUS 
         lower house election.
         ..................................................................

             000001-999987. [SEE PART 3 OF CODEBOOK FOR NUMERICAL PARTY/
                             COALITION CODES]

             999988. NONE OF THE CANDIDATES/PARTIES
             999989. INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE
             999990. OTHER LEFT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY 
             999991. OTHER RIGHT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY 
             999992. OTHER CANDIDATE/PARTY (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)
             999993. INVALID/BLANK BALLOT

             999995. NOT APPLICABLE: NO DISTRICT CANDIDATE VOTE
             999996. NOT APPLICABLE: NO LOWER HOUSE ELECTION 
  
             999997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED 
             999998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW 
             
             999999. MISSING/ABSTAINED (DID NOT VOTE)


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3016_LH_DC
         |
         | F3016_LH_DC details the respondent's vote choice for district 
         | candidate in the PREVIOUS Lower House legislative election, if 
         | applicable and the respondent cast a ballot.
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 
         | of the CSES Codebook. 
         | To see which election this variable refers to, see VARIABLE NOTES 
         | F3015_LH.
         |
         | Respondents who mentioned not casting a ballot in the previous
         | lower house election (F3015_LH) but report a vote choice
         | are included, as it is not possible to identify why this 
         | inconsistency occurred. Users may identify these cases by 
         | cross-tabulating F3015_LH and F3016_LH_DC in their statistical 
         | software.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3016_UH_PL >>> PREVIOUS UPPER HOUSE ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - PARTY LIST
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondent's vote choice for party list in the PREVIOUS upper
         house election.
         ..................................................................

             000001-999987. [SEE PART 3 OF CODEBOOK FOR NUMERICAL PARTY/
                             COALITION CODES]

             999988. NONE OF THE CANDIDATES/PARTIES
             999989. INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE
             999990. OTHER LEFT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY 
             999991. OTHER RIGHT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY 
             999992. OTHER CANDIDATE/PARTY (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)
             999993. INVALID/BLANK BALLOT

             999995. NOT APPLICABLE: UNICAMERAL SYSTEM
             999996. NOT APPLICABLE: NO UPPER HOUSE ELECTION OR LIST VOTE

             999997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED 
             999998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW 
             
             999999. MISSING/ABSTAINED (DID NOT VOTE)


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3016_UH_PL
         |
         | F3016_UH_PL details the respondent's vote choice for party list
         | in the PREVIOUS Upper House legislative election, if applicable
         | and the respondent cast a ballot.
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 
         | of the CSES Codebook. 
         | To see which election this variable refers to, see VARIABLE NOTES 
         | F3015_UH.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3016_UH_DC_1 >>> PREVIOUS UPPER HOUSE ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - DISTRICT
                  CANDIDATE 1
F3016_UH_DC_2 >>> PREVIOUS UPPER HOUSE ELECTION: VOTE CHOICE - DISTRICT
                  CANDIDATE 2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondent's vote choice for district candidate/s in the PREVIOUS 
         upper house election.
         ..................................................................

             000001-999988. [SEE PART 3 OF CODEBOOK FOR NUMERICAL PARTY/
                             COALITION CODES]

             999988. NONE OF THE CANDIDATES/PARTIES
             999989. INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE
             999990. OTHER LEFT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY 
             999991. OTHER RIGHT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY 
             999992. OTHER CANDIDATE/PARTY (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)
             999993. INVALID/BLANK BALLOT

             999995. NOT APPLICABLE: UNICAMERAL SYSTEM
             999996. NOT APPLICABLE: NO UPPER HOUSE ELECTION OR CANDIDATE 
                     VOTE
            
             999997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED 
             999998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW 
             
             999999. MISSING/ABSTAINED (DID NOT VOTE)


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3016_UH_DC_
         |
         | F3016_UH_DC_ detail the respondent's vote choice for district 
         | candidate/s in the PREVIOUS Upper House legislative election,  
         | if applicable and the respondent cast a ballot.
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 
         | of the CSES Codebook. 
         |
         | Respondents who mentioned not casting a ballot in the previous
         | upper house election (F3015_UH) but report a vote choice
         | are included, as it is not possible to identify why this 
         | inconsistency occurred. Users may identify these cases by 
         | cross-tabulating F3015_UH and F3016_UH_DC_ in their statistical 
         | software.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRALIA (2022) and SWITZERLAND (2023).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F3016_UH_DC_
         |
         | Members of the Brazilian Senate (Senado Federal) serve a term of 
         | eight years and are elected in alternative electoral cycles. 
         | Each of Brazil's federative units (N = 27) has three Senators, 
         | such that the total N of seats is 81 (27 x 3). 
         | Two thirds of the seats (N = 54) are contested in one electoral 
         | cycle, while the remaining one-third are contested in the other.
         | As the previous 2018 elections saw two-thirds of the seats 
         | contested, voters had two votes in this election (two Senators 
         | per state were being selected). Votes for these two seats per 
         | state are classified in F3016_UH_DC_1 and F3016_UH_DC_2. However,
         | as the current 2022 election had one seat contested per state, 
         | voters cast only one vote in the current upper house elections, 
         | reported in F3011_UH_DC_1.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3017       >>> Q15. EXTERNAL EFFICACY: WHO PEOPLE VOTE FOR MAKES A BIG 
                     DIFFERENCE 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q15. Some people say that no matter who people vote for, it won't
              make any difference to what happens. Others say that who 
              people vote for can make a big difference to what happens. 
              Using the scale on this card, (where ONE means that voting 
              won't make any difference to what happens and FIVE means 
              that voting can make a big difference), where would you 
              place yourself?
         ..................................................................

             1. WHO PEOPLE VOTE FOR WON'T MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE
             2.
             3.
             4.
             5. WHO PEOPLE VOTE FOR CAN MAKE A BIG DIFFERENCE

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
             
             9. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F3017
         |
         | The wording for F3017 deviated slightly from CSES MODULE 6 
         | standards, reading as follows: "Where 1 means that voting won't 
         | make any difference to what happens and 5 means that voting can
         | make a big difference to what happens, where would you place 
         | yourself on this scale?"
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Voting won't make any difference
         |        05.     Voting can make a big difference


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3018_A     >>> Q16a. LIKE-DISLIKE - PARTY A
F3018_B     >>> Q16b. LIKE-DISLIKE - PARTY B
F3018_C     >>> Q16c. LIKE-DISLIKE - PARTY C
F3018_D     >>> Q16d. LIKE-DISLIKE - PARTY D
F3018_E     >>> Q16e. LIKE-DISLIKE - PARTY E
F3018_F     >>> Q16f. LIKE-DISLIKE - PARTY F
F3018_G     >>> Q16g. LIKE-DISLIKE - ADDITIONAL - PARTY G
F3018_H     >>> Q16h. LIKE-DISLIKE - ADDITIONAL - PARTY H
F3018_I     >>> Q16i. LIKE-DISLIKE - ADDITIONAL - PARTY I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q16a-i. I'd like to know what you think about each of our 
                 political parties. After I read the name of a political 
                 party, please rate it on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 
                 means you strongly dislike that party and 10 means that 
                 you strongly like that party. If I come to a party you 
                 haven't heard of or you feel you do not know enough about,
                 just say so. The first party is [PARTY A].
                 Using the same scale, where would you place, [PARTY B]?
                 Using the same scale, where would you place, [PARTY C]?
                 Using the same scale, where would you place, [PARTY D]?
                 Using the same scale, where would you place, [PARTY E]?
                 Using the same scale, where would you place, [PARTY F]?
         ..................................................................

             00. STRONGLY DISLIKE
             01.
             02.
             03.
             04.
             05.
             06.
             07.
             08.
             09.
             10. STRONGLY LIKE

             96. HAVEN'T HEARD OF PARTY

             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             98. DON'T KNOW ENOUGH ABOUT/DON'T KNOW WHERE TO RATE
             
             99. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3018_
         |
         | Parties and their alphabetical classifications for each election
         | study are detailed in Part 3 of the CSES Codebook.
         |
         | In some cases, parties were assigned an alphabetical CSES code
         | but data for F3018_ is not available for these parties. These
         | instances are documented in an election study note below the
         | party/leader table of the Election Study to which this applies
         | in Part 3 of the CSES Codebook.
         |
         | Several respondents mentioned not knowing a certain party in one
         | of the appropriate variables on F3018_, F3020_ or F3021_ but
         | evaluated even this party on any other scale. These data
         | remain unchanged.
         |
         | +++ TABLE: FREQUENCIES OF RESPONDENTS REPORTING THAT THEY HAD 
         |            NOT HEARD OF A SPECIFIC PARTY BUT PROVIDE AN 
         |            EVALUATION OF THE PARTY ON ANY OTHER SCALE
         |
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)     _A   _B   _C   _D   _E   _F   _G   _H   _I
         | -----------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)        5    4    4    -    -   32    -    -    -
         | AUSTRIA (2024)          1    1    1    6    1   26   25    -    -
         | BRAZIL (2022)          65  196  214  290  248  185  222  278  277
         | DENMARK (2022)          5    9    9    5    8    3    7    4    5
         | FRANCE (2022)          14   11   19  145   24   31   16    -    -
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)       2    2    9    2   10    6    7    5    2
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024) 15   12   12   16   11   17    -    -    -
         | POLAND (2023)           2    1    4   13    5    9   28   10    -
         | TAIWAN (2024)           -    -    -    -    -    -    1    -    -
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)         4    4    4    3    2    4    2    -    -
         | TURKIYE (2023)          1    -    -    -    -    -    -    2    1
         | UNITED STATES (2024)    2     3   -    -    -    -    -    -    -
         | -----------------------------------------------------------------
         | KEY: - = Alphabetical code not assigned to party/No cases.
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for SWITZERLAND (2023).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F3018_
         |
         | The wording of answer categories for F3018_ offered to 
         | respondents deviated slightly from CSES MODULE 6 standards. 
         | The original questionnaire labeled category 05. as 'Neutral'.
         | In the CSES questionnaire, there is no such label assigned.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F3018_ 
         |
         | Collaborators advise that the Swiss election studies 
         | traditionally include propensity to vote questions (PTV) rather
         | than party likability. Users interested in the PTV variables are
         | referred to the Swiss Election Study (Selects).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3019_A     >>> Q17a. LIKE-DISLIKE - LEADER A
F3019_B     >>> Q17b. LIKE-DISLIKE - LEADER B
F3019_C     >>> Q17c. LIKE-DISLIKE - LEADER C
F3019_D     >>> Q17d. LIKE-DISLIKE - LEADER D
F3019_E     >>> Q17e. LIKE-DISLIKE - LEADER E
F3019_F     >>> Q17f. LIKE-DISLIKE - LEADER F
F3019_G     >>> Q17g. LIKE-DISLIKE - ADDITIONAL - LEADER G
F3019_H     >>> Q17h. LIKE-DISLIKE - ADDITIONAL - LEADER H
F3019_I     >>> Q17i. LIKE-DISLIKE - ADDITIONAL - LEADER I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q17a-i. And what do you think of the Presidential candidates/party
                 leaders? After I read the name of a Presidential 
                 candidate/party leader, please rate them on a scale from 0
                 to 10, where 0 means you strongly dislike that candidate 
                 and 10 means that you strongly like that candidate. If I 
                 come to a Presidential candidate/party leader you haven't
                 heard of or you feel you do not know enough about, just 
                 say so. The first is [LEADER A].
                 Using the same scale, where would you place, [LEADER B]?
                 Using the same scale, where would you place, [LEADER C]?
                 Using the same scale, where would you place, [LEADER D]?
                 Using the same scale, where would you place, [LEADER E]?
                 Using the same scale, where would you place, [LEADER F]?
         ..................................................................

             00. STRONGLY DISLIKE
             01.
             02.
             03.
             04.
             05.
             06.
             07.
             08.
             09.
             10. STRONGLY LIKE

             96. HAVEN'T HEARD OF LEADER

             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             98. DON'T KNOW ENOUGH ABOUT/DON'T KNOW WHERE TO RATE
             
             99. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3019_
         |
         | Leader alphabetical classifications and relevant numerical and 
         | alphabetical classifications of the party they are associated
         | with for each election study are detailed in Part 3 of the 
         | CSES Codebook. 
         |
         | In some instances, leader alphabetical and party alphabetical 
         | classification may not align. These instances are highlighted in
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES in Part 3 of the CSES Codebook.
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for SWITZERLAND (2023).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F3019_
         |
         | The wording of answer categories for F3019_ offered to 
         | respondents deviated slightly from CSES MODULE 6 standards. 
         | The original questionnaire labeled category 05. as 'Neutral'.
         | In the CSES questionnaire, there is no such label assigned.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F3019_ 
         |
         | Collaborators advise that, unlike previous Swiss studies included
         | in CSES, the 2023 study does not include leader likability items.
         | This marks a departure from previous procedures, but 
         | collaborators note that previous likability questions focused on
         | members of the government (Federal Councillors), who do not play
         | an important role in Swiss elections. While such leader 
         | likability questions were rarely analysed by Swiss political 
         | scientists, they were sometimes included in comparative work and
         | treated as equivalent to party leader ratings, which might have
         | been misleading.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3020_A      >>> Q18a. IDEOLOGY: LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY A
F3020_B      >>> Q18b. IDEOLOGY: LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY B
F3020_C      >>> Q18c. IDEOLOGY: LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY C
F3020_D      >>> Q18d. IDEOLOGY: LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY D
F3020_E      >>> Q18e. IDEOLOGY: LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY E
F3020_F      >>> Q18f. IDEOLOGY: LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY F
F3020_G      >>> Q18g. IDEOLOGY: LEFT-RIGHT - ADDITIONAL - PARTY G
F3020_H      >>> Q18h. IDEOLOGY: LEFT-RIGHT - ADDITIONAL - PARTY H
F3020_I      >>> Q18i. IDEOLOGY: LEFT-RIGHT - ADDITIONAL - PARTY I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q18a-i. In politics people sometimes talk of left and right. Where
                 would you place [PARTY A] on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 
                 means the left and 10 means the right?
                 Using the same scale, where would you place [PARTY B]?
                 Where would you place [PARTY C]?
                 Where would you place [PARTY D]?
                 Where would you place [PARTY E]?
                 Where would you place [PARTY F]?
         ..................................................................

             00. LEFT
             01.
             02.
             03.
             04.
             05.
             06.
             07.
             08.
             09.
             10. RIGHT

             95. VOLUNTEERED: HAVEN'T HEARD OF LEFT-RIGHT
             96. VOLUNTEERED: HAVEN'T HEARD OF PARTY

             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             98. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW WHERE TO PLACE
             
             99. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3020_
         |
         | Parties and their alphabetical classifications for each election
         | study are detailed in Part 3 of the CSES Codebook. 
         |
         | In some cases, parties were assigned an alphabetical CSES code
         | but data for F3020_ is not available for these parties. These
         | instances are documented in ELECTION STUDY NOTES below the 
         | party/leader table of the Election Study to which this applies 
         | in Part 3 of the CSES Codebook. 
         |
         | Note that the CSES asks Collaborators to ask the left-right
         | scale questions even if left-right is not considered to be
         | meaningful/important/widely understood in the area being
         | studied. However, it was possible to add an optional
         | alternative scale question. See F3021_.
         |
         | Several respondents mentioned not knowing the left-right scale
         | in one of the appropriate variables on F3020_ or F3020_R, but
         | evaluated the other parties on even that scale.
         | These data remain unchanged.
         |
         | +++ TABLE: FREQUENCIES ON F3020_ AND F3020_R FOR RESPONDENTS 
         |            REPORTING THAT THEY DID NOT KNOW OF THE LEFT-RIGHT 
         |            SCALE BUT PROVIDE AN EVALUATION OF A PARTY ON THE 
         |            LEFT-RIGHT SCALE
         |
         |              PARTY      _A  _B  _C  _D  _E  _F  _G  _H  _I  self
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)
         | ----------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)         4   5   7   -   -   7   -   -   -   3
         | BRAZIL (2022)           67 176 212 250 274 203 227 257 277  51
         | DENMARK (2022)           4   6   5   5  12   8   8   6   5   1
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)       17  18  15  16  18  19  17  17  15   4
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)  30   9  17  25   3  11   0   0   -  28
         | POLAND (2023)           21  23  30  30  34  47  47  26   -  39
         | SLOVAKIA (2024)          9  20  10  16  13  17  10   -   -   3
         | TURKIYE (2023)           2   2   -   -   -   2   3   3   2  17
         | UNITED STATES (2024)     2   3   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -
         | ----------------------------------------------------------------
         | KEY: - = Alphabetical code not assigned to party/No cases.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for TAIWAN (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F3020_
         |
         | The wording of answer categories for F3020_ offered to 
         | respondents deviated slightly from CSES MODULE 6 standards.
         | The original questionnaire labeled category 05. as 'Center'. 
         | In the CSES questionnaire, there is no such label assigned.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F3020_
         |
         | Collaborators advise that the classical left-right cleavage is
         | comparatively less salient in Macedonian politics than in other 
         | European countries. While there is some ideological 
         | differentiation in the left-right sense, it is comparatively 
         | weaker and rather characterized by socio-cultural than economic 
         | appeals. 
         | Beyond this, a relevant cleavage in Macedonian politics remains 
         | ethnic. Since the 1990s, party identities have largely followed 
         | ethnic lines (Macedonian, Albanian, Turkish, Serb, Romani, 
         | etc.), though in recent years this division has occasionally 
         | been bridged through multilingual campaigns and mixed-ethnicity 
         | candidate lists. 
         | Finally, political competition and voter behavior are also 
         | shaped by personalistic and populist appeals, as well as 
         | clientelistic exchanges, which together fill the party-voter 
         | linkage vacuum left by the relatively weaker reliance on 
         | traditional left-right appeals.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3020_R     >>> Q19. IDEOLOGY: LEFT-RIGHT - SELF
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q19. Where would you place yourself on this scale?
         ..................................................................

             00. LEFT
             01.
             02.
             03.
             04.
             05.
             06.
             07.
             08.
             09.
             10. RIGHT

             95. VOLUNTEERED: HAVEN'T HEARD OF LEFT-RIGHT
             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             98. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW WHERE TO PLACE
             
             99. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3020_R
         |
         | The CSES asks Collaborators to ask the left-right scale 
         | questions even if left-right is not considered to be
         | meaningful/important/widely understood in the area being
         | studied. However, it was possible to add an optional
         | alternative scale question. See F3021_.
         |
         | Several respondents mentioned not knowing the left-right scale
         | in one of the appropriate variables on F3020_ or F3020_R, but
         | evaluated the other parties on even that scale. These data
         | remain unchanged. For further information, see VARIABLE NOTES
         | on F3020_.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for TAIWAN (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F3020_
         |
         | The wording of answer categories for F3020_ offered to 
         | respondents deviated slightly from CSES MODULE 6 standards.
         | The original questionnaire labeled category 05. as 'Center'. 
         | In the CSES questionnaire, there is no such label assigned.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F3020_
         |
         | Collaborators advise that the classical left-right cleavage is
         | comparatively less salient in Macedonian politics than in other 
         | European countries. While there is some ideological 
         | differentiation in the left-right sense, it is comparatively 
         | weaker and rather characterized by socio-cultural than economic 
         | appeals. 
         | Beyond this, a relevant cleavage in Macedonian politics remains 
         | ethnic. Since the 1990s, party identities have largely followed 
         | ethnic lines (Macedonian, Albanian, Turkish, Serb, Romani, 
         | etc.), though in recent years this division has occasionally 
         | been bridged through multilingual campaigns and mixed-ethnicity 
         | candidate lists. 
         | Finally, political competition and voter behavior are also 
         | shaped by personalistic and populist appeals, as well as 
         | clientelistic exchanges, which together fill the party-voter 
         | linkage vacuum left by the relatively weaker reliance on 
         | traditional left-right appeals.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3021       >>> OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - YES/NO
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether respondents were asked to rank political parties on
         an alternative dimension, other than left-right.
         ..................................................................

             0. NO
             1. YES, FOR PARTIES/COALITIONS A-I AND RESPONDENT-SELF
             2. YES, FOR RESPONDENT-SELF ONLY

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3021
         |
         | F3021 details whether respondents ranked PARTIES A-I and/or 
         | themselves on an alternative dimension other than left-right 
         | dimension.
         | The decision as to what scale is invoked is the decision of the 
         | national Collaborator and is designed to represent party 
         | positions on a scale relevant to national political
         | circumstances. 
         | The type of scales and the labels assigned to each are 
         | detailed in the ELECTION STUDY NOTES below F3021_A - F3021_I and
         | F3021_R, if applicable. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3021_A     >>> Q20a. OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - PARTY A
F3021_B     >>> Q20b. OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - PARTY B
F3021_C     >>> Q20c. OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - PARTY C
F3021_D     >>> Q20d. OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - PARTY D
F3021_E     >>> Q20e. OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - PARTY E
F3021_F     >>> Q20f. OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - PARTY F
F3021_G     >>> Q20g. OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - ADDITIONAL - PARTY G
F3021_H     >>> Q20h. OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - ADDITIONAL - PARTY H
F3021_I     >>> Q20i. OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - ADDITIONAL - PARTY I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q20a-i. In politics people sometimes talk of [SCALE VALUE AT 
                 POINT 0] and [SCALE VALUE AT POINT 10]. Where would you 
                 place [PARTY A] on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means 
                 [SCALE VALUE AT POINT 0] and 10 means [SCALE VALUE AT 
                 POINT 10]?
                 Using the same scale, where would you place [PARTY B]?
                 Where would you place [PARTY C]?
                 Where would you place [PARTY D]?
                 Where would you place [PARTY E]?
                 Where would you place [PARTY F]?
         ..................................................................

             00. [SCALE VALUE AT POINT 0]
             01.
             02.
             03.
             04.
             05.
             06.
             07.
             08.
             09.
             10. [SCALE VALUE AT POINT 10] 

             95. VOLUNTEERED: HAVEN'T HEARD OF [SCALE]
             96. VOLUNTEERED: HAVEN'T HEARD OF PARTY
             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             98. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW WHERE TO PLACE
             
             99. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3021_
         |
         | In contexts where left-right is not considered meaningful/
         | important/widely understood, IN ADDITION TO ASKING THE LEFT-RIGHT
         | QUESTION, the Collaborator had the option of also administering
         | the optional alternative question, which is thought to best 
         | summarize the main ideological division in the country.
         |
         | Parties and their alphabetical classifications for each election
         | study are detailed in Part 3 of the CSES Codebook. 
         |
         | In some cases, parties were assigned an alphabetical CSES code 
         | but data for F3021_ is not available for these parties. These
         | instances are documented in an election study note below the 
         | party/leader table of the election study to which this applies
         | in Part 3 of the CSES Codebook. 
         |
         | Several respondents mentioned not knowing the alternative scale
         | in one of the appropriate variables on F3021_ or F3021_R, but
         | evaluated the other parties on even that scale.
         | These data remain unchanged.
         |
         | +++ TABLE: FREQUENCIES ON F3021_ AND F3021_R FOR RESPONDENTS WHO
         |            SAID THEY DID NOT KNOW OF THE ALTERNATIVE SCALE IN  
         |            ONE VARIABLE, BUT EVALUATING OTHER PARTIES ON THE 
         |            ALTERNATIVE SCALE
         |
         | PARTY                _A  _B  _C  _D  _E  _F  _G  _H  _I  self   
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | DENMARK (2022)       17  21  24  18  24  22  20  17  20  13
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)     2   4   3   3   3   2   4   2   3  11
         | SLOVAKIA (2024)      13  13  12  15  10  11  11   -   -   6
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | KEY: - = Alphabetical code not assigned to party/No cases.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F3021_
         |
         | In this item battery, respondents were asked to place parties on 
         | a value-oriented left-right scale. The question was worded as 
         | follows:
         | "In politics people sometimes talk about a value-based 
         | left-right scale, where 'left' represents being open to 
         | immigrants, focusing on prevention over strict punishment as a 
         | solution to crime, and focusing on the climate and protection of 
         | the environment, while 'right' represents a strict judicial 
         | policy and immigration policy, as well as economic issues being 
         | prioritized over the environment and the climate.
         | Where would you place the following parties on this scale, 
         | where 0 means most left and 10 means most right?"
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        00.     Being open to immigrants, strict punishment is 
         |                not a solution to crime, as well as climate and 
         |                environmental protection (Left-oriented)
         |        ...
         |        10.     A strict judicial and immigration policy as well
         |                as prioritization of economic issues over the 
         |                environment and the climate (Right-oriented)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F3021_
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        00.     Pro-Serbian
         |        ...
         |        10.     Pro-Montenegrin

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F3021_
         |
         | In this item battery, respondents were asked to place parties on 
         | a liberal-conservative scale. The question was worded as follows:
         | "In politics people sometimes talk of liberal and conservative
         | views. Where would you place [PARTY A] on a scale from 0 to 10
         | where 0 means liberal views and 10 means conservative views?"
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        00.     Liberal views
         |        ...
         |        10.     Conservative views

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F3021_
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        00.     Taiwan should declare independence immediately
         |        ...
         |        10.     Taiwan and China should unify immediately


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3021_R     >>> Q21. OPTIONAL ALTERNATIVE SCALE - SELF
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q21. Where would you place yourself on this scale?
         ..................................................................

             00. [SCALE VALUE AT POINT 0]
             01.
             02.
             03.
             04.
             05.
             06.
             07.
             08.
             09.
             10. [SCALE VALUE AT POINT 10]

             95. VOLUNTEERED: HAVEN'T HEARD OF [SCALE]
             97. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             98. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW WHERE TO PLACE
             
             99. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3021_R
         |
         | In contexts where left-right is not considered meaningful/
         | important/widely understood, IN ADDITION TO ASKING THE LEFT-RIGHT
         | QUESTION, the Collaborator had the option of also administering
         | the optional alternative question, which is thought to best 
         | summarize the main ideological division in the country.
         |
         | Several respondents mentioned not knowing the alternative scale
         | in one of the appropriate variables on F3021_ or F3021_R, but
         | evaluated the other parties on even that scale. These data
         | remain unchanged. For further information, see VARIABLE NOTES
         | on F3021_.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F3021_R
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        00.     Being open to immigrants, strict punishment is 
         |                not a solution to crime, as well as climate and 
         |                environmental protection (Left-oriented)
         |        ...
         |        10.     A strict judicial and immigration policy as well 
         |                as prioritization of economic issues over the 
         |                environment and the climate (Right-oriented)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F3021_R
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        00.     Pro-Serbian
         |        ...
         |        10.     Pro-Montenegrin

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F3021_R
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        00.     Lower taxes, less social services
         |        ...
         |        10.     More social services, higher taxes

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F3021_R
         |
         | Collaborators advise the alternative scale positions the 
         | beneficiaries of the post-1989 economic and political 
         | transformation against those who felt that they had experienced 
         | a decline in their economic well-being (Markowski 2006; 
         | Tworzecki 2019). This division gained prominence in 2005 after 
         | Law and Justice (PiS, PARTY A) and Civic Platform (PO, PARTY B) 
         | emerged as the two major parties in Polish politics.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        00.     Solidary Poland ("Polska solidarna")
         |        ...
         |        10.     Liberal Poland ("Polska liberalna")

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F3021_R
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        00.     Liberal views
         |        ...
         |        10.     Conservative views

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F3021_R
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        00.     Taiwan should declare independence immediately
         |        ...
         |        10.     Taiwan and China should unify immediately


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3022       >>> Q22. SATISFACTION WITH DEMOCRACY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q22. On the whole, are you very satisfied, fairly satisfied, not
              very satisfied, or not at all satisfied with the way 
              democracy works in [COUNTRY]?
         ..................................................................

             1. VERY SATISFIED
             2. FAIRLY SATISFIED
             4. NOT VERY SATISFIED
             5. NOT AT ALL SATISFIED

             6. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3022
         |
         | Data are unavailable for UNITED STATES (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F3022
         |
         | The answer categories for F3022 offered to respondents 
         | deviated slightly from CSES MODULE 6 standards. Unlike the 
         | MODULE 6 item, the Brazil 2022 study included a middle-category
         | based on spontaneous responses, which was recoded as follows:
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        06.     Volunteered: Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F3022
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         | ---------------------------------------------------------------
         |        06.     Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3023_1     >>> Q23a. PARTY ID: ARE YOU CLOSE TO ANY POLITICAL PARTY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q23a. Do you usually think of yourself as close to any particular
               party?
         ..................................................................

             0. NO
             1. YES  -> GO TO Q23c

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED    
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
             
             9. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F3023_1
         |
         | Instead of four party ID-related questions, the New Zealand 2023
         | survey assessed party ID by three questions. The first one, used 
         | for coding F3023_1, asked respondents if they supported a party,  
         | and if so, which one within one question, reading as: 
         | "Generally speaking, do you usually think of yourself as CLOSE 
         | to any particular party? If so, select that party; otherwise, 
         | select no."
         | Respondents mentioning a party they felt attached to were coded 
         | 1 in F3023_1. Those respondents selecting "No" were coded 0 in 
         | F3023_1, respectively. 
         | Respondents' party affiliations (if applicable) are provided in 
         | variable F3023_3.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3023_2     >>> Q23b. PARTY ID: DO YOU FEEL CLOSER TO ONE PARTY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q23b. Do you feel yourself a little closer to one of the political
               parties than the others?
         ..................................................................

             0. NO  -> GO TO QUESTION AFTER Q23d
             1. YES

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED    -> GO TO QUESTION AFTER Q23d
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW -> GO TO QUESTION AFTER Q23d
             
             9. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F3023_2
         |
         | Instead of four party ID-related questions, the New Zealand 2023
         | survey assessed party ID by three questions. The second one, used  
         | for coding F3023_2, asked respondents if they felt a little 
         | closer to a party, and if so, which one within one question, 
         | reading as: 
         | "Generally speaking, do you usually feel yourself a little CLOSER 
         | to one of the parties than the others? If so, which one?"         
         | Respondents mentioning a party they felt a little closer to were 
         | coded 1 in F3023_2. Those respondents selecting "No" were coded 
         | 0 in F3023_2, respectively. 
         | Respondents' party affiliations (if applicable) are provided in 
         | variable F3023_3.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3023_3     >>> Q23c. PARTY ID: WHICH PARTY DO YOU FEEL CLOSEST TO
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q23c. Which party do you feel closest to?
         ..................................................................

             000001-999987. [PLEASE PROVIDE PARTY CODES]

             999988. NONE OF THE CANDIDATES/PARTIES
             999989. INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE 
             999990. OTHER LEFT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY 
                     (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)
             999991. OTHER RIGHT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY
                     (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)
             999992. OTHER CANDIDATE/PARTY (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)

             999997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             999998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             999999. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3023_3
         |
         | Parties are identified in Part 3 of the CSES Codebook.
         |
         | Respondents' party mentions in F3023_3 depend on the two former
         | questions (F3023_1 and F3023_2). The party mention in F3023_3
         | should have only been asked for those respondents who reported
         | to be close (F3023_1) or at least closer (F3023_2) to a party.
         | However, there are several respondents who mentioned a party
         | (F3023_3), without feeling close (F3023_1) or closer (F3023_2)
         | to a party. These data remained unchanged.
         |
         | +++ TABLE: FREQUENCIES ON F3023_3 FOR RESPONDENTS THAT DO NOT 
         |            FEEL CLOSE (F3023_1) OR AT LEAST CLOSER (F3023_2) TO 
         |            A PARTY
         |
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)              NUMBER  
         | ----------------------------------------------------------------
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)                 1
         | SWEDEN (2022)                    155
         | TURKIYE (2023)                    26
         | ----------------------------------------------------------------

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F3023_3
         |
         | Instead of four party ID-related questions, the New Zealand 2023
         | survey assessed party ID by three questions. 
         | The first two questions asked respondents if they felt close 
         | (F3023_1) or a little closer (F3023_2) to any of the parties, 
         | and if so, to which one within one item, respectively. 
         | For F3023_3, party mentions in F3023_1 and F3023_2 were 
         | combined. In case respondents mentioned a party in both items,
         | the party listed in F3023_1 was adopted for F3023_3.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F3023_3 
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 807009 refers to the Alliance for Albanians (AA). 
         | Ahead of the 2024 elections, leadership for the Alliance for 
         | Albanians was contested between Ziadin Sela and Arben Taravari. 
         | While Sela sided with the coalition "European Front" led by the 
         | Democratic Union for Integration (DUI, PARTY C), Taravari 
         | supported the Vlen Coalition (PARTY D).
         | In the original dataset, collaborators distinguished between the 
         | two factions of the party in variable F3023_3 (Party ID). For 
         | CSES, the codes have been harmonized into one joint NUMERICAL 
         | CODE 807009 (N = 19).
         | Researchers interested in analyzing the factions separately may 
         | do so by recoding F3023_3 based on respondent IDs, as reported
         | in variable F1003_1 (Respondent Identifier). Out of the 19 
         | respondents feeling close to the Alliance for Albanians, 16 
         | opted for Taravari's wing (associated with the Vlen Coalition). 
         | The 3 respondents feeling close to Sela's faction have the 
         | following respondent IDs assigned to them in F1003_1: 
         | - 807020240211805419
         | - 807020240212328121
         | - 807020240212708453.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F3023_3
         |
         | In Switzerland, there are many small leftist parties. All of 
         | them are minor parties, which gather less than 1-2% of the 
         | national vote share. These are all independent parties, running 
         | only in some cantons. But because they belong to the same party 
         | family, the Swiss election study collapsed them into a single 
         | category in their questionnaires "AL - Alternative / Sol - 
         | SolidariteS / MPS - Movimento per il socialismo". Within the 
         | CSES, these parties are classified as "999990. OTHER LEFT WING 
         | CANDIDATE/PARTY". 
         | Further, several respondents stated that they felt close to
         | "No party/ rather persons" or "several parties". Collaborators
         | advise that these answers might result from the peculiarities of
         | the Swiss electoral system, which provides voters with a variety
         | of options to express preference votes. For F3023_3, these 
         | answers have been classified as "999992. OTHER CANDIDATE/PARTY
         | (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)".
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |    999990.     AL - Alternative / Sol - SolidariteS / MPS -
         |                Movimento per il socialismo
         |    999992.     No party / rather persons 
         |                Several parties


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3023_4     >>> Q23d. PARTY ID: DEGREE OF CLOSENESS TO THIS PARTY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q23d. Do you feel very close to this party, somewhat close, or not
               very close?
         ..................................................................

             1. VERY CLOSE
             2. SOMEWHAT CLOSE
             3. NOT VERY CLOSE

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
             
             9. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: CORE

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3023_4
         |
         | F3023_4 details the degree of closeness to a party and should
         | have only been asked for those respondents who mentioned a party
         | in F3023_3. However, there are several respondents who reported
         | the degree of closeness (F3023_4), without mentioning a party
         | (F3023_3). These data remained unchanged.
         |
         | Also see VARIABLE NOTES on F3023_3.
         |
         | +++ TABLE: FREQUENCIES ON F3023_4 FOR RESPONDENTS THAT DO NOT
         |            MENTION A PARTY IN F3023_3
         |
         | ----------------------------------------------------------------
         | POLITY (YEAR)             NUMBER
         | ----------------------------------------------------------------
         | DENMARK (2022)              5
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)          3
         | SLOVAKIA (2024)             3
         | SLOVENIA (2022)            21
         | SWEDEN (2022)              97
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)          6
         | TURKIYE (2023)              5
         | ----------------------------------------------------------------

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F3023_4
         |
         | The answer categories for F3023_4 offered to respondents 
         | deviated from CSES MODULE 6 standards. In the French election  
         | study, F3023_4 included four categories ("very close", "somewhat 
         | close", "not very close", "not close at all") while the CSES 
         | standard question only differentiates between "very close", 
         | "somewhat close", and "not very close". For F3023_4, the 
         | original answer categories "not very close" and "not close at 
         | all" were summarized into "not very close": 
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |         1.     Very close
         |         2.     Somewhat close
         |         3.     Not very close
         |                Not close at all


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3024       >>> Q24. PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT (SUBJECTIVE)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q24. The current percentage of women in parliament after the most 
              recent election is [PERCENTAGE] percent. Thinking about this 
              percentage, would you say that it is too high, too low, or
              about right?
         ..................................................................

             1. TOO HIGH
             2. TOO LOW
             3. ABOUT RIGHT
             
             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
             
             9. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: MODULE THEME 

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3024
         |
         | The table below details the percentage of women in parliament
         | after the current election respondents were asked about. 
         | The information was extracted from the original election study 
         | questionnaires.
         |
         | +++ TABLE: PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT AFTER THE CURRENT 
         |            ELECTION ASKED ABOUT IN F3024
         |         
         |                          F3024    
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)       Percentage     
         | -----------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)         39.00
         | AUSTRIA (2024)           40.00
         | BRAZIL (2022)            18.00
         | DENMARK (2022)           39.00
         | FRANCE (2022)            36.00    
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)        19.70  
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)       50.00*
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)   36.00
         | POLAND (2023)            30.00
         | PORTUGAL (2022)          37.00
         | PORTUGAL (2024)          33.00
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)          22.60
         | SLOVENIA (2022)          41.00
         | SWEDEN (2022)            46.00 
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)       38.50*
         | TAIWAN (2024)            41.60
         | TURKIYE (2023)           20.00
         | -----------------------------------------------------------
         | KEY: - = not available; * = see Election Study Notes.
         |
         | Unless specified otherwise in ELECTION STUDY NOTES below, the 
         | percentage provided in F3024 refers to the lower house.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F3024
         |
         | Researchers are advised that the New Zealand (2023) study asked
         | respondents to evaluate the percentage of women in parliament 
         | before rather than after the 2023 election. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F3024
         |
         | This question was only included in the web survey because the
         | paper questionnaire had to be printed before the final election
         | results were known. Therefore, 521 respondents out of a total 
         | of 5,033 respondents were not asked this question. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3025_1     >>> Q25a. BETTER SUITED TO LEAD IN PANDEMIC: MEN/WOMEN  
F3025_2     >>> Q25b. BETTER SUITED TO LEAD IN ECONOMIC CRISIS: MEN/WOMEN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q25a. Who is better suited to lead the country during a public 
               health crisis: always male political leaders, usually male
               political leaders, usually female political leaders, always
               female political leaders, or both equally?
         
         Q25b. Who is better suited to lead the country during an economic
               crisis: always male political leaders, usually male political 
               leaders, usually female political leaders, always female
               political leaders, or both equally?
         ..................................................................
         
             1. ALWAYS MALE POLITICAL LEADERS
             2. USUALLY MALE POLITICAL LEADERS
             3. USUALLY FEMALE POLITICAL LEADERS
             4. ALWAYS FEMALE POLITICAL LEADERS
             5. BOTH EQUALLY
             
             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
             
             9. MISSING  


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: MODULE THEME 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F3025_
         |
         | The answer categories offered to respondents deviated from CSES 
         | MODULE 6 standards, including only three response options for 
         | F3025_. These three options were classified as follows:
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Male political leaders
         |        04.     Female political leaders
         |        05.     Both equally


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3026       >>> Q26a. TREATMENT OF GROUPS IN SOCIETY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q26a. How fairly or not do you think that all groups in society are 
               treated in [COUNTRY]: very fairly, quite fairly, not very  
               fairly, or not well at all fairly?
         ..................................................................

             1. VERY FAIRLY
             2. QUITE FAIRLY
             3. NOT VERY FAIRLY
             4. NOT AT ALL FAIRLY

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
             
             9. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: MODULE THEME 
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for SWITZERLAND (2023).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F3026
         |
         | The wording of the answer categories offered to respondents 
         | deviated slightly from CSES MODULE 6 standards. The categories  
         | were as follows:
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        01.     Very well
         |        02.     Quite well
         |        03.     Not very well
         |        04.     Not well at all


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3027       >>> Q26b. POLITICAL SYSTEM GUARANTEES ADEQUATE HEALTHCARE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q26b. How well do you think that our political system guarantees 
               adequate healthcare for all citizens: very well, quite well,
               not very well, or not well at all?
         ..................................................................

             1. VERY WELL
             2. QUITE WELL
             3. NOT VERY WELL
             4. NOT WELL AT ALL

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
             
             9. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: MODULE THEME 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3028_1     >>> Q27a. PANDEMIC: AFFECT ON UNITED SOCIETY  
F3028_2     >>> Q27b. PANDEMIC: FUNCTIONING OF DEMOCRACY 
F3028_3     >>> Q27c. PANDEMIC: PERSONAL FINANCES
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q27a. How did the coronavirus pandemic affect how united society 
               is in [COUNTRY]: very positively, fairly positively, not at
               all, fairly negatively or very negatively? 
         
         Q27b. How did the coronavirus pandemic affect the functioning of 
               democracy here in [COUNTRY]: very positively, fairly 
               positively, not at all, fairly negatively or very negatively?

         Q27c. How has the coronavirus pandemic affected your personal 
               economic situation: very positively, fairly positively, not
               at all, fairly negatively, or very negatively?
         ..................................................................

             1. VERY POSITIVELY
             2. FAIRLY POSITIVELY
             3. NOT AT ALL 
             4. FAIRLY NEGATIVELY
             5. VERY NEGATIVELY

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
             
             9. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: MODULE THEME
         |
         | Data for F3028_ are unavailable for PORTUGAL (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F3028_
         |
         | In the Austrian 2024 study, the middle answer category offered 
         | to respondents deviated from CSES MODULE 6 standards.
         |
         | CSES Code      Election Study Code/Category
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |        03.     In part


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3028_4     >>> Q27d. PANDEMIC: CONTRACTED COVID-19
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Q27d. To the best of your knowledge, have you or anyone living 
               with you been infected with the coronavirus?
         ..................................................................

             0. NO
             1. YES

             7. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             8. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW
             
             9. MISSING  


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: MODULE THEME 

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3028_4
         |
         | Data are unavailable for MONTENEGRO (2023), PORTUGAL (2024), and
         | SWITZERLAND (2023).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3100_LR_CSES  >>> CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE CHOICE LINKED WITH
                   CSES COLLABORATOR EXPERT JUDGMENT L-R
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondents' reported party choice in the main election linked with
         the CSES Collaborators experts' judgment of the party on the 
         left-right scale (0-10).
         ..................................................................

             00. VOTED FOR PARTY SCORED 0 L-R SCALE
             01.
             02.
             03.
             04.
             05.
             06.
             07.
             08.
             09.
             10. VOTED FOR PARTY SCORED 10 L-R SCALE

             97. NOT APPLICABLE

             99. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: DERIVATIVE VARIABLE (BASED ON CORE)

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3100_LR_CSES
         |
         | F3100_LR_CSES links the respondents' reported vote choice in the 
         | main election with the CSES Collaborators experts' judgment of  
         | the party the respondent reported voting for on the ideological 
         | left-right scale (0-10). 
         |
         | F3100_LR_CSES is available for voters who reported voting for a 
         | party where expert judgments are available (i.e., for parties 
         | receiving an alphabetical classification by CSES). For more 
         | details on which parties/coalitions receive alphabetical 
         | classification see "CSES MODULE 6 CODING OF PARTIES/COALITIONS
         | & LEADERS" in Codebook Part 3. 
         |
         | F3100_LR_CSES assigns respondents a score based on respondents' 
         | reported vote choice and the corresponding expert judgment 
         | of the CSES Collaborators on the left-right ideology scale for 
         | the party the respondent reports voting for.        
         | Collaborators assign parties scores on an 11-point scale ranging
         | from "0. LEFT" to "10. RIGHT" for all parties assigned an 
         | alphabetical code by CSES. The expert judgment data by party 
         | is available in variable F5029_.
         |
         | Some parties/coalitions have scores that are not round numbers,
         | e.g., 1.5 or 3.5. These scores can reflect Collaborator
         | judgments or reflect the classification of a coalition. 
         | Sometimes respondents report voting for a coalition, but
         | Collaborators score parties that comprise this coalition
         | separately on the L-R scale. The score used for F3100_LR_CSES
         | is the mean of L-R scores of parties that comprise the given
         | coalition. 
         | All of these instances are detailed in ELECTION STUDY NOTES 
         | below.        
         |
         | F3100_LR_CSES links the CSES Collaborator expert judgment with  
         | the reported vote of the respondent in the main election. Here, 
         | a respondent who reports voting for a party/candidate of PARTY A
         | is assigned the value the CSES Collaborator gave to PARTY A in 
         | the said election on the left-right scale (and so on for PARTY B, 
         | PARTY C etc...). 
         |
         | CSES classifies the main election based on the regime
         | (executive) type and the election in which the CSES survey has
         | been administered. For polities rated as parliamentary systems,
         | CSES classifies the main election as elections to the lower house
         | for most studies. It deviates for a few cases when elections to
         | the upper house constitutes the main election, usually due to the
         | respective CSES study focusing on the upper house contest.
         | For polities rated as Presidential systems, CSES conventionally
         | classifies the main election as the Presidential election. It
         | sometimes deviates when data for the Presidential election is
         | unavailable (e.g., when the CSES survey was administered in a
         | midterm election). For polities rated as mixed systems, CSES
         | has tended to classify the main election as elections to the
         | lower house. However, it sometimes deviates depending on data
         | availability. Users are advised to consult the table listed in
         | VARIABLE NOTES for F3010_ME specifying the main election for 
         | each study in CSES for specific details.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for TAIWAN (2024) and UNITED STATES (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F3100_LR_CSES
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 499002: Together! was an alliance formed for
         | the 2023 Montenegrin lower house election. Its members were: 
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 499002: Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS) 
         |                          (L-R score = 4)
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 499097: Social Democrats of Montenegro (SD) 
         |                          (L-R score = 3)
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 499015: Liberal Party of Montenegro (LP)
         |                          (L-R score = 7)
         | - Democratic Union of Albanians (DUA) (L-R score = 4)
         |
         | Thus, the score for Together! for F3100_LR_CSES is 4.5.
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 499003: For the Future of Montenegro was an 
         | alliance formed for the 2023 Montenegrin lower house election. 
         | Its members were: 
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 499003: New Serbian Democracy (NSD) 
         |                          (L-R score = 7)
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 499098: Democratic People's Party (DNP) 
         |                          (L-R score = 7)
         | - Workers' Party (RP) (L-R score = 1)
         |
         | Thus, the score for the For the Future of Montenegro coalition  
         | for F3100_LR_CSES is 5.
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 499004: Aleksa and Dritan - Count Bravely! 
         | (Demokrate-URA)was an alliance formed for the 2023 Montenegrin 
         | lower house election. Its members were: 
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 499004: United Reform Action (URA) 
         |                          (L-R score = 4)
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 499099: Democratic Montenegro (Demokrate) 
         |                          (L-R score = 6)
         |
         | Thus, the score for Count Bravely! for F3100_LR_CSES is 5.
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 499006: SNP-DEMOS was an alliance formed for the  
         | 2023 Montenegrin lower house election. Its members were: 
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 499006: Socialist People's Party of Montenegro  
         |                          (SNP) (L-R score = 6)
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 499016: Democratic Alliance (DEMOS) 
         |                          (L-R score = 2)
         |
         | Thus, the score for Count Bravely! for F3100_LR_CSES is 4.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F3100_LR_CSES
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 616001: United Right (ZP) was an electoral 
         | coalition between the following parties:
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 616001: Law and Justice (L-R score = 8)
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 616007: Sovereign Poland (SP) (L-R score = 9)
         | - and other smaller parties for the 2023 election. 
         |
         | Thus, the score for the coalition in 2023 for F3100_LR_CSES is
         | 8.5.
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 616002: Civic Coalition (KO) was an electoral 
         | coalition between the following parties:
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 616002: Civic Platform (PO) (L-R score = 5)
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 616008: Modern (Nowo) 
         | - and other smaller parties for the 2023 election. 
         |
         | As collaborators provided a rating for the PO only, the score for
         | the KO Coalition in 2023 for F3100_LR_CSES is 5.
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 616003: Third Way (KP) was an electoral coalition
         | between the following parties: 
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 616003: Szymon Holownia's Poland 2050 (PL2050)
         |                          (LR-Score = 6)
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 616005: Polish People's Party (PSL) 
         |                          (L-R score = 7)
         | - and other smaller parties for the 2023 election. 
         |
         | Thus, the score for the coalition in 2023 for F3100_LR_CSES is 
         | 6.5.
         | 
         | NUMERICAL CODE 616004: The Left was an alliance for the 2023 
         | election between several smaller parties and the following 
         | members:
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 616004: New Left (NL) (L-R score = 2)
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 616008: Left Together (Razem) (L-R score = 1)
         |
         | Thus, the score for The Left for F3100_LR_CSES is 1.5.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F3100_LR_CSES
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 620101: Democratic Alliance (AD) was an electoral 
         | coalition for the 2024 election between the following parties:
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 620101: Social Democratic Party (PPD/PSD) 
         |                          (L-R score = 7)
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 620109: Democratic and Social Center - 
         |                          People's Party (CDS-PP) (L-R score = 9)
         |   
         | Thus, the score for the coalition in 2024 for F3100_LR_CSES is 8.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F3100_LR_CSES
         |
         | For the NUMERICAL CODE 703004, the score in F3100_LR_CSES
         | refers exclusively to the expert rating of Ordinary People -  
         | Independent Personalities (OLaNO), even though respondents were 
         | able to indicate voting for an alliance in F3011_LH_PL (OLaNO
         | and Friends, NUMERICAL CODE 703004).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3100_LR_MARPOR >>> CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE CHOICE LINKED WITH
                    MARPOR/CMP RILE 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondents' reported party choice in the main election linked with
         the MARPOR/CMP "RILE" index assigned to the party.
         ..................................................................

             -100 - +100. RILE INDEX SCORES

                     999. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: DERIVATIVE VARIABLE (BASED ON CORE)

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3100_LR_MARPOR
         |
         | F3100_LR_MARPOR links the respondents' reported vote choice in 
         | the main election with the MARPOR/CMP "RILE" index assigned to 
         | the party the respondent reported voting for based on the 
         | manifesto the party contested the election on. 
         |
         | F3100_LR_MARPOR is available for voters who reported voting for a 
         | party receiving an alphabetical classification by CSES. For more 
         | details on which parties/coalitions receive alphabetical 
         | classification see "CSES MODULE 6 CODING OF PARTIES/COALITIONS
         | & LEADERS" in Codebook Part 3. 
         |
         | F3100_LR_MARPOR assigns respondents a score based on respondent 
         | reported vote choice and the corresponding value of that party 
         | on the MARPOR "rile" index. The index was developed by Laver and
         | Budge (1992). It takes 24 categories (12 are defined as right-
         | wing and 12 as left-wing) and subtracts the sum of all right-wing
         | items from the sum of all left-wing items. The RILE index ranges
         | from -100 (if a party only mentions left-wing issues in its 
         | program) and +100 (if a party only mentions right-wing issues in
         | its program). However, these are the theoretical maximum and 
         | minimum values which are empirically rare.
         |
         | More information about MARPOR/CMP data and the RILE index can be 
         | found at https://manifestoproject.wzb.eu/
         | (Date accessed: April 02, 2024). 
         |
         | F3100_LR_MARPOR links the MARPOR "rile" index value with the  
         | reported vote of the respondent in the main election. Here, a
         | respondent who reports voting for a party/candidate of PARTY A
         | is assigned the value MARPOR "rile" index gave to PARTY A in
         | the said election (and so on for PARTY B, PARTY C etc...). 
         |
         | CSES classifies the main election based on the regime
         | (executive) type and the election in which the CSES survey has
         | been administered. For polities rated as parliamentary systems,
         | CSES classifies the main election as elections to the lower house
         | for most studies. It deviates for a few cases when elections to
         | the upper house constitutes the main election, usually due to the
         | respective CSES study focusing on the upper house contest.
         | For polities rated as Presidential systems, CSES conventionally
         | classifies the main election as the Presidential election. It
         | sometimes deviates when data for the Presidential election is
         | unavailable (e.g., when the CSES survey was administered in a
         | midterm election). For polities rated as mixed systems, CSES
         | has tended to classify the main election as elections to the
         | lower house. However, it sometimes deviates depending on data
         | availability. Users are advised to consult the table listed in
         | VARIABLE NOTES for F3010_ME specifying the main election for 
         | each study in CSES for specific details.
         |
         | Users are advised that CSES and MARPOR/CMP sometimes classify 
         | coalitions differently in elections and across polities. For
         | example, CSES sometimes has data solely on coalitions and not 
         | the parties comprising the alliance, while MARPOR/CMP may have 
         | data concerning the individual parties in the coalition, or 
         | vice versa. Consequently, some parties may have multiple 
         | identifiers within the MARPOR/CMP dataset across time. A non      
         | comprehensive list of these deviations is noted in Part 3  
         | of the CSES MODULE 6 Codebook in ELECTION STUDY NOTES.
         |         
         | Data are unavailable primarily because some polities, which are
         | in the CSES, are not represented in the MARPOR/CMP dataset.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024), DENMARK (2022), FRANCE
         | (2022), NEW ZEALAND (2023), NORTH MACEDONIA (2024), POLAND 
         | (2023), PORTUGAL (2024), SLOVAKIA (2023), SLOVENIA (2022),
         | SWITZERLAND (2023), TAIWAN (2024), and TURKIYE (2023).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F3100_LR_MARPOR
         |
         | Several coalitions formed for the 2022 Brazilian Presidential 
         | election in support of candidates. MARPOR/CMP does not include
         | data on individual parties. Instead, alliances around 
         | Presidential candidates are classified. 
         | The table below lists available MARPOR/CMP codes for these 
         | alliances for this contest, together with the candidate's name, 
         | the CSES NUMERICAL CODE assigned in F3011_PR_1 and the alliance's
         | rile score assigned by MARPOR/CMP.
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE in 
         | F3011_PR_1 & Candidate      MARPOR Alliance Code    RILE Score
         |-----------------------------------------------------------------
         | 076001. Lula da Silva (PT)           180230             -12.84
         | 076002. Jair Bolsonaro (PL)          180620              12.32
         | 076003. Simone Tebet (MDB)           180311             -12.75
         |
         | Details of alliances and parties/coalitions for BRAZIL (2022) 
         | are detailed in Part 3 of the CSES Codebook.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F3100_LR_MARPOR
         |
         | Data are unavailable for FRANCE (2022) for derivative vote choice 
         | variables based on MARPOR/CMP data (variables F3100_LR_MARPOR and
         | F3011_LR_MARPOR). Although MARPOR/CMP provides RILE scores for 
         | France (2022), these scores were derived from party manifestos 
         | for the 2022 legislative elections held on June 12 and June 19, 
         | 2022, held around two months after the April 10 and April 24, 
         | 2022 Presidential elections covered by CSES. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F3100_LR_MARPOR
         |
         | Several coalitions formed for the 2023 Montenegrin legislative 
         | election. Alliances and how RILE scores were mapped to 
         | F3100_LR_MARPOR are listed below. 
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 499002: Together! (DPS-SD-DUA-LP) was an alliance 
         | between Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS), Social Democrats of
         | Montenegro (SD), Democratic Union of Albanians (DUA), and the 
         | Liberal Party of MNE (LP). The RILE score as reported in 
         | F3100_LR_CSES refers to the alliance, that is, Together!
         | (DPS-SD-DUA-LP).
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 499003: For the Future of Montenegro (NSD-DNP-RP)
         | was an alliance between New Serbian Democracy (NSD), Democratic
         | People's Party (DNP) and the Workers' Party (RP). The RILE score  
         | as reported in F3100_LR_CSES refers to the alliance, that is, 
         | For the Future of Montenegro (NSD-DNP-RP). 
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 499004: Aleksa and Dritan - Count Bravely! 
         | (Demokrate-URA) was an alliance between United Reform Action 
         | (URA) and Democratic Montenegro (Demokrate). The RILE score as 
         | reported in F3100_LR_CSES refers to the alliance, that is, Count
         | Bravely! (Demokrate-URA).
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 499006: SNP-DEMOS was an alliance between 
         | Socialist People's Party of Montenegro (SNP) and Democratic 
         | Alliance (DEMOS). RILE scores for the coalition or any of its 
         | member parties are unavailable for the 2023 contest. Hence, 
         | voters of the SNP-DEMOS alliance are coded "999. MISSING" in 
         | F3100_LR_MARPOR.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022): F3100_LR_MARPOR
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 620006: Unitarian Democratic Coalition (CDU) is 
         | an electoral coalition founded in 1987 between the Communist 
         | Party (PCP) and the Ecologist Party "The Greens" (PEV).
         | For the 2022 legislative election, MARPOR/CMP does not include 
         | data on the alliance. Instead, individual parties are classified. 
         | The table below lists MARPOR/CMP codes for these parties for the
         | 2022 contest, together with their rile score assigned by  
         | MARPOR/CMP.
         |
         | Party                           MARPOR Party Code    RILE Score
         |-----------------------------------------------------------------
         | Ecologist Party "The Greens"         35110             -14.286
         | Portuguese Communist Party           35220             -27.949


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3100_POP_CSES  >>> CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE CHOICE LINKED WITH
                    CSES COLLABORATOR EXPERT JUDGMENT ON POPULISM
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondents' reported party choice in the main election linked
         with the CSES Collaborators experts' judgment of the party on the 
         populism scale (0-10).
         ..................................................................

             00. VOTED FOR PARTY SCORED 0 ON POPULISM SCALE
             01.
             02.
             03.
             04.
             05.
             06.
             07.
             08.
             09.
             10. VOTED FOR PARTY SCORED 10 ON POPULISM SCALE

             97. NOT APPLICABLE
             98. NO POPULISM SCORE ASSIGNED

             99. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: DERIVATIVE VARIABLE (BASED ON CORE)

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3100_POP_CSES
         |
         | F3100_POP_CSES links the respondents' reported vote choice in the
         | main election with the CSES Collaborators experts' judgment of 
         | the party the respondent reported voting for on the populism 
         | scale (0-10). 
         |
         | F3100_POP_CSES is available for voters who reported voting for a 
         | party where expert judgments are available (i.e., for parties 
         | receiving an alphabetical classification by CSES). For more 
         | details on which parties/coalitions receive alphabetical 
         | classification see "CSES MODULE 6 CODING OF PARTIES/COALITIONS
         | & LEADERS" in Codebook Part 3. 
         |
         | F3100_POP_CSES assigns respondents a score based on respondents' 
         | reported vote choice and the corresponding CSES Collaborators 
         | expert placement of the party voted for on the populism scale.
         | This variable hence links the CSES Collaborator expert judgment 
         | with the reported vote of the respondent in the main election.  
         | Here, a respondent who reports voting for a party/candidate of
         | PARTY A is assigned the value the CSES Collaborator gave to  
         | PARTY A in the said election on the populism scale (and so on 
         | for PARTY B, PARTY C etc...).
         |  
         | Collaborators assign parties scores on an 11-point scale ranging
         | from "0. NOT AT ALL POPULIST" to "10. VERY POPULIST" for all 
         | parties assigned an alphabetical code by CSES. The expert 
         | judgment data by party used for coding F3100_POP_CSES is 
         | available in variable F5031_.
         |
         | For classifying parties on the populism scale, Collaborators were
         | provided with the following definition:
         | "Definition: Populism can be defined as a thin-centered ideology
         | that pits a virtuous and homogeneous people against a set of 
         | elites and dangerous 'others' who are depicted as depriving
         | "the people" of their rights, values, prosperity, identity, and
         | voice. The emphasis on anti-elite/ anti-establishment rhetoric 
         | and the contrast between the "pure people" and the "corrupt 
         | elite" are thus indications of the degree to which a party is 
         | populist. Populist parties can be found across the left-right 
         | ideological spectrum."
         |
         | F3100_POP_CSES is coded based on respondents' vote choice in the 
         | main election. 
         |
         | CSES classifies the main election based on the regime
         | (executive) type and the election in which the CSES survey has
         | been administered. For polities rated as parliamentary systems,
         | CSES classifies the main election as elections to the lower house
         | for most studies. It deviates for a few cases when elections to
         | the upper house constitutes the main election, usually due to the
         | respective CSES study focusing on the upper house contest.
         | For polities rated as Presidential systems, CSES conventionally
         | classifies the main election as the Presidential election. It
         | sometimes deviates when data for the Presidential election is
         | unavailable (e.g., when the CSES survey was administered in a
         | midterm election). For polities rated as mixed systems, CSES
         | has tended to classify the main election as elections to the
         | lower house. However, it sometimes deviates depending on data
         | availability. Users are advised to consult the table listed in
         | VARIABLE NOTES for F3010_ME specifying the main election for 
         | each study in CSES for specific details.  
         |
         | Some parties/coalitions have scores in F3100_POP_CSES that are 
         | not round numbers, e.g., 1.5 or 5.5. These scores can reflect 
         | Collaborator judgments or reflect the classification of a 
         | coalition. Sometimes respondents report voting for a coalition, 
         | but Collaborators score parties that comprise this coalition
         | separately on the populism scale. The score used for 
         | F3100_POP_CSES is the mean of populism scores of parties that 
         | comprise the given coalition. All of these instances are detailed
         | in ELECTION STUDY NOTES below.        
         |
         | Sometimes parties' levels of populism are hard to determine. 
         | These instances are detailed in ELECTION STUDY NOTES for 
         | variable F5031_.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for FRANCE (2022), SLOVENIA (2022), TAIWAN
         | (2024) and UNITED STATES (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F3100_POP_CSES
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 499002: Together! was an alliance formed for
         | the 2023 Montenegrin lower house election. Its members were: 
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 499002: Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS) 
         |                          (populism score = 4)
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 499097: Social Democrats of Montenegro (SD) 
         |                          (populism score = 3)
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 499015: Liberal Party of Montenegro (LP)
         |                          (populism score = 2)
         | - Democratic Union of Albanians (DUA) (populism score = 7)
         |
         | Thus, the score for Together! for F3100_POP_CSES is 4.
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 499003: For the Future of Montenegro was an 
         | alliance formed for the 2023 Montenegrin lower house election. 
         | Its members were: 
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 499003: New Serbian Democracy (NSD) 
         |                          (populism score = 6)
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 499098: Democratic People's Party (DNP) 
         |                          (populism score = 6)
         | - Workers' Party (RP) (populism score = 8)
         |
         | Thus, the score for For the Future of Montenegro coalition for 
         | F3100_POP_CSES is 6.7.
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 499004: Aleksa and Dritan - Count Bravely! 
         | (Demokrate-URA)was an alliance formed for the 2023 Montenegrin 
         | lower house election. Its members were: 
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 499004: United Reform Action (URA) 
         |                          (populism score = 7)
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 499099: Democratic Montenegro (Demokrate) 
         |                          (populism score = 8)
         |
         | Thus, the score for Count Bravely! for F3100_POP_CSES is 7.5.
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 499006: SNP-DEMOS was an alliance formed for the  
         | 2023 Montenegrin lower house election. Its members were: 
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 499006: Socialist People's Party of Montenegro  
         |                          (SNP) (populism score = 5)
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 499016: Democratic Alliance (DEMOS) 
         |                          (populism score = 6)
         |
         | Thus, the score for Count Bravely! for F3100_POP_CSES is 5.5.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F3100_POP_CSES
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 616001: United Right (ZP) was an electoral 
         | coalition between the following parties:
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 616001: Law and Justice (Populism score = 8)
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 616007: Sovereign Poland (SP) 
         |                          (Populism score = 9)
         | - and other smaller parties for the 2023 election. 
         |
         | Thus, the score for the coalition in 2023 for F3100_POP_CSES is
         | 8.5.
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 616002: Civic Coalition (KO) was an electoral 
         | coalition between the following parties:
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 616002: Civic Platform (PO) (Populism score = 5)
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 616008: Modern (Nowo) 
         | - and other smaller parties for the 2023 election. 
         |
         | As collaborators provided a rating for the PO only, the score for
         | the KO Coalition in 2023 for F3100_POP_CSES is 5.
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 616003: Third Way (KP) was an electoral coalition
         | between the following parties: 
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 616003: Szymon Holownia's Poland 2050 (PL2050)
         |                          (Populism Score = 4)
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 616005: Polish People's Party (PSL) 
         |                          (Populism score = 5)
         | - and other smaller parties for the 2023 election. 
         |
         | Thus, the score for the coalition in 2023 for F3100_POP_CSES is 
         | 4.5.
         | 
         | NUMERICAL CODE 616004: The Left was an alliance for the 2023 
         | election between several smaller parties and the following 
         | members:
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 616004: New Left (NL) (Populism score = 5)
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 616008: Left Together (Razem) 
         |                          (Populism score = 6)
         |
         | Thus, the score for The Left for F3100_POP_CSES is 5.5.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F3100_POP_CSES
         |
         | NUMERICAL CODE 620101: Democratic Alliance (AD) was an electoral 
         | coalition for the 2024 election between the following parties:
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 620101: Social Democratic Party (PPD/PSD) 
         |                          (Populism score = 0)
         | - NUMERICAL CODE 620109: Democratic and Social Center - People's 
         |                          Party (CDS-PP) (Populism score = 0)
         |   
         | Thus, the score for the coalition in 2024 for F3100_POP_CSES is 
         | 0.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F3100_POP_CSES
         |
         | For the NUMERICAL CODE 703004, the score in F3100_POP_CSES
         | refers exclusively to the expert rating of Ordinary People - 
         | Independent Personalities (OLaNO), even though respondents
         | were able to indicate voting for an alliance in F3011_LH_PL
         | (OLaNO and Friends, NUMERICAL CODE 703004).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F3100_IF_CSES     >>> CURRENT MAIN ELECTION - VOTE CHOICE LINKED WITH 
                      CSES COLLABORATOR EXPERT JUDGMENT IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondents' reported party choice in the main election linked with
         the CSES Collaborators experts' judgment of the party's ideological
         family.  
         ..................................................................

             01. VOTED PARTY CLASSIFIED AS ECOLOGY 
             02. VOTED PARTY CLASSIFIED AS COMMUNIST 
             03. VOTED PARTY CLASSIFIED AS SOCIALIST
             04. VOTED PARTY CLASSIFIED AS SOCIAL DEM
             05. VOTED PARTY CLASSIFIED AS LEFT LIBERAL
             06. VOTED PARTY CLASSIFIED AS LIBERAL
             07. VOTED PARTY CLASSIFIED AS RIGHT LIBERAL
             08. VOTED PARTY CLASSIFIED AS CHRISTIAN DEM 
             09. VOTED PARTY CLASSIFIED AS CONSERVATIVE 
             10. VOTED PARTY CLASSIFIED AS NATIONAL
             11. VOTED PARTY CLASSIFIED AS AGRARIAN
             12. VOTED PARTY CLASSIFIED AS ETHNIC 
             13. VOTED PARTY CLASSIFIED AS REGIONAL
             14. VOTED PARTY CLASSIFIED AS INDEPENDENT 

             90. VOTED PARTY CLASSIFIED AS OTHER

             97. NOT APPLICABLE
             98. NO IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY MENTIONED
             99. MISSING


         | CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION: DERIVATIVE VARIABLE (BASED ON CORE)

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F3100_IF_CSES
         |
         | F3100_IF_CSES links the respondents' reported vote choice in the 
         | main election with the CSES Collaborators experts' judgment of 
         | the ideological family of the party the respondent reported 
         | voting for.
         |
         | F3100_IF_CSES is available for voters who reported voting for a 
         | party where expert judgments are available (i.e., for parties 
         | receiving an alphabetical classification by CSES). For more 
         | details on which parties/coalitions receive alphabetical 
         | classification see "CSES MODULE 6 CODING OF PARTIES/COALITIONS
         | & LEADERS" in Codebook Part 3. 
         |
         | F3100_IF_CSES assigns respondents a score based on respondent 
         | reported vote choice and the corresponding CSES Collaborators 
         | expert judgments of the party's ideological family.
         | The expert judgment data by party is available in variable
         | F5028_.      
         |
         | F3100_IF_CSES links the CSES Collaborator expert judgment with  
         | the reported vote of the respondent in the main election. Here, 
         | a respondent who reports voting for a party/candidate of PARTY A
         | is assigned the value the CSES Collaborator gave to PARTY A in 
         | the said election on the left-right scale (and so on for PARTY B, 
         | PARTY C etc...). 
         |
         | CSES classifies the main election based on the regime
         | (executive) type and the election in which the CSES survey has
         | been administered. For polities rated as parliamentary systems,
         | CSES classifies the main election as elections to the lower house
         | for most studies. It deviates for a few cases when elections to
         | the upper house constitutes the main election, usually due to the
         | respective CSES study focusing on the upper house contest.
         | For polities rated as Presidential systems, CSES conventionally
         | classifies the main election as the Presidential election. It
         | sometimes deviates when data for the Presidential election is
         | unavailable (e.g., when the CSES survey was administered in a
         | midterm election). For polities rated as mixed systems, CSES
         | has tended to classify the main election as elections to the
         | lower house. However, it sometimes deviates depending on data
         | availability. Users are advised to consult the table listed in
         | VARIABLE NOTES for F3010_ME specifying the main election for 
         | each study in CSES for specific details.       
         |
         | In some instances, CSES Collaborators provide additional 
         | information to the characterization, and when applicable, these 
         | are detailed in the ELECTION STUDY NOTES for variable F5028_.
         |
         | Users are advised that the same party might have been coded as 
         | belonging to different party families across different
         | elections. These differences may reflect actual changes in
         | parties' ideological positions across time. 
         | Alternatively, they might reflect disagreement on different 
         | experts on which ideological family the respective party 
         | belongs to, whenever national Collaborators changed between 
         | election studies. 
         |
         | Data are unavailable primarily because Collaborator expert 
         | judgments of parties were not provided for certain election
         | studies.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for TAIWAN (2024) and UNITED STATES (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F3100_IF_CSES
         |
         | For the NUMERICAL CODE 703004, the score in F3100_IF_CSES
         | refers exclusively to the expert rating of Ordinary People - 
         | Independent Personalities (OLaNO), even though respondents
         | were able to indicate voting for an alliance in F3011_LH_PL
         | (OLaNO and Friends, NUMERICAL CODE 703004).


===========================================================================
))) CSES MODULE 6 VARIABLES: DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA
===========================================================================

         | VARIABLE NOTES:
         |
         | (1) Respondents' electoral districts are reported in F2019,
         |     with labels listed in Part 4 of the CSES Codebook.
         |
         | (2) According to the different types of elections included in
         |     this CSES release, the tables below provide an overview of 
         |     each polity and to which election the district data 
         |     pertains to, detail the number of districts in total in 
         |     each state and the number of these districts which are 
         |     sampled by studies included in CSES, and provide information
         |     about the electoral tier (where applicable) to which the 
         |     district data pertain to. Users are advised to consult these
         |     tables carefully to decide which data is appropriate for
         |     their analyses. 
         |
         | (3) In mixed systems, such as Germany or New Zealand, district 
         |     data refers to the constituency vote (as opposed to the 
         |     list-PR vote).
         |
         | (4) There are two versions of each district-level variable. 
         |     Most election studies are coded into F4001-F4007. For 
         |     polities that operate one nationwide electoral district,
         |     district data are coded into variables F4001_N-F4007_N 
         |     to specifically highlight one nationwide district polities. 
         |
         | +++ TABLE: SUMMARY OF POLITY AND WHICH ELECTION IN THAT POLITY
         |            THAT THE DISTRICT DATA REFERS TO
         |
         |                        Presidential  Lower House  Upper House  
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)       Election     Election     Election  
         | ------------------------------------------------------------- 
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)             -            X            - 
         | BRAZIL (2022)                -            X            -
         | DENMARK (2022)               -            X            -
         | FRANCE (2022)                X            -            -
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)            -            X            -
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)           -            X            -
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)       -            X            -
         | POLAND (2023)                -            X            -
         | PORTUGAL (2022)              -            X            -
         | PORTUGAL (2024)              -            X            -
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)              -            X            -
         | SWEDEN (2022)                -            X            -
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)           -            X            -
         | TAIWAN (2024)                -            X            -
         | TURKIYE (2023)               -            X            -  
         | UNITED STATES (2024)         X            -            -
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | KEY: X = yes; - = no.
         |
         |
         | +++ TABLE: TOTAL NUMBER OF ELECTORAL DISTRICTS PER POLITY AND 
         |            TOTAL NUMBER OF ELECTORAL DISTRICTS REPRESENTED IN 
         |            CSES DATA
         |
         |                       Total number of      Total number of       
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)   Electoral Districts Electoral Districts
         |                          in Polity        in CSES (% coverage
         |                                            of N of districts)  
         | -------------------------------------------------------------   
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)            151              151 (100%)
         | BRAZIL (2022)                27               27 (100%)
         | DENMARK (2022)               10               10 (100%)
         | FRANCE (2022)                 1                1 (100%)
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)             1                1 (100%)
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)           72               72 (100%)
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)        6                6 (100%)
         | POLAND (2023)                41               41 (100%)
         | PORTUGAL (2022)              22               17  (77%)
         | PORTUGAL (2024)              22               14  (64%)
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)               1                1 (100%)
         | SWEDEN (2022)                29               29 (100%)
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)           26               26 (100%)
         | TAIWAN (2024)                73               40  (55%)
         | TURKIYE (2023)               87               54  (62%)
         | UNITED STATES (2024)         51               51 (100%)
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | 
         | District identifiers and data are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024)
         | and SLOVENIA (2022).
         |
         | In polities using more than one electoral tier, district data 
         | refer to the lower tier. (see variable F5038_ for information 
         | about the number of electoral tiers and further details about 
         | the tiers).
         |
         | MONTENEGRO (2023) and SLOVAKIA (2023) use a single, nationwide 
         | district. 
         | The district data for FRANCE (2022) and UNITED STATES (2024) 
         | refer to the Presidential Elections. 
         | 
         | Used Sources on Election District Variables, if possible
         | including URL and date accessed.
         | [For more details on sources, see CODEBOOK INTRODUCTION].
         |
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)
         | Australian Electoral Commission (AEC)
         | https://results.aec.gov.au/27966/Website/HouseDownloadsMenu-
         | 27966-Csv.htm
         | Date accessed: August 24, 2023
         |
         | BRAZIL (2022)
         | Federal Electoral Court
         | http://www.tse.jus.br/eleicoes/estatisticas/estatisticas-
         | eleitorais
         | Date accessed: July 12, 2024
         |
         | DENMARK (2022)
         | Statistics Denmark
         | https://www.dst.dk/valg/Valg1968094/other/startside.htm
         | Date accessed: March 11, 2024
         |
         | FRANCE (2022)
         | French Ministry of the Interior
         | https://www.archives-resultats-elections.interieur.gouv.fr/
         | resultats/presidentielle-2022/FE.php
         | Date accessed: July 08, 2024
         |
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)
         | Electoral Commission of Montenegro 
         | https://dik.co.me/images/DIK-media/izbori/parlamentarni/2023/
         | KONACNI-REZULTATI-2023.pdf
         | Date accessed: April 10, 2024
         |
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)           
         | Electoral Commission
         | https://www.electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2023/
         | index.html
         | Date accessed: August 18, 2025
         |
         | NORTH MACEDONIA
         | State Election Commission
         | https://rezultati.sec.mk/mk/parl/r 
         | Date accessed: April 25, 2025
         |
         | POLAND (2023)           
         | National Electoral Commission
         | https://sejmsenat2023.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/en/
         | dane_w_arkuszach
         | Date accessed: February 26, 2025
         |
         | PORTUGAL (2022)
         | Ministry of Internal Administration
         | https://www.eleicoes.mai.gov.pt/legislativas2022/resultados/
         | territorio-nacional
         | Date accessed: July 10, 2024
         |
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)           
         | Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic 
         | https://volby.statistics.sk/nrsr/nrsr2023/en/vysledky
         | _hlasovania_strany.html         
         | Date accessed: July 15, 2025
         |
         | SWEDEN (2022)
         | Swedish Election Authority (Valmyndigheten)         
         | https://resultat.val.se/val2022/RD?r=S
         | Date accessed: February 03, 2025
         |  
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)
         | Swiss Federal Statistical Office
         | https://www.elections.admin.ch/en/ch/
         | Date accessed: March 07, 2025
         |
         | TAIWAN (2024)
         | Central Election Commission
         | https://db.cec.gov.tw/ElecTable/Election?type=Legislator
         | Date accessed: April 02, 2025
         |    
         | TURKIYE (2023)            
         | Turkish Supreme Election Council
         | https://www.ysk.gov.tr/tr/14-mayis-2023-secimleri/82491
         | Date accessed: October 04, 2024
         |
         | UNITED STATES (2024)
         | Federal Election Commission
         | https://fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/
         | 2024presgeresults.pdf
         | Date accessed: October 13, 2025
         |
         | United States Elections Project 
         | http://www.electproject.org/2024g
         | Date accessed: October 13, 2025


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F4001       >>> NUMBER OF SEATS IN DISTRICT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The number of seats contested in district.
         ..................................................................

             001-900. NUMBER OF SEATS CONTESTED IN ELECTORAL DISTRICT

             997.     NOT APPLICABLE

             999.     MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F4001
         |
         | F4001 details the number of seats contested in each district of
         | the first segment of the lower house of the legislature.
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F4001
         |
         | F4001 reports the number of electoral college votes allocated to
         | each state in the U.S. Presidential election and not the number
         | of congressional seats in each district.
         | Considering that the United States uses an electoral college 
         | system that operates on the state level for Presidential 
         | elections, the country's main election, district data were 
         | collected accordingly. The U.S. state a respondent lives in is 
         | coded in F2018 (REGION OF RESIDENCE). Variable F2019 reports the 
         | respondent's lower house district.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F4001_N     >>> NUMBER OF SEATS IN DISTRICT - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The number of seats contested in nationwide electoral district.
         ..................................................................

             001-900. NUMBER OF SEATS CONTESTED IN ELECTORAL DISTRICT

             997.     NOT APPLICABLE: NO NATIONWIDE DISTRICT

             999.     MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F4001_N
         |
         | F4001_N details the number of seats contested in each district 
         | in the first tier of the lower house elections for polities 
         | operating a nationwide electoral district.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F4002       >>> NUMBER OF CANDIDATES IN DISTRICT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The number of candidates contesting seats in district.
         ..................................................................

             0001-9000. NUMBER OF CANDIDATES WHO CONTESTED THE
                        ELECTION IN THIS ELECTORAL DISTRICT

             9997.      NOT APPLICABLE

             9999.      MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F4002
         |
         | F4002 details the number of candidates who contested seats in 
         | each district. Data are reported for electoral systems where 
         | voters cast ballots for candidates directly and in PR-list 
         | systems where voters may cast a candidate preference vote (i.e.,
         | where a voter can indicate a candidate from a party list, in 
         | addition to casting a ballot for a party list).
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F4002
         |
         | The number of candidates in district 39 (Port Waikato) includes
         | the candidate Neil Christensen who died during the campaign. 
         | Because of his death, by-elections for the electorate vote were 
         | scheduled later in the year. Voters still cast their party vote
         | on election day.  

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F4002
         |
         | For SWEDEN (2022), F4002 counts the unique candidate numbers of
         | valid candidacies by district, as provided by the Swedish 
         | Election Authority. Hence, F4002 also counts candidates who did
         | not receive any candidate preference votes.
         | Raw data on candidacies were extracted from 
         | https://www.val.se/valresultat/riksdag-region-och-kommun/2022/
         | radata-och-statistik#Kandidaturerinforval2022 from the 
         | "Kandidaturer infor val 2022" section of the webpage.
         | (Date accessed: April 07, 2025).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F4002
         |
         | This variable reports the number of candidates in the federal
         | state instead of in the respondents' electoral district.
         |
         | For some states, the official election results
         | published by the Federal Election Commission 
         | (https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/
         | 2024presgeresults.pdf; Date accessed: April 02, 2025) 
         | indicate that there were more candidates than named in the 
         | document by including a 'scattered' category summarizing 
         | write-in votes. Such candidates are not included in F4002.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F4002_N     >>> NUMBER OF CANDIDATES IN DISTRICT - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL 
                DISTRICT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The number of candidates contesting seats in nationwide district. 
         ..................................................................

             0001-9000. NUMBER OF CANDIDATES WHO CONTESTED THE
                        ELECTION IN THIS ELECTORAL DISTRICT

             9997.      NOT APPLICABLE: NO NATIONWIDE DISTRICT

             9999.      MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F4002_N
         |
         | F4002_N details the number of candidates who contested seats for
         | for countries operating only one nationwide electoral district.
         | These data are reported for electoral systems where voters cast
         | ballots for candidates directly and in PR-list systems where 
         | voters may cast a candidate preference vote (i.e., where a voter 
         | can indicate a candidate from a party list, in addition to 
         | casting a ballot for a party list) nationwide. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F4003       >>> NUMBER OF PARTY LISTS IN DISTRICT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The number of parties presenting lists in district.
         ..................................................................

             001-900. NUMBER OF PARTIES THAT PRESENTED A LIST OF
                      CANDIDATES IN THE ELECTION IN THIS ELECTORAL
                      DISTRICT

             997.     NOT APPLICABLE

             999.     MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F4003
         | 
         | F4003 details the number of parties that presented lists and, 
         | thereby, contested seats in each district. 
         | These data are only relevant for PR-list electoral systems 
         | where voters cast ballots for party lists. Countries that do not 
         | employ a pure PR-list system or any form of mixed electoral 
         | system are classified as "997. NOT APPLICABLE".
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F4003
         |
         | For SWEDEN (2022), this variable provides the number of parties 
         | which registered participation before the election, as required
         | by the Swedish Election Authority.
         | The Swedish system allows for apparentment in which multiple 
         | lists with the same party label in a given constituency can form 
         | a cartel. In these cases, parties were only counted once, in 
         | line with this variable's intention to count the parties that 
         | presented lists rather than the total number of lists provided 
         | by parties.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F4003_N     >>> NUMBER OF PARTY LISTS IN DISTRICT - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL 
                DISTRICT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The number of parties presenting lists in nationwide district.
         ..................................................................

             001-900. NUMBER OF PARTIES THAT PRESENTED A LIST OF
                      CANDIDATES IN THE ELECTION IN THIS ELECTORAL
                      DISTRICT

             997.     NOT APPLICABLE: NO NATIONWIDE DISTRICT

             999.     MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F4003_N
         |
         | F4003_N details the number of parties that presented lists and, 
         | thereby, contested seats for polities operating a nationwide 
         | electoral district.
         | These data are only relevant for PR-list electoral systems where
         | voters cast ballots for party lists and where the country has a
         | single electoral constituency with the country operating as a
         | nationwide district. Countries that do not employ a PR-list
         | system are classified as "997. NOT APPLICABLE."


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F4004_A     >>> PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY A
F4004_B     >>> PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY B
F4004_C     >>> PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY C
F4004_D     >>> PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY D
F4004_E     >>> PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY E
F4004_F     >>> PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY F
F4004_G     >>> PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY G
F4004_H     >>> PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY H
F4004_I     >>> PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The proportion of votes cast in favor of PARTY [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I]  
         in district (first round).
         ..................................................................

             000.00-100.00 PERCENT (0.00% TO 100.00%) OF THE VALID
                           BALLOTS CAST IN THIS DISTRICT THAT WERE
                           CAST IN FAVOR OF PARTY [A/B/C/D/E/F]

             997.00        NOT APPLICABLE

             999.00.       MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F4004_
         |
         | Parties and their alphabetical classifications for each election
         | study are detailed in Part 3 of the CSES Codebook. 
         |
         | F4004_ detail the proportion of votes cast in favor of PARTIES 
         | A-I in each district. In majoritarian systems in which more than
         | one round of elections are held, F4004_ refer to the FIRST 
         | round.
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F4004_
         |
         | F4004_ report the percentage of first preference votes by 
         | district in the election.
         | Researchers are advised that data for F4004_G (referring to the
         | Liberal Democratic Party) were retrieved on November 26, 2024,
         | unlike all other district data for Australia, which were 
         | collected in August 2023.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F4004_
         |
         | The variables F4004_ are coded as "997. NOT APPLICABLE" for 
         | District 39 (Port Waikato) because the electorate vote was 
         | canceled due to the death of a candidate, Neil Christensen, 
         | during the campaign. As a result, a by-election for the 
         | electorate vote was scheduled later in the year. However, voters 
         | in Port Waikato still cast their party vote on the general 
         | election day.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F4004_A & F4004_I
         |
         | PARTY A (Social Democratic Party, PPD/PSD) and PARTY I 
         | (Democratic and Social Center - People's Party, CDS-PP) contested
         | the 2024 legislative elections jointly, forming the Democratic
         | Alliance. F4004_A reports the percent of the vote by district for 
         | the Democratic Alliance. F4004_I is coded as missing. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F4004_
         |
         | F4004_ reports the results of the Presidential election
         | in the federal states. The results published reflect those 
         | as published by the Federal Election Commission
         | (https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/
         | 2024presgeresults.pdf; Date accessed: April 02, 2025).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F4004_A_N   >>> PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY A - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL 
                DISTRICT
F4004_B_N   >>> PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY B - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL 
                DISTRICT
F4004_C_N   >>> PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY C - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL 
                DISTRICT
F4004_D_N   >>> PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY D - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL 
                DISTRICT
F4004_E_N   >>> PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY E - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL 
                DISTRICT
F4004_F_N   >>> PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY F - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL 
                DISTRICT
F4004_G_N   >>> PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY G - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL 
                DISTRICT
F4004_H_N   >>> PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY H - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL 
                DISTRICT
F4004_I_N   >>> PERCENT VOTE IN DISTRICT - PARTY I - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL 
                DISTRICT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The proportion of votes cast in favor of PARTY [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I]  
         in nationwide district (first round).
         ..................................................................

             000.00-100.00 PERCENT (0.00% TO 100.00%) OF THE VALID
                           BALLOTS CAST IN THIS DISTRICT THAT WERE
                           CAST IN FAVOR OF PARTY [A/B/C/D/E/F]

             997.00        NOT APPLICABLE: NO NATIONWIDE DISTRICT

             999.00.       MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F4004_A-I_N
         |
         | Parties and their alphabetical classifications for each election
         | study are detailed in Part 3 of the CSES Codebook. 
         |
         | F4004_A-I_N details the proportion of votes cast in favor of 
         | PARTIES A-I for polities operating a nationwide district. In 
         | majoritarian systems in which more than one round of elections 
         | are held, F4004_A-I_N refers to the FIRST round.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F4005_A     >>> SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY A
F4005_B     >>> SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY B
F4005_C     >>> SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY C
F4005_D     >>> SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY D
F4005_E     >>> SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY E
F4005_F     >>> SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY F
F4005_G     >>> SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY G
F4005_H     >>> SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY H
F4005_I     >>> SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The number of seats gained by PARTY [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I] in 
         district.
         ..................................................................

             00-99. SEATS

             997.   NOT APPLICABLE

             999.   MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F4005_
         |
         | Parties and their alphabetical classifications for each election
         | study are detailed in Part 3 of the CSES Codebook.
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F4005_
         |
         | For the Australian 2022 lower house election, there are 12 
         | districts in which candidates not affiliated with PARTY A-G won.
         | Hence, variables F4005_A-G are coded 0 for all respondents from
         | these 12 districts. The table below lists the winning 
         | candidates in these districts and their party affiliation, if 
         | applicable: 
         |
         |  F2019 Code and District    Winning Candidate (Party)
         |----------------------------------------------------------------
         |  00015. Fowler              Dai Le (Independent)
         |  00026. Mackellar           Sophie Scamps (Independent)
         |  00032. North Sydney        Kylea Jane Tink (Independent)
         |  00043. Warringah           Zali Steggall (Independent)
         |  00045. Wentworth           Allegra Spender (Independent)
         |  00064. Goldstein           Zoe Daniel (Independent)
         |  00069. Indi                Helen Haines (Independent)
         |  00072. Kooyong             Monique Ryan (Independent)
         |  00102. Kennedy             Bob Katter (Katter's Australia Party)
         |  00123. Mayo                Rebekha Sharkie (Center Alliance)
         |  00130. Curtin              Kate Chaney (Independent)
         |  00143. Clark               Andrew Wilkie (Independent)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F4005_
         |
         | The variables F4005_ are coded as "997. NOT APPLICABLE" for 
         | District 39 (Port Waikato) because the electorate vote was 
         | canceled due to the death of a candidate, Neil Christensen, 
         | during the campaign. As a result, a by-election for the 
         | electorate vote was scheduled later in the year. However, voters 
         | in Port Waikato still cast their party vote on the general 
         | election day.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F4005_A & F4005_I
         |
         | PARTY A (Social Democratic Party, PPD/PSD) and PARTY I 
         | (Democratic and Social Center - People's Party, CDS-PP) contested
         | the 2024 legislative elections jointly, forming the Democratic
         | Alliance. F4005_A reports the seats obtained by district for 
         | the Democratic Alliance. F4005_I is coded as missing. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F4005_
         |
         | Instead of the number of seats gained by party, F4005_ reports 
         | the number of electoral college votes obtained by the 
         | Presidential candidates of the 2024 U.S. Presidential Election.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F4005_A_N   >>> SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY A - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
F4005_B_N   >>> SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY B - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
F4005_C_N   >>> SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY D - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
F4005_E_N   >>> SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY E - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
F4005_F_N   >>> SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY F - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
F4005_G_N   >>> SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY G - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
F4005_H_N   >>> SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY H - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
F4005_I_N   >>> SEATS IN DISTRICT - PARTY I - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The number of seats gained by party [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I] in 
         nationwide district.
         ..................................................................

             00-99. SEATS

             997.   NOT APPLICABLE: NO NATIONWIDE DISTRICT

             999.   MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F4005_A-I_N
         |
         | Parties and their alphabetical classifications for each election
         | study are detailed in Part 3 of the CSES Codebook. 
         |
         | F4005_A-I_N details the number of seats gained by PARTIES A-I 
         | for polities operating a nationwide electoral district.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F4006       >>> TURNOUT IN DISTRICT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The official voter turnout in district.
         ..................................................................

             000.00-100.00 PERCENT OF VOTER TURNOUT BY DISTRICT

             997.00.       NOT APPLICABLE

             999.00.       MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F4006
         |
         | Users should note that official turnout figures are calculated 
         | using different formulas. For instance, the denominator sometimes
         | includes the total number of the voting-age population, while
         | other times it is the total number of registered voters.
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F4006
         |
         | Variable F4006 is coded as "997. NOT APPLICABLE" for 
         | District 39 (Port Waikato) because the electorate vote was 
         | canceled due to the death of a candidate, Neil Christensen, 
         | during the campaign. As a result, a by-election for the 
         | electorate vote was scheduled later in the year. However, voters 
         | in Port Waikato still cast their party vote on the general 
         | election day.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F4006
         |
         | Turnout for Turkiye (2023) as reported by the Supreme Electoral
         | Council (YSK) is based on the number of registered voters, 
         | excluding voters from overseas.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F4006
         |
         | This variable indicates the turnout in the Presidential
         | election by federal state. The turnout is calculated with the 
         | denominator being the voting age population (VAP).
         |
         | A different source other than the Federal Election Commission
         | had to be consulted for F4006 as the Federal Election
         | Commission does not provide an estimate of the size of the
         | the electorate, hence making an estimate of turnout impossible.
         | Instead, data from the University of Florida Election Lab is 
         | used (see: https://election.lab.ufl.edu/2024-general-election-
         | turnout/, Date accessed: April 02, 2025).
         |
         | The UF Election Lab also provides information on the voting 
         | eligible population (VEP), which calculates turnout based on 
         | eligibility, rather than the Voting Age Population. Analysts may 
         | refer to the website link above to access this data.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F4006_N     >>> TURNOUT IN DISTRICT - NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The official voter turnout in nationwide district.
         ..................................................................

             000.00-100.00 PERCENT OF VOTER TURNOUT BY DISTRICT

             997.00.       NOT APPLICABLE: NO NATIONWIDE DISTRICT

             999.00.       MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F4006_N
         |
         | F4006_N details official voter turnout for polities operating a
         | nationwide electoral district.
         |
         | Users should note that official turnout figures are calculated 
         | using different formulas. For instance, the denominator sometimes
         | includes the total number of the voting-age population, while 
         | other times it is the total number of registered voters.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F4007       >>> SIZE OF ELECTORATE OR POPULATION IN DISTRICT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The size of the electorate in district.
         ..................................................................

             00,000,000.-90,000,000. SIZE OF ELECTORATE 

             99,999,997.             NOT APPLICABLE

             99,999,999.             MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F4007
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F4007
         |
         | For Turkiye (2023), the number of registered voters as coded in 
         | F4007 and reported by the Supreme Electoral Council (YSK) 
         | excludes eligible voters from overseas.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F4007
         |
         | This variable indicates the Voting Age Population (VAP) in the 
         | 2024 Presidential election by federal state.
         | 
         | A different source other than the Federal Election Commission
         | had to be consulted for F4007 as the Federal Election
         | Commission does not provide an estimate of the size of the
         | the electorate. Instead, data from the University of Florida 
         | Election Lab is used 
         | (see: https://election.lab.ufl.edu/2024- general-election-
         | turnout/, Date accessed: April 02, 2025).
         | The UF Election Lab also provides information on the Voting 
         | Eligible Population (VEP). Analysts may refer to the website 
         | link above to access this data.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F4007_N     >>> SIZE OF ELECTORATE OR POPULATION IN DISTRICT - 
                NATIONWIDE ELECTORAL DISTRICT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The size of the electorate in nationwide district.
         ..................................................................

             00,000,000.-90,000,000. SIZE OF ELECTORATE 

             99,999,997.             NOT APPLICABLE: NO NATIONWIDE DISTRICT

             99,999,999.             MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F4007_N
         |
         | F4007_N details the size of the electorate for polities operating
         | a nationwide electoral district.


===========================================================================
))) CSES MODULE 6 VARIABLES: MACRO-LEVEL DATA
===========================================================================


    I. RELATIONAL DATA - ALPHABETICAL IDENTIFIERS

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5000_A      >>> PARTY A IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
F5000_B      >>> PARTY B IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
F5000_C      >>> PARTY C IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
F5000_D      >>> PARTY D IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
F5000_E      >>> PARTY E IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
F5000_F      >>> PARTY F IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
F5000_G      >>> PARTY G IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
F5000_H      >>> PARTY H IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
F5000_I      >>> PARTY I IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Numeric Party Code Identifier for Parties A-I (see variable notes).
         ..................................................................

           008001-858009.   PARTY/COALITION NUMERICAL IDENTIFIER
                            [SEE PART 3 OF CODEBOOK FOR NUMERICAL PARTY/
                             COALITION CODES]

                  999999.  MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5000_
         |
         | CSES policy is that for alphabetical codes, parties A through F
         | are the six most popular parties/coalitions, ordered in
         | descending order of their share of the popular vote in the
         | parliamentary election (unless otherwise stated). Parties G, H,
         | and I are supplemental parties. They may, but do not have to,
         | accord with how parties A-F are ordered and often reflect
         | important or notable parties within a country or members of
         | party coalitions. 
         | As codes in F5000_ are labeled with the corresponding party
         | names, they allow for easy identification of the relational data.
         |
         | For the CSES MODULE 6 dataset, alphabetical codes are used to 
         | identify the following:
         | - Respondent's likability of the party/coalition 
         |   (variable F3018_). 
         | - Respondent's left-right placement of the party/coalition 
         |   (variable F3020_).
         | - Respondent's placement of the party/coalition on an alternative 
         |   scale (variable F3021_).
         | - Election Results: percentage of vote for each party/coalition 
         |   in the lower house (variable F5001_).
         | - Election Results: percentage of seats for each party/coalition 
         |   in the lower house (variable F5002_).
         | - Election Results: percentage of vote for each party/coalition 
         |   in the upper house (variable F5003_).
         | - Election Results: percentage of seats for each party/coalition 
         |   in the upper house (variable F5004_).
         | - Election Results: percentage of vote for each party/coalition 
         |   in the first round of the Presidential election (variable 
         |   F5005_).
         | - Election Results: percentage of vote for each party/coalition 
         |   in the second round of the Presidential election (variable 
         |   F5005_).
         | - Number of cabinet portfolios held by each party/coalition 
         |   before the election (variable F5021_).
         | - Number of cabinet portfolios held by each party/coalition after
         |   the election (variable F5022_).
         | - Expert judgments by the national Collaborators of the said 
         |   party/coalition's ideological family placement 
         |   (variable F5028_).
         | - Expert judgments by the national Collaborators of the 
         |   said party/coalition's left-right placement (variable 
         |   F5029_).
         | - Expert judgments by the national Collaborators of the 
         |   said party/coalition's placement on an alternative scale
         |   (variable F5030_).
         | - Expert judgments by the national Collaborators of the 
         |   said party/coalition's placement on the populism scale
         |   (variable F5031_). 
         | - Manifesto research on political representation identifier
         |   for each party/coalition (variable F5200_).
         | - Parliaments and Governments (ParlGov) identifier for each
         |   party/coalition (variable F5201_).
         | - The said party/coalition's Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES) 
         |   Identifier (variable F5202).
         | - The said party/coalition's Party Facts Identifier 
         |   (variable F5203_).
         | 
         | In most cases, the alphabetical party codes correspond to the
         | alphabetical code for the leader of that same party (e.g., 
         | LEADER A is the leader of PARTY A). However, there are 
         | exceptions, such as in instances in which data is available for
         | two leaders of the same party. 
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 of 
         | the CSES Codebook.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5000_L_A    >>> LEADER A IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
F5000_L_B    >>> LEADER B IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
F5000_L_C    >>> LEADER C IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
F5000_L_D    >>> LEADER D IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
F5000_L_E    >>> LEADER E IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
F5000_L_F    >>> LEADER F IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
F5000_L_G    >>> LEADER G IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
F5000_L_H    >>> LEADER H IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
F5000_L_I    >>> LEADER I IDENTIFIER - NUMERICAL
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Numeric Party Code Identifier for Leaders A-I (see variable notes).
         ..................................................................

           008001-858003. PARTY/COALITION NUMERICAL IDENTIFIER & LEADER NAME
                          [SEE PART 3 OF CODEBOOK FOR NUMERICAL PARTY/
                          COALITION CODES]   
 
                  999999.  MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5000_L_
         |
         | CSES policy is that for alphabetical codes, leaders A through F 
         | tend to be the leaders of the six most popular parties/
         | coalitions or the Presidential candidates of these parties. 
         | They correspond to parties A-F (i.e., Leader A will be related to
         | Party A in some way, Leader B will be related to Party B, etc.).
         | Leaders G, H, and I are supplemental leaders. They may be related
         | to parties G, H, or I, but they do not have to be. These leaders 
         | are voluntarily provided by each country's election study and 
         | often include data about additional personalities of interest. 
         | For example, in a parliamentary system, data about a President 
         | might be provided, even if the Presidency is not being contested.
         | On many occasions, slots for Leaders G, H, and I will include 
         | additional data for parties/coalitions that have multiple 
         | leaders.
         | As codes in F5000_L_ are labeled with the corresponding leader
         | surnames and acronyms of their associated parties, they allow for 
         | easy identification of the relational data.
         |
         | For the CSES M6 dataset, alphabetical leader codes are used to 
         | identify the following:
         | - Respondent's likeability of the leader/personality in question
         |   (variable F3019_).
         | - The said leader/personality's biological sex (F5000_L_ABS-IBS).
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 of 
         | the CSES Codebook.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5000_L_ABS    >>> LEADER A IDENTIFIER - BIOLOGICAL SEX
F5000_L_BBS    >>> LEADER B IDENTIFIER - BIOLOGICAL SEX
F5000_L_CBS    >>> LEADER C IDENTIFIER - BIOLOGICAL SEX
F5000_L_DBS    >>> LEADER D IDENTIFIER - BIOLOGICAL SEX
F5000_L_EBS    >>> LEADER E IDENTIFIER - BIOLOGICAL SEX
F5000_L_FBS    >>> LEADER F IDENTIFIER - BIOLOGICAL SEX
F5000_L_GBS    >>> LEADER G IDENTIFIER - BIOLOGICAL SEX
F5000_L_HBS    >>> LEADER H IDENTIFIER - BIOLOGICAL SEX
F5000_L_IBS    >>> LEADER I IDENTIFIER - BIOLOGICAL SEX
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Biological Sex of LEADER [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I].
         ..................................................................

             0. MALE
             1. FEMALE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5000_L_A-IBS
         |
         | F5000_L_ABS - F5000_L_IBS detail the biological sex for leaders 
         | assigned an alphabetical code (A-I) in CSES MODULE 6.
         |
         | Leader alphabetical classifications and relevant numerical and 
         | alphabetical classifications of the party they are associated
         | with for each election study are detailed in Part 3 of the 
         | CSES Codebook. 
         | Also see variables F5000_L_, which provide the numerical codes 
         | of leaders' associated parties and are labeled with the 
         | corresponding leader surnames and party acronyms.
         |
         | In some instances, leader alphabetical and party alphabetical 
         | classification may not align. These instances are highlighted in
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES in Part 3 of the CSES Codebook.       
 
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F5000_L_HBS
         |
         | For the Party of Greens and the Left Future (YSP, PARTY H), 
         | respondents were asked to rate the co-chairs of the party, 
         | Cigdem Kilicgun Ucar (female) and Ibrahim Akin (male) jointly
         | in F3018_H. Collaborators note that both leaders are of equal 
         | importance. Hence, F5000_L_HBS is coded 9. MISSING for Turkiye 
         | (2023), as the evaluated co-chairs do not share a gender.


    II. ELECTION-SPECIFIC AND ELECTORAL RULES DATA

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5001       >>> LOWER HOUSE ELECTION - YES/NO
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
         
         Was there a lower house election?
         ..................................................................

             0.            NO: LOWER HOUSE ELECTION

             1.            YES: LOWER HOUSE ELECTION

             9.            MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5001_
         |
         | F5001 classifies whether there was a lower house election or
         | not. 
         |
         | Source of data: Publicly available sources. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5001_A     >>> PERCENT VOTE - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY A
F5001_B     >>> PERCENT VOTE - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY B
F5001_C     >>> PERCENT VOTE - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY C
F5001_D     >>> PERCENT VOTE - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY D
F5001_E     >>> PERCENT VOTE - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY E
F5001_F     >>> PERCENT VOTE - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY F
F5001_G     >>> PERCENT VOTE - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY G
F5001_H     >>> PERCENT VOTE - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY H
F5001_I     >>> PERCENT VOTE - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Percent of popular vote received by PARTY [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I] in
         the current lower house legislative election.
         ..................................................................

             000.00-100.00 PERCENT OF THE POPULAR VOTE THAT PARTY/COALITION
                           [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I] RECEIVED

             997.00        NOT APPLICABLE: NO LOWER HOUSE ELECTION

             999.00.       MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5001_
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 
         | of the CSES Codebook. 
         |        
         | For preferential electoral systems (e.g., Australia, Ireland), 
         | F5001_ report the first preference vote share of each 
         | party/coalition, unless otherwise stated in the ELECTION STUDY  
         | NOTES below. 
         | For mixed electoral systems (e.g., Germany, Italy, Japan,  
         | New Zealand), F5001_ report the vote share of the "party list"
         | segment for each party/coalition, unless otherwise stated in the
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES below. 
         |
         | Source of data: Publicly available sources such as National 
         | Election Commissions. 
         |
         | Data are unavailable for UNITED STATES (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5001_B
         |
         | PARTY B (The Liberal Party) combines the results for 
         | Liberal National Party (which ran only in Queensland state) and
         | the Liberal Party (which ran in all other states).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5001_F
         |
         | PARTY F (National Party) combines the results for the Nationals 
         | and the Country Liberals, as the latter only ran in the 
         | Northern Territory.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5001
         |
         | Total share of the vote is calculated, including the votes cast
         | in the Faroe Islands and Greenland, two autonomous territories 
         | in the Kingdom of Denmark.              
         |        
         | The percentage of votes achieved by each party standing in  
         | mainland Denmark (excluding Greenland and the Faroe Islands) is
         | as follows: 
         |
         | PARTY A (Social Democratic Party, Sd - A) - 27.5%
         | PARTY B (Venstre, V) - 13.3%
         | PARTY C (Moderates, M) - 9.2%
         | PARTY D (Socialist People's Party, SF - F) - 8.3%
         | PARTY E (Denmark Democrats, DD) - 8.1%
         | PARTY F (Liberal Alliance) - 7.9%
         | PARTY G (Conservative People's Party, KF - C) - 5.5%
         | PARTY H (Red Green Alliance, Rod/Green - En O) - 5.1%
         | PARTY I (Social Liberals, RV - B) - 3.8%

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5001_B
         |
         | The data represents the combined vote share of the Together! 
         | (Zajedno!) alliance comprising the following parties (asterisk 
         | denoting the dominant coalition member): 
         | - Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS)*
         | - Social Democrats of Montenegro (SD)
         | - Liberal Party of Montenegro (LP)
         | - Democratic Union of Albanians (DUA).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5001_C
         |
         | The data represents the combined vote share of the For the 
         | Future of Montenegro (Za buducnost Crne Gore) alliance comprising
         | the following parties (asterisk denoting the dominant coalition 
         | member):
         | - New Serbian Democracy (NSD)* 
         | - Democratic People's Party (DNP)
         | - Workers' Party (RP).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5001_D
         |
         | The data represents the combined vote share of the Aleksa and 
         | Dritan - Bravery Counts! (Aleksa and Dritan - HRABRO se broji!) 
         | alliance comprising the following parties (asterisk denoting 
         | the dominant coalition member): 
         | - Democratic Montenegro (Demokrate)*
         | - United Reform Action (URA).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5001_F
         |
         | The data represents the combined vote share of the SNP-DEMOS-FOR
         | YOU (SNP-DEMOS-ZA TEBE) alliance comprising the following 
         | parties (asterisk denoting the dominant coalition member): 
         | - Socialist People's Party of Montenegro (SNP)
         | - Democratic Alliance (DEMOS).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5001_G
         |
         | Party G (Social Democrats of Montenegro, SD) participated in the 
         | election as a member of the coalition whose results are 
         | presented under Party B.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5001_H
         |
         | Party H (Democratic People's Party, DNP) participated in the 
         | election as a member of the coalition whose results are 
         | presented under Party C.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5001_I
         |
         | PARTY I (Civic Movement United Reform Action, URA) participated 
         | in the election as a member of the coalition whose results are 
         | presented under Party D.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5001_A
         |
         | PARTY A presents the results for the Coalition "Your Macedonia" 
         | VMRO-DPMNE, consisting of 22 political parties. The leading 
         | member of this alliance was the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary 
         | Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity -
         | VMRO-DPMNE. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5001_B
         |
         | PARTY B presents the results for the Coalition for a European 
         | Future - SDSM, consisting of 14 political parties. The leading 
         | member of this coalition was the Social Democratic Union of 
         | Macedonia - SDSM.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5001_C
         |
         | PARTY C presents the results for the Coalition "European Front",
         | consisting of 9 political parties. The leading member of 
         | this coalition was the Democratic Union for Integration (DUI).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5001_D
         |
         | PARTY D presents the results for the Vlen Coalition, consisting
         | of 4 political parties. No leading member of this coalition was 
         | identified by the collaborators.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F5001_F
         |
         | The data under PARTY F (Konfederacja) presents the results for 
         | the coalition Konfederacja (Confederation), which is an alliance
         | where the leading member was New Hope (NN). 
         | The following parties comprised this alliance:
         | - New Hope (NN), NUMERICAL CODE 616012. 
         | - Confederation of the Polish Crown (KKP), NUMERICAL CODE 
         |   616013. 
         | - National Movement (RN).
         | - Real Europe Movement - Europa Christi (RPE).
         | - Real Politics Union (UPR).
         | - Right Wing of the Republic.
         | To circumvent the higher electoral threshold applicable to 
         | electoral coalitions, Konfederacja registered as a party rather 
         | than alliance for the 2023 election.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F5001_I
         |
         | PARTY I (Democratic and Social Center - People's Party, CDS-PP) 
         | was a minor member of the coalition coded under PARTY A and as 
         | they competed on a joint list, their electoral results are 
         | combined and detailed under F5001_A.          

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5001_
         |
         | The data report the share of the votes that each party received 
         | in the first tier, which provides the majority (79) seats in the
         | Legislative Yuan (from geographical constituencies, which employ
         | a first-past-the-post system). However, the alphabetic party 
         | ordering is based on the proportional tier since it reflects
         | electoral strength of the parties more accurately.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F5001_A-H
         |
         | Although multiple electoral alliances took part in the 2023 
         | Turkish parliamentary elections, here the election results
         | represent the vote shares of the individual political parties.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5002_A     >>> PERCENT SEATS - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY A
F5002_B     >>> PERCENT SEATS - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY B
F5002_C     >>> PERCENT SEATS - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY C
F5002_D     >>> PERCENT SEATS - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY D
F5002_E     >>> PERCENT SEATS - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY E
F5002_F     >>> PERCENT SEATS - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY F
F5002_G     >>> PERCENT SEATS - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY G
F5002_H     >>> PERCENT SEATS - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY H
F5002_I     >>> PERCENT SEATS - LOWER HOUSE - PARTY I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Percent of seats in the lower house received by PARTY
         [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I] in the current lower house election.
         ..................................................................

             000.00-100.00 PERCENT OF THE SEATS THAT PARTY/COALITION
                           [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I] RECEIVED

             997.00        NOT APPLICABLE: NO LOWER HOUSE ELECTION

             999.00.       MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5002_
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3  
         | of the CSES Codebook.
         |
         | For mixed electoral systems (e.g., Germany, Italy, Japan,  
         | New Zealand), F5002_ report the total seat share for each 
         | party/coalition - i.e., the seats an entity won from both the 
         | "party list" segment and the "constituency" segment, unless  
         | otherwise stated in the ELECTION STUDY NOTES below. 
         |         
         | Source of data: Publicly available sources such as National 
         | Election Commissions. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5002_B
         |
         | PARTY B (The Liberal Party) combines the results for the
         | Liberal National Party (which ran only in Queensland state) and 
         | the Liberal Party (which ran in all other states).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5002_F
         |
         | PARTY F (National Party) combines the results for the Nationals 
         | and the Country Liberals, as the latter only ran in the 
         | Northern Territory.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5002
         |
         | Total share of seats is calculated including the seats (n=4) 
         | in the Faroe Islands and Greenland, two autonomous territories 
         | in the Kingdom of Denmark, making a total of 179 seats. 
         | The two seats in the Faroe Islands were won by the Union Party
         | and the Social Democratic Party. The two seats in Greenland 
         | were won by the Inuit Ataqatiguut and Siumut parties. 
         |        
         | The percentage of seats achieved by each party standing in  
         | mainland Denmark (excluding Greenland and the Faroe Islands, 
         | i.e., n=175 seats) is as follows: 
         |
         | PARTY A (Social Democratic Party, Sd - A) - 28.6%
         | PARTY B (Venstre, V) - 13.1%
         | PARTY C (Moderates, M) - 9.1%
         | PARTY D (Socialist People's Party, SF - F) - 8.6%
         | PARTY E (Denmark Democrats, DD) - 8.0%
         | PARTY F (Liberal Alliance) - 8.0%
         | PARTY G (Conservative People's Party, KF - C) - 5.7%
         | PARTY H (Red Green Alliance, Rod/Green - En O) - 5.1%
         | PARTY I (Social Liberals, RV - B) - 4.0%

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5002_B
         |
         | The data represents the combined vote share of the Together! 
         | (Zajedno!) alliance comprising the following parties (asterisk 
         | denoting the dominant coalition member): 
         | - Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS)*
         | - Social Democrats of Montenegro (SD)
         | - Liberal Party of Montenegro (LP)
         | - Democratic Union of Albanians (DUA).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5002_C
         |
         | The data represents the combined vote share of the For the 
         | Future of Montenegro (Za buducnost Crne Gore) alliance 
         | comprising the following parties (asterisk denoting the dominant
         | coalition member): 
         | - New Serbian Democracy (NSD)* 
         | - Democratic People's Party (DNP)
         | - Workers' Party (RP).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5002_D
         |
         | The data represents the combined vote share of the Aleksa and 
         | Dritan - Bravery Counts! (Aleksa and Dritan - HRABRO se broji!) 
         | alliance comprising the following parties (asterisk denoting 
         | the dominant coalition member): 
         | - Democratic Montenegro (Demokrate)*
         | - United Reform Action (URA).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5002_F
         |
         | The data represents the combined vote share of the SNP-DEMOS-FOR
         | YOU (SNP-DEMOS-ZA TEBE) alliance comprising the following 
         | parties (asterisk denoting the dominant coalition member): 
         | - Socialist People's Party of Montenegro (SNP)
         | - Democratic Alliance (DEMOS).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5002_G
         |
         | PARTY G (Social Democrats of Montenegro, SD) participated in the
         | election as a member of the coalition whose results are 
         | presented under Party B.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5002_H
         |
         | PARTY H (Democratic People's Party, DNP) participated in the 
         | election as a member of the coalition whose results are 
         | presented under Party C.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5002_I
         |
         | PARTY I (Civic Movement United Reform Action, URA) participated
         | in the election as a member of the coalition whose results are 
         | presented under Party D.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5002_A
         |
         | PARTY A presents the results for the Coalition "Your Macedonia" 
         | VMRO-DPMNE, consisting of 22 political parties. The leading 
         | member of this alliance was the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary 
         | Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity - 
         | VMRO-DPMNE. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5002_B
         |
         | PARTY B presents the results for the Coalition for a European 
         | Future - SDSM, consisting of 14 political parties. The leading 
         | member of this coalition was the Social Democratic Union of 
         | Macedonia - SDSM.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5002_C
         |
         | PARTY C presents the results for the Coalition "European Front",
         | consisting of nine political parties. The leading member of 
         | this coalition was the Democratic Union for Integration (DUI).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5002_D
         |
         | PARTY D presents the results for the Vlen Coalition, consisting
         | of four political parties. No leading member of this coalition 
         | was identified by the collaborators.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F5002_F
         |
         | The data for PARTY F (Konfederacja) presents the results for 
         | the coalition Konfederacja (Confederation), which is an alliance 
         | where the leading member was New Hope (NN). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F5002_I
         |
         | PARTY I (Democratic and Social Center - People's Party, CDS-PP) 
         | was a minor member of the coalition coded under PARTY A and as 
         | they competed on a joint list, their electoral results are 
         | combined and detailed under F5002_A. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5002_
         |
         | Of the 90 seats in the Slovene parliament on which F5002_  
         | classifications are based, two seats (2.2%) are reserved for the 
         | Italian and Hungarian minorities respectively, and are elected 
         | through the Borda count with each recognized minority electing  
         | its own representative in which only members of that minority may
         | vote. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5002_
         |
         | The data report the percentage share of seats that each party
         | received resulting from all tiers: the geographical 
         | constituencies (General; 73 seats), a nationwide closed-list
         | proportional tier (34 seats), and two special segments for 
         | aboriginal populations (six seats).
         | Note that the alphabetic party ordering is based on the
         | proportional tier since it reflects electoral strength of the 
         | parties more accurately. Note that two additional seats were 
         | obtained by Independent candidates.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F5002_A-H
         |
         | Although multiple electoral alliances took part in the 2023 
         | Turkish parliamentary elections, the presented seat shares 
         | correspond to individual political parties.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5003       >>> UPPER HOUSE ELECTION - YES/NO
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
         
         Was there an upper house election?
         ..................................................................

             0.            NO: UPPER HOUSE ELECTION

             1.            YES: UPPER HOUSE ELECTION

             7.            NOT APPLICABLE: UNICAMERAL SYSTEM

             9.            MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5003
         |
         | F5003 classifies whether there was an upper house election or
         | not. 
         |
         | Source of data: Publicly available sources. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5003
         |
         | The election on May 19, 2022 also included a half Senate 
         | election whereby 40 senators were elected in total, six for each
         | state (six districts) and two for each Federal Territory 
         | (two districts). 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5003_A     >>> PERCENT VOTE - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY A
F5003_B     >>> PERCENT VOTE - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY B
F5003_C     >>> PERCENT VOTE - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY C
F5003_D     >>> PERCENT VOTE - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY D
F5003_E     >>> PERCENT VOTE - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY E
F5003_F     >>> PERCENT VOTE - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY F
F5003_G     >>> PERCENT VOTE - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY G
F5003_H     >>> PERCENT VOTE - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY H
F5003_I     >>> PERCENT VOTE - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Percent of popular vote received by PARTY [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I] in
         the current upper house legislative election.
         ..................................................................

             000.00-100.00 PERCENT OF THE POPULAR VOTE THAT PARTY/COALITION
                           [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I] RECEIVED

             996.00        NOT APPLICABLE: UNICAMERAL SYSTEM
             997.00        NOT APPLICABLE: NO UPPER HOUSE ELECTION

             999.00.       MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5003_
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 of 
         | the CSES Codebook.
         |
         | For preferential electoral systems (e.g., Australia, Ireland), 
         | F5003_ report the first preference vote share of each 
         | party/coalition, unless otherwise stated in the ELECTION STUDY  
         | NOTES below. 
         | For mixed electoral systems (e.g., Germany, Italy, Japan,  
         | New Zealand), F5003_ report the vote share of the "party list"
         | segment for each party/coalition, unless otherwise stated in the
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES below. 
         |
         | Data are unavailable for SWITZERLAND (2023) and UNITED STATES 
         | (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5003_B
         |
         | PARTY B (The Liberal Party) combines the results for the Liberal
         | National Party (which ran only in Queensland state), the
         | Liberal Party (which ran in all other states), and candidates
         | who ran under the joint "Liberal-National" ticket.      

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5003_F
         |
         | PARTY F (National Party) combines the results for the Nationals
         | and the Country Liberals, as the latter only ran in the 
         | Northern Territory. Many National candidates ran under the 
         | combined Liberal/National banner and their results are included 
         | under the Liberal Party results (PARTY B) for F5003.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F5003_F
         |
         | The data for PARTY F (Konfederacja) presents the results for 
         | the coalition Konfederacja (Confederation), which is an alliance 
         | where the leading member was New Hope (NN). 
         | The following parties comprised this alliance:
         | - New Hope (NN), NUMERICAL CODE 616012. 
         | - Confederation of the Polish Crown (KKP), NUMERICAL CODE 
         |   616013. 
         | - National Movement (RN).
         | - Real Europe Movement - Europa Christi (RPE).
         | - Real Politics Union (UPR).
         | - Right Wing of the Republic.
         | To circumvent the higher electoral threshold applicable to 
         | electoral coalitions, Konfederacja registered as a party rather 
         | than alliance for the 2023 election.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F5003
         |
         | The Swiss Upper House (Council of States, Staenderat) has 46
         | members. Twenty of the country's cantons are represented by two 
         | Councilors each. Six cantons, traditionally called "half
         | cantons", are represented by one Councilor each.
         | Vote share data for Switzerland's upper house (Council of States)
         | are unavailable because the elections are conducted at canton
         | level and most cantons use majority-based, candidate-centered 
         | electoral systems rather than proportional party lists. Moreover,
         | election rules can differ by canton, with varying majoritarian
         | electoral formulas and, in some instances, runoff rounds to
         | determine winners. Consequently, no standardized national 
         | vote-share for parties is available. However, seat share data is
         | available by party and listed in F5004_. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5004_A     >>> PERCENT SEATS - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY A
F5004_B     >>> PERCENT SEATS - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY B
F5004_C     >>> PERCENT SEATS - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY C
F5004_D     >>> PERCENT SEATS - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY D
F5004_E     >>> PERCENT SEATS - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY E
F5004_F     >>> PERCENT SEATS - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY F
F5004_G     >>> PERCENT SEATS - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY G
F5004_H     >>> PERCENT SEATS - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY H
F5004_I     >>> PERCENT SEATS - UPPER HOUSE - PARTY I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Percent of seats in the upper house received by PARTY/COALITION
         [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I] in the current upper house election.
         ..................................................................

               000.00-100.00 PERCENT OF THE SEATS THAT PARTY/COALITION
                             [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I] RECEIVED

               996.00        NOT APPLICABLE: UNICAMERAL SYSTEM
               997.00        NOT APPLICABLE: NO UPPER HOUSE ELECTION

               999.00.       MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5004_
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 of 
         | the CSES Codebook.
         |
         | For mixed electoral systems (e.g., Germany, Italy, Japan,  
         | New Zealand), F5004_ report the total seat share for each 
         | party/coalition - i.e., the seats an entity won from both the 
         | "party list" segment and the "constituency" segment, unless  
         | otherwise stated in the ELECTION STUDY NOTES below.
         | In polities where only a portion of the Upper House seats are
         | contested in an electoral cycle (e.g., Australia, Brazil, the  
         | United States, F5004_ represent the share of seats won by each
         | party among the contested seats (holdover seats are not included
         | in the classification). 
         |         
         | Source of data: Publicly available sources such as National 
         | Election Commissions. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5004
         |
         | The election on May 19, 2022, also included a half Senate 
         | election whereby 40 senators were elected in total, six for each
         | state (six districts) and two for each Federal Territory 
         | (two districts). The data represent the percentage of seats won
         | in the election and do not include holdover seats.          

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5004_A
         |
         | PARTY B (The Liberal Party) combines the results for 
         | Liberal National Party (which ran only in Queensland state) and 
         | the Liberal Party (which ran in all other states), and candidates
         | who ran under the joint "Liberal-National" ticket.  

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5004_F
         |
         | PARTY F (National Party) combines the results for the Nationals 
         | and the Country Liberals, as the latter only ran in the 
         | Northern Territory. Many National candidates ran under the 
         | combined Liberal/National banner and their seats are included 
         | under the Liberal Party results (PARTY B) for F5004. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F5004_F
         |
         | The data for PARTY F (Konfederacja) presents the results for 
         | the coalition Konfederacja (Confederation), which is an alliance 
         | where the leading member was New Hope (NN). 
    
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F5004
         |
         | The 2024 elections saw 34 Senate seats contested of the 100 
         | total. The data represents the percentage of seats won by each 
         | party (n=34) in the 2024 contest and does not include holdover 
         | seats. Including holdover seats, the proportion of seats in the 
         | full Senate held by each party post the 2024 elections were: 
         |   - PARTY A (Republican Party, GOP) - 53.0% 
         |   - PARTY B (Democratic Party, DEM) - 45.0% (47.0% with 
         |              Independents). 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5005       >>> PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION ROUND 1 - YES/NO
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
         
         Was there a Presidential election?
         ..................................................................

             0.          NO: PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

             1.          YES: PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

             6.          NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT

             7.          NOT APPLICABLE: PRESIDENT NOT SELECTED BY CITIZENS
 
             9.          MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5005
         |
         | F5005 classifies whether there was a Presidential election or
         | not. 
         | NO: PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION classifies circumstances where the 
         | the role of President exists and is directly elected by citizens 
         | but where no Presidential election took place in this cycle.    
         | YES: PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION classifies circumstances where the 
         | the role of President exists, is directly elected by citizens 
         | and where a Presidential election took place this cycle. 
         | NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT classifies polities that do
         | not have a Presidential position/office - e.g., constitutional 
         | monarchies. 
         | NOT APPLICABLE: PRESIDENT NOT SELECTED BY CITIZENS classifies 
         | polities that have a Presidential position/office but the office
         | is not elected by citizens directly - e.g., the President is 
         | chosen by parliament or another electoral body.
         | 
         | Source of data: Publicly available sources.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5005
         |
         | The Slovenia (2022) study focuses on the 2022 lower house 
         | elections held on April 24, 2022, as specified in F1014 
         | (ELECTION TYPE), with interviews held throughout September to
         | December 2022. However, researchers are advised that Presidential
         | elections were held the same year, i.e., on October 23 (first 
         | round) and November 13, 2022 (second round), respectively.  
         | Still, F5005 is specified as "0. NO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION" for
         | Slovenia (2022), given that respondent-level vote choice data 
         | are unavailable for the 2022 Slovenian Presidential elections.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F5005
         |
         | Since the previous Presidential contest in 2020, the US Congress 
         | passed the Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition 
         | Improvement Act (2022) which elucidated the procedures for 
         | counting and certifying Electoral College votes. The legislation 
         | clarified the Vice President's ceremonial role, raised the 
         | threshold for congressional objections, and created clearer 
         | judicial and certification processes in response to the events of 
         | January 6, 2021.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5005_A     >>> PERCENT VOTE ROUND 1 - PRESIDENT - PARTY A
F5005_B     >>> PERCENT VOTE ROUND 1 - PRESIDENT - PARTY B
F5005_C     >>> PERCENT VOTE ROUND 1 - PRESIDENT - PARTY C
F5005_D     >>> PERCENT VOTE ROUND 1 - PRESIDENT - PARTY D
F5005_E     >>> PERCENT VOTE ROUND 1 - PRESIDENT - PARTY E
F5005_F     >>> PERCENT VOTE ROUND 1 - PRESIDENT - PARTY F
F5005_G     >>> PERCENT VOTE ROUND 1 - PRESIDENT - PARTY G
F5005_H     >>> PERCENT VOTE ROUND 1 - PRESIDENT - PARTY H
F5005_I     >>> PERCENT VOTE ROUND 1 - PRESIDENT - PARTY I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Percent of popular vote received by candidate of PARTY/COALITION 
         [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I] in the current Presidential election (Round 1)
         ..................................................................

             000.00-100.00 PERCENT OF THE POPULAR VOTE THAT
                           PARTY/COALITION [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I] RECEIVED IN
                           ROUND 1 

             996.00.       NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT

             997.00.       NOT APPLICABLE: NO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION  

             999.00.       MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5005_
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 of 
         | the CSES Codebook.
         |
         | F5005_ detail the vote share achieved in Round 1. If multiple  
         | rounds were held, the percent of the vote for the second round 
         | is detailed in F5006_. 
         |         
         | Source of data: Publicly available sources such as National 
         | Election Commissions. 
         |
         | Data are unavailable for UNITED STATES (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5005_A
         |
         | F5005_A provides the results for Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova, 
         | the candidate supported by the Coalition "Your Macedonia" 
         | (VMRO-DPMNE).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5005_B
         |
         | F5005_B provides the results for Stevo Pendarovski, the candidate
         | supported by the Coalition "For a European Future", 
         | and a member of the Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (SDSM).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5005_C
         |
         | F5005_C provides the results for Bujar Osmani (Democratic
         | Union for Integration - DUI), a candidate supported by the 
         | Coalition "European Front".

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5005_D
         |
         | These are the results obtained by Arben Taravari, from the 
         | Alliance for Albanians (ASH).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5005_F
         |
         | These are the results obtained by Maksim Dimitrievski, contesting
         | for the Movement ZNAM - For Our Macedonia (PARTY F).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5006       >>> PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION ROUND 2 - YES/NO
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
         
         Was there a Presidential election Round 2?
         ..................................................................

             0.          NO: PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

             1.          YES: PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION ROUND 2

             6.          NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT

             7.          NOT APPLICABLE: PRESIDENT NOT SELECTED BY CITIZENS

             8.          NOT APPLICABLE: NO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION ROUND 2

             9.          MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5006
         |
         | F5006 classifies whether there was a Presidential election 
         | Round 2 or not. 
         | NO: PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION classifies circumstances where the 
         | the role of President exists and is directly elected by citizens 
         | but where no Presidential election took place in this cycle.    
         | YES: PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION classifies circumstances where the 
         | the role of President exists, is directly elected by citizens 
         | and where a Presidential Round 2 election took place this cycle. 
         | NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT classifies polities that do
         | not have a Presidential position/office - e.g., constitutional 
         | monarchies; 
         | NOT APPLICABLE: PRESIDENT NOT SELECTED BY CITIZENS classifies 
         | polities that have a Presidential position/office but the office
         | is not elected by citizens directly - e.g., the President is 
         | chosen by parliament or another electoral body.
         | NOT APPLICABLE: NO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION ROUND 2 classifies 
         | polities where the role of President exists, is directly elected
         | by citizens, where a Presidential election took place this cycle, 
         | but where there was no Round 2 election.  
         | 
         | Source of data: Publicly available sources.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5006
         |
         | The Slovenia (2022) study focuses on the 2022 lower house 
         | elections held on April 24, 2022, as specified in F1014 
         | (ELECTION TYPE), with interviews held throughout September to
         | December 2022. However, researchers are advised that Presidential
         | elections were held the same year, i.e., on October 23 (first 
         | round) and November 13, 2022 (second round), respectively.  
         | Still, F5006 is specified as "0. NO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION" for
         | Slovenia (2022), given that respondent-level vote choice data 
         | are unavailable for the 2022 Slovenian Presidential elections.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5006_A     >>> PERCENT VOTE ROUND 2 - PRESIDENT - PARTY A
F5006_B     >>> PERCENT VOTE ROUND 2 - PRESIDENT - PARTY B
F5006_C     >>> PERCENT VOTE ROUND 2 - PRESIDENT - PARTY C
F5006_D     >>> PERCENT VOTE ROUND 2 - PRESIDENT - PARTY D
F5006_E     >>> PERCENT VOTE ROUND 2 - PRESIDENT - PARTY E
F5006_F     >>> PERCENT VOTE ROUND 2 - PRESIDENT - PARTY F
F5006_G     >>> PERCENT VOTE ROUND 2 - PRESIDENT - PARTY G
F5006_H     >>> PERCENT VOTE ROUND 2 - PRESIDENT - PARTY H
F5006_I     >>> PERCENT VOTE ROUND 2 - PRESIDENT - PARTY I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Percent of popular vote received by candidate of PARTY/COALITION 
         [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I] in the current Presidential election (Round 2)
         ..................................................................

             000.00-100.00 PERCENT OF THE POPULAR VOTE THAT
                           PARTY/COALITION [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I] RECEIVED IN
                           ROUND 2

             995.00.       NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROUND 2 PRESIDENTIAL
                           ELECTION                     

             996.00.       NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT

             997.00.       NOT APPLICABLE: NO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION  

             999.00.       MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5006_
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 
         | of the CSES Codebook.
         |
         | F5006_ detail the vote share achieved in Round 2. Vote share  
         | data for Round 1 (where applicable) are detailed in F5005_. 
         |         
         | Source of data: Publicly available sources such as National 
         | Election Commissions. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5006_B
         |
         | F5006_B provides the results for Stevo Pendarovski, a candidate
         | supported by the Coalition "For a European Future", and a member
         | of the Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (SDSM).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5007       >>> NUMBER OF PARTIES PARTICIPATING IN ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         How many political parties received votes in the election?
         ..................................................................

             001-900.    NUMBER OF PARTIES

             999.        MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5007
         |
         | F5007 details the number of participating political parties in 
         | the election as available by official sources. Data is for the 
         | Lower House elections unless otherwise stated in ELECTION STUDY 
         | NOTES below. Independent candidates are not counted. Where 
         | coalitions are present, constituent parties are counted 
         | separately if possible. 
         |
         | Source of data: Publicly available sources such as National 
         | Election Commissions.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for UNITED STATES (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5007
         |
         | 34 parties received votes in the Australian House of 
         | Representatives election of 2022. This calculation counts 
         | the Liberal and Liberal National Party as separate parties.
         | Additionally, the National Party and the Country Liberals that
         | run in the Northern Territory are also considered separate 
         | parties. Furthermore, only seven parties received votes in excess
         | of 1% nationally.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5007
         |
         | These data represent the number of parties that received votes
         | in mainland Denmark only. Including parties contesting in 
         | Greenland (six) and the Faroe Islands (six), 25 parties received 
         | votes in total. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5007
         |
         | 15 electoral lists competed in the election.
         | The data shown here (25) refers to the number of individual 
         | parties taking part in the 2023 Montenegrin parliamentary 
         | elections, whether competing individually, or within various
         | electoral coalitions.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F5007
         |
         | These data represent the number of parties that received list
         | votes (tier 2). An additional 12 unregistered political parties
         | contested in the constituency level (tier 1). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5007
         |
         | 17 electoral lists competed in the parliamentary election. The
         | data shown here (64) refers to the number of individual parties
         | taking part in the 2024 North Macedonian parliamentary elections,
         | whether competing individually, or within various electoral
         | coalitions.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022): F5007
         |
         | 23 electoral lists took part in the election. Some of them 
         | consisted of party coalitions, so the data represent the number 
         | of individual parties, counting parties-coalition members 
         | separately.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F5007
         |
         | There were 20 electoral lists that took part in the election. 
         | Some of them consisted of party coalitions, so the data 
         | represent the number of individual parties (21), counting 
         | parties-coalition members separately.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F5007
         |         
         | These data include votes for minor parties that were reported 
         | collectively. These votes could not be disaggregated further due 
         | to data limitations.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5007
         |
         | The data refers to the first tier (majoritarian) of the 
         | legislative election.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5007_1   >>> EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF ELECTORAL PARTIES
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The effective number of electoral parties (ENEP).
         ..................................................................

             00.00-150.00 EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF ELECTORAL PARTIES

             997.         PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION ONLY - NOT CALCULATED

             999.         MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5007_1
         |
         | Formula: ENEP = 1/(SUM[V_i^2])
         |          where V_i represents the vote share of party i, and all
         |          parties (i=1,2...n) receiving votes are included in the
         |          calculation.
         |
         | Definition based on Laakso, M. and R. Taagepera (1979).
         | '"Effective" Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to 
         | West Europe', Comparative Political Studies 12: 3-27.
         |
         | The electoral data employed to calculate F5007_1 comes from lower
         | house elections, unless the study is focused on upper house 
         | elections exclusively.
         | For countries with mixed electoral systems (see F5012_2), the
         | electoral returns come from the segment containing the most
         | seats. If there are an equal amount of seats in each segment
         | the results come from the proportional representation segment, 
         | unless otherwise stated. 
         |
         | The CSES Secretariat calculates these data for each polity's 
         | election and cross-checks it against the standard source of data, 
         | namely: 
         | Gallagher, Michael, 2025. "Election indices dataset" - see: 
         | https://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/about/people/michael_
         | gallagher/ElSystems/index.php, 
         | (Date accessed: November 26, 2025). 
         |
         | Data are unavailable for UNITED STATES (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5007_1
         |
         | This data is calculated by taking parties that competed in   
         | mainland Denmark only. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5007_1
         |
         | These data reflect the electoral lists participating in the 
         | election. Seven of the participating lists were based on 
         | electoral alliances consisting of multiple political parties.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5007_1-4
         |
         | These data are based on using the results for electoral 
         | coalitions. Data at the level of individual parties are
         | unavailable. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F5007_1
         |
         | These data are based on individual parties. It differs from 
         | Gallagher's estimate (3.95) as their calculations are based on 
         | electoral coalitions.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5007_1-4
         |
         | These data are based on using the results for electoral 
         | coalitions. Data at the level of individual parties are
         | unavailable. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5007_1
         |
         | These data are based on the votes that each party received 
         | in the first tier, which provides the majority (79) seats in the
         | Legislative Yuan (from geographical constituencies, which employ
         | a first-past-the-post system). 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5007_2     >>> CORRECTED EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF ELECTORAL PARTIES
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The Corrected Effective Number of Electoral Parties (CENEP).
         ..................................................................

             00.00-150.00 CORRECTED EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF ELECTORAL PARTIES

             997.         PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION ONLY - NOT CALCULATED

             999.         MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5007_2
         |
         | Corrected Effective Number of Electoral Parties corrects for the
         | "other" category using the least component method of bounds
         | suggested by Taagepera. The method requires calculating the
         | ENEP (F5007_1) two times. One is treating the "other" category as
         | a single party, and the second is calculating the ENEP as if 
         | every vote in the "other" category belonged to a different party.
         | The CENEP is the mean of both measures.
         |
         | Definition based on: Taagepera, R. (1997). 'Effective Number of
         | Parties for incomplete Data', Electoral Studies 16: 145-151. 
         |        
         | The electoral data employed to calculate F5007_2 comes from lower
         | house elections, unless the study is focused on upper house 
         | elections exclusively.
         | For countries with mixed electoral systems (see F5012_2), the
         | electoral returns come from the segment containing the most
         | seats. If there are an equal amount of seats in each segment
         | the results come from the proportional representation segment, 
         | unless otherwise stated.
         |         
         | The CSES Secretariat calculates these data for each polity's 
         | election and cross-checks it against the standard source of data, 
         | namely: 
         | Gallagher, Michael, 2025. "Election indices dataset" - see: 
         | https://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/about/people/michael_
         | gallagher/ElSystems/index.php, 
         | (Date accessed: November 26, 2025).
         |
         | Data are unavailable for UNITED STATES (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5007_2
         |
         | This data is calculated by taking parties that competed in   
         | mainland Denmark only. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5007_2
         |
         | These entries report electoral lists participating in the 
         | election. Seven of the participating lists were based on 
         | electoral alliances consisting of multiple political parties.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5007_1-4
         |
         | These data are based on using the results for electoral  
         | coalitions. Data at the level of individual parties are
         | unavailable. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5007_1-4
         |
         | These data are based on using the results for electoral 
         | coalitions. Data at the level of individual parties are 
         | unavailable. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5007_2
         |
         | This data is based on the votes that each party received 
         | in the first tier, which provides the majority (79) seats in the
         | Legislative Yuan (from geographical constituencies, which employ
         | a first-past-the-post system). 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5007_3     >>> EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF PARLIAMENTARY PARTIES
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The Effective Number of Parliamentary Parties (ENPP).
         ..................................................................

             00.00-150.00 EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF PARLIAMENTARY PARTIES

             997.         PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION ONLY - NOT CALCULATED

             999.         MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5007_3
         |
         | Formula: ENPP = 1/(SUM[S_i^2])
         |          where S_i represents the seat share of party i, and all
         |          parties (i=1,2...n) receiving votes are included in the
         |          calculation.
         |
         | Definition based on Laakso, M. and R. Taagepera (1979).
         | '"Effective" Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to 
         | West Europe', Comparative Political Studies 12: 3-27.
         |
         | The electoral data employed to calculate F5007_3 comes from lower 
         | house elections, unless the study is focused on upper house 
         | elections exclusively, and is based on all seats in the 
         | parliament, unless otherwise stated.  
         |
         | The CSES Secretariat calculates these data for each polity's 
         | election and cross-checks it against the standard source of data, 
         | namely: 
         | Gallagher, Michael, 2025. "Election indices dataset" - see: 
         | https://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/about/people/michael_
         | gallagher/ElSystems/index.php, 
         | (Date accessed: November 26, 2025).
         |
         | Data are unavailable for UNITED STATES (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5007_3
         |
         | This data is calculated by taking parties that competed in   
         | mainland Denmark only. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5007_3
         |
         | These entries report electoral lists participating in the 
         | election. Seven of the participating lists were based on 
         | electoral alliances consisting of multiple political parties.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5007_1-4
         |
         | These data are based on using the results for electoral
         | coalitions. Data at the level of individual parties are
         | unavailable. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F5007_3
         |
         | These entries are based on individual parties. Gallagher's 
         | result is smaller (3.13), because his calculations are based on 
         | electoral coalitions.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5007_1-4
         |
         | These data are based on using the results for electoral 
         | coalitions. Data at the level of individual parties are
         | unavailable. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5007_3
         |
         | This data is based on the share of seats that each party
         | received resulting from all tiers: the geographical 
         | constituencies (General; 79 seats), and the nationwide 
         | closed-list proportional tier (34 seats).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5007_4     >>>   CORRECTED EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF PARLIAMENTARY PARTIES
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The Corrected Effective Number of Parliamentary Parties (CENPP).
         ..................................................................

             00.00-150.00   CORRECTED EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF PARLIAMENTARY
                            PARTIES

             997.           PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION ONLY - NOT CALCULATED

             999.           MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5007_4
         | 
         | Corrected Effective Number of Parliamentary Parties corrects for
         | the "other" category using the least component method of bounds
         | suggested by Taagepera (1997). The method requires calculating
         | the ENPP (F5007_3) two times. One is treating the "other" 
         | category as a single party, and the second is calculating the 
         | ENPP as if every seat in the "other" category belonged to a 
         | different party. The CENPP is the mean of both measures.
         |
         | Definition based on: Taagepera, R. (1997). 'Effective Number of
         | Parties for incomplete Data', Electoral Studies 16: 145-151. 
         | 
         | The electoral data employed to calculate F5007_4 comes from lower 
         | house elections, unless the study is focused on upper house 
         | elections exclusively, and is based on all seats in the 
         | parliament, unless otherwise stated.  
         |
         | The CSES Secretariat calculates these data for each polity's 
         | election and cross-checks it against the standard source of data, 
         | namely: 
         | Gallagher, Michael, 2025. "Election indices dataset" - see: 
         | https://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/about/people/michael_
         | gallagher/ElSystems/index.php, 
         | (Date accessed: November 26, 2025).
         |
         | Data are unavailable for UNITED STATES (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5007_4
         |
         | This data is calculated by taking parties that competed in   
         | mainland Denmark only. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5007_4
         |
         | These data report electoral lists participating in the 
         | election. Seven of the participating lists were based on 
         | electoral alliances consisting of multiple political parties.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5007_1-4
         |
         | These data are based on using the results for electoral 
         | coalitions. Data at the level of individual parties are
         | unavailable. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5007_1-4
         |
         | These data are based on using the results for electoral 
         | coalitions. Data at the level of individual parties are
         | unavailable. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5007_4
         |
         | These data are based on the share of seats that each party
         | received resulting from all tiers: the geographical 
         | constituencies (General; 79 seats), and the nationwide 
         | closed-list proportional tier (34 seats).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5007_5     >>>   LEAST SQUARE INDEX
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Least Squares Index (LSq) of Proportionality of Election Result
         ..................................................................

             00.00-150.00   LEAST SQUARE INDEX (LSq)

             997.           PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION ONLY - NOT CALCULATED

             999.           MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5007_5
         | 
         | F5007_5 details the Least Squares Index (LSq), which measures 
         | disproportionality between the vote distribution and the seat 
         | distribution in lower house elections, as suggested by Gallagher
         | (1991).  
         |
         | Definition based on: Gallagher, M. (1991). 'Proportionality, 
         | disproportionality, and electoral systems', Electoral Studies 10: 
         | 33-51. 
         |
         | The CSES Secretariat calculates these data for each polity's 
         | election and cross-checks it against the standard source of data, 
         | namely: 
         | Gallagher, Michael, 2025. "Election indices dataset" - see: 
         | https://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/about/people/michael_
         | gallagher/ElSystems/index.php, 
         | (Date accessed: November 26, 2025).
         |
         | Data are unavailable for UNITED STATES (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5008       >>> AGE OF FRANCHISE - AGE AT WHICH CITIZEN BECOMES ELIGIBLE
                                   TO VOTE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Age at which citizen becomes eligible to vote in National Elections
         for the Lower House
         ..................................................................

             16-21.        AGE AT WHICH CITIZEN IS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE 
                           IN NATIONAL ELECTIONS FOR LOWER HOUSE

                97.        OTHER 

                99.        MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5008
         |         
         | F5008 details the voting eligibility age in each polity - i.e., 
         | the minimum age established by law whereby a citizen is eligible
         | to vote in national elections for the lower house.
         |
         | Source of data: IPU Parline: Global Data on National Parliaments.
         | Electoral Systems - Eligibility and Voting. Available at:  
         | https://data.ipu.org/data-explorer/ (Date accessed: June 07, 
         | 2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5008
         |
         | The IPU Parline database does not contain data about Taiwan. 
         | F5008 is classified based on the Taiwanese constitution that 
         | came into effect on December 25, 1947, which grants universal 
         | suffrage to all citizens aged 20 and above, regardless of sex.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5008_1     >>> ELECTORAL TURNOUT AS A PERCENTAGE OF REGISTERED VOTERS (ER)
                - LOWER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Official Voter Turnout - Percentage of Registered Voters (ER) in
         the Lower House election. 
         ..................................................................

             000.00-100.00 PERCENT OF REGISTERED VOTERS WHO VOTED IN LOWER 
                           HOUSE ELECTION

             997.00        NOT APPLICABLE: NO LOWER HOUSE ELECTION

             999.00        MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5008_1
         |         
         | F5008_1 details The Electoral Register (ER) turnout in the lower 
         | house election, which is the total number of votes cast
         | (valid and invalid) divided by the number of names on the voters' 
         | register, as an expressed percentage.  
         |       
         | Turnout data refers to lower house elections unless otherwise 
         | specified in the ELECTION STUDY NOTES below.          
         |
         | Turnout data primarily comes from the International Institute 
         | for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) Voter Turnout 
         | Database: https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/voter-turnout-
         | database (Date accessed: November 26, 2025).  
         |    
         | If the source deviates from the above, it is detailed in the 
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for UNITED STATES (2024).  

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5008_1
         |
         | F5008_1 refers to turnout in Denmark including votes cast in the
         | the Faroe Islands and Greenland, two autonomous territories in
         | the Kingdom of Denmark. The official voter turnout for mainland
         | Denmark based on the percentage of registered voters was 84.2%. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5008_1
         | 
         | F5008_1 refers to the turnout in the geographical 
         | constituencies, which employ the first-past-the-post system.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5008_2     >>> ELECTORAL TURNOUT AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE VOTING AGE 
                POPULATION (VAP) - LOWER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Official voter turnout - Percentage of voting age population (VAP) 
         in the Lower House election.
         ..................................................................

             000.00-100.00 PERCENT OF VOTING AGE POPULATION

             997.00        NOT APPLICABLE: NO LOWER HOUSE ELECTION

             999.00        MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5008_2
         |
         | F5008_2 details the Voting Age Population (VAP) in the lower 
         | house election, which includes all citizens above the legal  
         | voting age in a country. It is not intended to be a precise 
         | measure of the number of citizens entitled to vote as it does
         | not take into account legal or systematic impediments such as
         | resident non-citizens. Rather, its intent is to provide an 
         | estimate of turnout besides estimates based solely on an
         | electoral register. Voter registers are often outdated or
         | inaccurate or, in some circumstances, are not used for elections
         | (e.g., 1994 South African elections).        
         |
         | In some polities, voters are registered automatically and hence
         | it might be expected that the electoral register measure and the
         | voting age population can be identical. This is not always the
         | case for the reasons set out above. However, and unless we can
         | verify the accuracy, CSES reports the Voting Age Population as 
         | listed by the IDEA. However, ELECTION STUDY NOTES below do alert 
         | users to instances where voter registration is automatic and  
         | thus to cases in which in theory the ER and VAP estimates could  
         | be identical. 
         |
         | Turnout data refers to lower house elections unless otherwise 
         | specified in the ELECTION STUDY NOTES below.         
         | Turnout data primarily comes from the International Institute 
         | for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) Voter Turnout 
         | Database: https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/voter-turnout-     
         | database (Date accessed: November 26, 2025).  
         |    
         | If the source deviates from the above, it is detailed in the 
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES. 
         |
         | Data are unavailable for UNITED STATES (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5008_2
         |
         | F5008_2 refers to turnout in mainland Denmark, as voting age 
         | population data for Greenland and Faroe Islands region are 
         | unavailable. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5008_3     >>> ELECTORAL TURNOUT AS A PERCENTAGE OF REGISTERED VOTERS (ER)
                - PRESIDENT ROUND 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Official Voter Turnout - Percentage of Registered Voters (ER) in
         the Presidential election (Round 1).
         ..................................................................

             000.00-100.00 PERCENT OF REGISTERED VOTERS WHO VOTED IN 
                           PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION ROUND 1

             996.00.       NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT

             997.00.       NOT APPLICABLE: NO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION  

             999.00.       MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5008_3
         |         
         | F5008_3 details The Electoral Register (ER) turnout in the 
         | Presidential election, which is the total number of votes cast
         | (valid and invalid) divided by the number of names on the voters' 
         | register, as an expressed percentage.           
         |
         | Turnout data primarily comes from the International Institute 
         | for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) Voter Turnout 
         | Database: https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/voter-turnout-
         | database (Date accessed: November 26, 2025).  
         |    
         | If the source deviates from the above, it is detailed in the 
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES.     
         |
         | Data are unavailable for UNITED STATES (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5008_4     >>> ELECTORAL TURNOUT AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE VOTING AGE 
                POPULATION (VAP) - PRESIDENT ROUND 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Official voter turnout - Percentage of Voting Age Population (VAP)
         in the Presidential election (Round 1). 
         ..................................................................

             000.00-100.00 PERCENT OF VOTING AGE POPULATION IN 
                           PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION ROUND 1

             996.00.       NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT

             997.00.       NOT APPLICABLE: NO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION  

             999.00.       MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5008_4
         |
         | F5008_4 details the Voting Age Population (VAP) in the  
         | Presidential election (Round 1), which includes all citizens 
         | above the legal voting age in a country. It is not intended to be 
         | a precise measure of the number of citizens entitled to vote as 
         | it does not take into account legal or systematic impediments  
         | such as resident non-citizens. Rather, its intent is to provide 
         | an estimate of turnout besides estimates based solely on an
         | electoral register. Voter registers are often outdated or
         | inaccurate or, in some circumstances, are not used for elections
         | (e.g., 1994 South African elections).        
         |
         | In some polities, voters are registered automatically and hence
         | it might be expected that the electoral register measure and the
         | voting age population can be identical. This is not always the
         | case for the reasons set out above. However, and unless we can
         | verify the accuracy, CSES reports the Voting Age Population as 
         | listed by the IDEA. However, ELECTION STUDY NOTES below do alert 
         | users to instances where voter registration is automatic and  
         | thus to cases in which in theory the ER and VAP estimates could  
         | be identical. 
         |       
         | Turnout data primarily comes from the International Institute 
         | for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) Voter Turnout 
         | Database: https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/voter-turnout-
         | database (Date accessed: November 26, 2025).
         |    
         | If the source deviates from the above, it is detailed in the 
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES.           
         |
         | Data are unavailable for UNITED STATES (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5008_5      >>> ELECTORAL TURNOUT AS A PERCENTAGE OF REGISTERED VOTERS (ER)
                - PRESIDENT ROUND 2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Official Voter Turnout - Percentage of Registered Voters (ER) in
         the Presidential election (Round 2). 
         ..................................................................

             000.00-100.00 PERCENT OF REGISTERED VOTERS WHO VOTED IN 
                           PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION ROUND 2
   
             995.00        NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROUND 2 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 

             996.00.       NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT
             
             997.00.       NOT APPLICABLE: NO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION  

             999.00.       MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5008_5
         |         
         | F5008_5 details the Electoral Register (ER) turnout in the 
         | Presidential election (Round 2), which is the total number of 
         | votes cast (valid and invalid) divided by the number of names on  
         | the voters' register, as an expressed percentage.           
         |
         | Turnout data primarily comes from the International Institute 
         | for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) Voter Turnout 
         | Database: https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/voter-turnout-
         | database (Date accessed: November 26, 2025).
         |    
         | If the source deviates from the above, it is detailed in the 
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES.     


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5008_6     >>> ELECTORAL TURNOUT AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE VOTING AGE 
                POPULATION (VAP) - PRESIDENT ROUND 2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Official voter turnout - Percentage of Voting Age Population (VAP)
         in the Presidential election (Round 2).
         ..................................................................

             000.00-100.00 PERCENT OF VOTING AGE POPULATION IN 
                           PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION ROUND 2

             995.00        NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROUND 2 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 

             996.00.       NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT
             
             997.00.       NOT APPLICABLE: NO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION  

             999.00.       MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5008_6
         |
         | F5008_6 details the Voting Age Population (VAP) in the  
         | Presidential election (Round 2), which includes all citizens 
         | above the legal voting age in a country. It is not intended to be 
         | a precise measure of the number of citizens entitled to vote as 
         | it does not take into account legal or systematic impediments  
         | such as resident non-citizens. Rather, its intent is to provide 
         | an estimate of turnout besides estimates based solely on an
         | electoral register. Voter registers are often outdated or
         | inaccurate or, in some circumstances, are not used for elections
         | (e.g., 1994 South African elections).        
         |
         | In some polities, voters are registered automatically and hence
         | it might be expected that the electoral register measure and the
         | voting age population can be identical. This is not always the
         | case for the reasons set out above. However, and unless we can
         | verify the accuracy, CSES reports the Voting Age Population as 
         | listed by the IDEA. However, ELECTION STUDY NOTES below do alert 
         | users to instances where voter registration is automatic and  
         | thus to cases in which in theory the ER and VAP estimates could  
         | be identical. 
         |       
         | Turnout data primarily comes from the International Institute 
         | for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) Voter Turnout 
         | Database: https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/voter-turnout-
         | database (Date accessed: November 26, 2025). 
         |    
         | If the source deviates from the above, it is detailed in the 
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES.     


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5009_1     >>> VOTING OPERATIONS: EARLY/ADVANCE VOTING
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M04c. Can voters cast a ballot before Election Day(s)? (i.e., Is 
               early voting possible)?
         ..................................................................

             0. NO
             1. YES, FOR THE WHOLE ELECTORATE
             2. YES, BUT ONLY FOR SOME OF THE ELECTORATE [SEE ELECTION 
                STUDY NOTES FOR SPECIFICATION]

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5009_1
         |          
         | F5009_1 details whether advance voting is possible for some or
         | the whole of the electorate. 
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report Q4c.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5009_1
         |
         | Advance voting is available to several categories of citizens:
         | - institutionalized persons
         | - elderly and frail persons
         | - internally displaced persons
         | - out-of-country voters (stipulated by legislation but not 
         |   implemented in practice for the 2024 elections due to low
         |   out-of-country voter registration).
         | Note that early voting takes place one day before regular 
         | election day.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F5009_1
         | 
         | Advance voting is available for people with disabilities and 
         | elderly citizens.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5009_1
         |
         | Advance voting is available for citizens residing overseas.  

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F5009_1
         | 
         | Citizens living abroad can vote in embassies and consulates, and
         | those who travel abroad could advance vote at airports. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F5009_1
         |
         | In 47 states and the District of Columbia, there were some forms 
         | of advance voting (mail-in; in-person) offered to voters, 
         | although in the state of Idaho, it varied by county. Only in the 
         | states of Alabama, New Hampshire, and Mississippi, there was no 
         | advance voting offered.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5009_2     >>> VOTING OPERATIONS: VOTE BY MAIL/POSTAL
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M04d. Can voters cast a ballot by mail? 
         ..................................................................

             0. NO
             1. YES, FOR THE WHOLE ELECTORATE
             2. YES, BUT ONLY FOR SOME OF THE ELECTORATE [SEE ELECTION 
                STUDY NOTES FOR SPECIFICATION]

             9. MISSING

 
         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5009_2
         |          
         | F5009_2 details whether mail voting is possible for some or
         | the whole of the electorate. 
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report Q4d.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5009_2
         |
         | There is a procedure called "voting by mail", but in fact 
         | it means that a voter who is sick can ask that electoral
         | commission representatives come to their home during election
         | day and bring a "mobile" voting booth. There is no mailing 
         | involved.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F5009_2
         |
         | Mail voting is available for voters overseas on election day 
         | and for people who qualify for a "special vote". This "special 
         | vote" classification includes people who are enrolled late or 
         | are on an unpublished electoral roll, or otherwise unable to 
         | access a polling booth. Under certain conditions, voting by 
         | mail is granted to voters in these categories. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F5009_2
         | 
         | Mail voting is available for citizens with disabilities and 
         | elderly citizens.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022 & 2024): F5009_2
         |
         | Mail voting is available for citizens residing overseas. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5009_2
         |
         | Mail voting is available for citizens residing overseas.  

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5009_2
         |
         | Mail voting is intended for voters who are in detention, a 
         | prison, a hospital, or a social welfare institution for 
         | institutional care, and for persons with recognized disability 
         | status.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F5009_2
         |
         | Mail voting is available for citizens residing overseas. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F5009_2
         |
         | While all 50 states and the District of Columbia allow some form 
         | of voting by mail, the scope and conditions under which this is 
         | permitted varies by state. Only a minority of states mail ballots 
         | to all voters (DC, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon, 
         | Utah, Vermont, and Washington) with registered voters 
         | automatically sent a ballot. Some states like Florida and 
         | Michigan offer no excuse mail voting where any registered voter 
         | may request a mail-in ballot without providing a justification. 
         | While other states like Texas, Kentucky, and Indiana require a 
         | voter to provide an acceptable excuse (such as age, disability, 
         | or absence). 
       

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5009_3     >>> VOTING OPERATIONS: VOTE ONLINE/INTERNET
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M04e. Can voters cast a ballot online? 
         ..................................................................

             0. NO
             1. YES, FOR THE WHOLE ELECTORATE
             2. YES, BUT ONLY FOR SOME OF THE ELECTORATE [SEE ELECTION 
                STUDY NOTES FOR SPECIFICATION]

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5009_3
         |          
         | F5009_3 details whether online voting is possible for some or
         | the whole of the electorate. 
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report Q4e.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F5009_3
         |
         | Online voting is available for citizens residing overseas. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F5009_3
         |     
         | Segments of the electorate in the cantons of Basel-City, St. 
         | Gallen and Thurgau, as well as Swiss citizens abroad could vote 
         | online. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5010_1     >>> ELECTORAL MANAGEMENT: ELECTORAL ADMINISTRATION MODEL
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Electoral Administration Model.
         ..................................................................

             0. INDEPENDENT BODY
             1. MIXED             
             2. GOVERNMENT

             6. INFORMATION UNAVAILABLE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5010_1
         |
         | F5010_1 details whether the administration of an election is 
         | conducted by an independent body, a government body, or whether 
         | it is a mixed/hybrid system. 
         |
         | Source of data: 
         | ACE Electoral Knowledge Network - see: https://aceproject.org/
         | epic-en/CDTable?view=country&question=EM012
         | (Date accessed: December 01, 2025).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5010_2     >>> ELECTORAL MANAGEMENT: COMPULSORY VOTER REGISTRATION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Compulsory Voter Registration.
         ..................................................................

             0. NO             
             1. YES

             9. MISSING
 

         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5010_2
         |
         | F5010_2 details whether voter registration is compulsory or not. 
         |
         | Source of data: 
         | ACE Electoral Knowledge Network - see: https://aceproject.org/
         | epic-en/CDTable?view=country&question=VR008
         | (Date accessed: December 01, 2025).
        

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5011_1     >>> CONSTITUTIONAL FEDERAL STRUCTURE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Is the polity a Federation?
         ..................................................................

             0. NO
             1. YES

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5011_1
         |
         | Federations are "compound polities, combining strong constituent
         | units and strong general government, each possessing powers
         | delegated to it by the people through a constitution and each
         | empowered to deal directly with the citizens in the exercise of
         | the legislative, administrative and taxing powers, and each
         | directly elected by the citizens." (Watts 2008, page 12).
         |
         | Source of data: Ronald L. Watts, (2008). "Comparing Federal 
         | Systems". Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen's 
         | University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5011_2     >>> NUMBER OF LEGISLATIVE CHAMBERS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The number of legislative chambers.
         ..................................................................

             1. ONE LEGISLATIVE CHAMBER; UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE
             2. TWO LEGISLATIVE CHAMBERS; BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5011_2
         |
         | F5011_2 details the number of legislative chambers in a polity.   
         | 
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report and Publicly Available Sources.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F5011_2
         |
         | The French Parliament (Parlement Francais) is bicameral,
         | consisting of the Senate (Senat; the Upper House) and the
         | National Assembly (Assemblee nationale; the Lower House). 
         | The Senate is indirectly elected by elected officials - it 
         | represents territorial collectivities of the Republic and French 
         | citizens living abroad. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5011_2
         |
         | Slovenia is considered to be a case of incomplete bicameralism, 
         | with the National Council, the second chamber, having mainly a 
         | a consultative role. It is not directly elected, with its members
         | instead chosen indirectly by professional groups, employers, 
         | and trade unions, with the goal to represent economic and social
         | interests. The National Council does have a suspensive veto where
         | it can delay legislation. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5011_3     >>> NUMBER OF DIRECTLY ELECTED LEGISLATIVE CHAMBERS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The number of directly elected legislative chambers.
         ..................................................................

             1. ONE LEGISLATIVE CHAMBER DIRECTLY ELECTED 
             2. TWO LEGISLATIVE CHAMBERS DIRECTLY ELECTED 
             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5011_3
         |
         | F5011_3 details the number of legislative chambers in a polity
         | directly elected by voters in an election. Legislative chambers           
         | indirectly elected (e.g., by appointment or elected by states) 
         | are not classified in this metric.  
         | 
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report and Publicly Available Sources.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5011_4     >>> SIZE OF THE LOWER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Total number of seats in the lower house of the legislature during
         the election year.
         ..................................................................

             001-900. SEATS IN THE LOWER HOUSE

             999.     MISSING.


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5011_4
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report and Publicly Available Sources.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5011_4
         |
         | The Danish Folketing has 179 members, 175 of which are elected
         | in mainland Denmark and the remaining four from the territories
         | of Greenland and the Faroe Islands (two seats each).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F5011_4
         |
         | Under New Zealand's Mixed-Member Proportional (MMP) system,
         | the New Zealand Parliament conventionally has 120 members.
         | However, this can increase when a party/coalition wins more
         | electorate seats (tier 1) than it would be entitled to based on
         | its share of the nationwide party vote (tier 2). Overhang seats
         | are a means of correcting this anomaly. An overhang seat occurs
         | when a party's candidates win a constituency seat even though the
         | party as a whole did not win enough votes nationally to justify
         | that many seats overall.
         | In the 2023 general election, Maori (MP, PARTY F) won six
         | electorate seats (tier 1) but received only about 3.1% of the
         | national vote, which would conventionally have entitled the party
         | to four seats. Consequently, there were three overhang seats in 
         | the 2023 election, meaning the parliament size rose to 123. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5011_4
         |
         | There are 90 members of the National Assembly of Slovenia, 
         | elected by two methods. Most of them (88) are elected by party-
         | list proportional representation in eight 11-seat constituencies.
         | Two additional deputies are elected by the Italian and Hungarian 
         | minorities via the Borda count.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5012_1     >>> PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS ELECTORAL FORMULA
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The electoral formula used to elect the President that is elected
         by popular vote.
         ..................................................................

             1. PLURALITY
             2. ABSOLUTE MAJORITY RULE
             3. QUALIFIED MAJORITY RULE
             4. ELECTORAL COLLEGE
             5. SINGLE TRANSFERABLE VOTE

             7. NOT APPLICABLE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5012_1
         |
         | F5012_1 details the electoral formula used to elect the President
         | when the President is elected by popular vote. Presidents 
         | indirectly elected (for example, those elected by Parliament) are 
         | classified as "7. NOT APPLICABLE". 
         |
         | Below, the classifications of each electoral formula are 
         | summarized: 
         |    - PLURALITY: The candidate that obtains the most votes wins.
         |    - ABSOLUTE MAJORITY RULE: A candidate must win over 50% of the 
         |      vote to win. If no candidate wins this many votes in  
         |      Round 1, then there is a runoff election (Round 2), 
         |      conventionally between the top two candidates.
         |    - QUALIFIED MAJORITY RULE: Each qualified majority system 
         |      specifies a particular percentage of the vote a candidate 
         |      must win in order to be elected in Round 1. If two or more
         |      candidates overcome these thresholds, then the one with the 
         |      highest number of votes wins. The qualified majority systems 
         |      vary regarding the electoral procedure that applies when 
         |      these thresholds are not met.
         |    - ELECTORAL COLLEGE: The candidate that wins a plurality 
         |      of the electoral college votes wins.
         |    - SINGLE TRANSFERABLE VOTE: Requires voters to rank single
         |      candidates in order of the most to least preferred. Votes 
         |      are transferred until candidates obtain the Droop quota. The
         |      candidate that obtains this quota first is elected. In 
         |      essence, this is the Alternative Vote as only one candidate 
         |      is elected.
         |    
         | The definition of F5012_1 is taken from Nils-Christian 
         | Bormann & Matt Golder's database about "Democratic Electoral 
         | Systems Around the World, 1946-2020" (Version 4.1). Featured in 
         | Electoral Studies 78.  
         |         
         | Source of data: 
         | http://mattgolder.com/elections. (Date accessed: May 14, 2024). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5012_1
         |
         | The President of North Macedonia is elected using a modified 
         | two-round system. A candidate can win in the first round if they
         | receive over 50% of the vote from all registered voters. In the 
         | second round, voter turnout must be at least 40% for the result 
         | to be declared valid.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5012_2     >>> ELECTORAL FORMULA IN ALL ELECTORAL SEGMENTS (TIERS)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether the country uses a majoritarian formula, a proportional 
         formula, or a mixed formula in all of its electoral segments/tiers.
         ..................................................................

             0. MAJORITARIAN
             1. MIXED             
             2. PROPORTIONAL

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5012_2
         |
         | The definition of F5012_2 is taken from Nils-Christian 
         | Bormann & Matt Golder's database about "Democratic Electoral 
         | Systems Around the World, 1946-2020" (Version 4.1). Featured in 
         | Electoral Studies 78.  
         |         
         | Source of data: 
         | http://mattgolder.com/elections. (Date accessed: May 14, 2024). 
         | 
         | MAJORITARIAN systems require successful candidates to win either
         | a plurality or majority of the vote. As a result, they are
         | considered majoritarian.
         |
         | MIXED systems use a mixture of majoritarian and proportional
         | electoral rules. A country can be classified as having a mixed
         | system whether it uses one or more electoral segments (tiers); in
         | practice, most mixed systems have more than one segment (tier).
         | Mixed electoral systems can be divided into those in which the
         | two electoral formulas are dependent and those in which they are
         | independent.         
         |
         | PROPORTIONAL systems can be divided into two types: those that 
         | use party lists and those like the single transferable vote that 
         | do not. Those systems employing lists can themselves be divided 
         | into two further categories: quota systems (with allocation of
         | remainders) and highest average systems.
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report and Publicly Available Sources.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5013_1     >>> AGE OF THE CURRENT REGIME
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The number of years since the most recent regime change. 
         ..................................................................

             001-500. AGE OF THE REGIME (YEARS)

             999.     MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5013_1
         | 
         | F5013_1 details the number of years since the most recent regime
         | change. It is taken from the POLITY IV project and is based on 
         | the "DURABLE" variable. Change in regime is defined by POLITY IV
         | as a three-point change in the POLITY score over a period of 
         | three years or less or the end of transition periods defined
         | by the lack of stable political institutions, as denoted by a 
         | standardized AUTHORITY score. 
         |
         | Source of data: POLITY IV Project: 
         | Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2017, 
         | Monty G. Marshall and Keith Jaggers, George Mason University and
         | Colorado State University
         | (http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm)
         | (Date accessed: July 14, 2021).
         |
         | The Polity IV Dataset Users' Manual:
         | (http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscr/p4manualv2017.pdf).
         | (Date accessed: April 05, 2019).
         |
         | The Polity IV annual time-series dataset
         | (www.systemicpeace.org/inscr/p4v2017.xls)
         | (Date accessed: July 14, 2021).
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for TURKIYE (2023).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5013_2     >>> REGIME: TYPE OF EXECUTIVE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Classification of political regimes. 
         ..................................................................

             0. PARLIAMENTARY REGIME
             1. MIXED REGIME
             2. PRESIDENTIAL REGIME

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5013_2
         |
         | In CSES MODULE 6, classifications of political regimes mainly 
         | rely on the following decision rule as presented by Cheibub, 
         | 2007:
         | 
         | A. The system is parliamentary either (i) if there is no
         | independently (indirectly or directly) elected President or (ii)
         | if there is an independently (indirectly or directly) elected
         | President but the government is not responsible to the President.
         | B. The system is mixed either if there is an independently
         | (indirectly or directly) elected President and government is
         | responsible to the President.
         | C. The system is Presidential if the government is not 
         | responsible to the elected legislature.
         |
         | NOTE: Responsibility refers to whether the survival of the
         | executive depends directly on legislature (i.e., vote of
         | confidence).
         |
         | However, researchers are advised that in a small number of 
         | cases, coding employed in CSES MODULE 6 may diverge from regime 
         | classifications as suggested by Cheibub. 
         | Further, all polities included in CSES MODULE 6 are classified 
         | according to the above coding scheme, irrespective of their 
         | democratic status. Researchers interested in democracy ratings 
         | may refer to F5070_ (Freedom House) or F5071_ (Polity IV).          
         |
         | Source of data: Publicly Available Sources and Cheibub, Jose 
         | Antonio. 2007. "Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy". 
         | New York. Cambridge University Press.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F5013_2
         |
         | Austria is classified as a mixed regime because its directly
         | elected President holds significant constitutional powers, even 
         | if rarely exercised, including the authority to dissolve
         | parliament, command the armed forces, and dismiss the Chancellor
         | or Federal Cabinet Ministers. While Austria's Presidents have 
         | conventionally exercised restraint in their use of these powers, 
         | the powers available to them make the role of President more 
         | powerful than in many other parliamentary systems where there is 
         | a directly elected head of state. 
         | Article 29.1 of the Austrian Constitution states: 
         | "The Federal President can dissolve the National Council, but he
         | may avail himself of this prerogative only once for the same 
         | reason." 
         | In practice, the system works similarly to a parliamentary 
         | system.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022 & 2024): F5013_2
         |
         | Portugal is classified as a mixed regime as Portugal's President  
         | is directly elected and the government is accountable to both 
         | Parliament and the President (Article 190 of the Constitution).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5014       >>> FUSED VOTE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether or not a fused vote was used for Presidential and 
         legislative elections.
         ..................................................................

             0. NO             
             1. YES

             7. NOT APPLICABLE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5014
         |
         | Definition: A fused vote is when a citizen casts a single ballot 
         | for the elections of more than one political office.
         | F5014 classifies when the single ballot is for the Presidency and
         | the legislature. Citizens are unable to divide their votes among
         | the candidates or lists of different parties. Split-ticket voting
         | is expressly prohibited. 
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report and Publicly Available Sources.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5015_M     >>> DATE ELECTION SCHEDULED - MONTH
F5015_D     >>> DATE ELECTION SCHEDULED - DAY
F5015_Y     >>> DATE ELECTION SCHEDULED - YEAR

F5016_M     >>> DATE ELECTION HELD - MONTH
F5016_D     >>> DATE ELECTION HELD - DAY
F5016_Y     >>> DATE ELECTION HELD - YEAR
F5016_W     >>> DATE ELECTION HELD - TIMING
F5016_S     >>> DATE ELECTION HELD - SEASON
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M08d. On what date was the election originally legally scheduled 
               to be held?

         M08e. On what date was the election actually held?
         ..................................................................

             MONTH

             01. JANUARY
             02. FEBRUARY
             03. MARCH
             04. APRIL
             05. MAY
             06. JUNE
             07. JULY
             08. AUGUST
             09. SEPTEMBER
             10. OCTOBER
             11. NOVEMBER
             12. DECEMBER

             99. MISSING

             DAY

             01-31. DAY OF MONTH

             96.    [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             99.    MISSING

             YEAR

             2021-2026. YEAR

             9999.      MISSING

             TIMING

             0.   ELECTION HELD ON WEEKEND
             1.   ELECTION HELD ON WEEKDAY 
             2.   ELECTION HELD ON WEEKEND & WEEKDAY
             96.  NOT ASCERTAINABLE
             99.  MISSING

             SEASON

             0.   ELECTION HELD IN SPRING
             1.   ELECTION HELD IN SUMMER 
             2.   ELECTION HELD IN FALL
             3.   ELECTION HELD IN WINTER
             99.  MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5015_ & F5016_
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M8d-e.
         |
         | If the election involved multiple rounds, dates reported in 
         | F5015_ and F5016_ refer to the first round, unless stated 
         | otherwise in the ELECTION STUDY NOTES below. 
         |
         | Elections held Monday-Friday inclusive are classified as weekday
         | elections. Elections held Saturday-Sunday are classified as
         | weekend elections. However, researchers are advised that while 
         | this conceptualization of workweek and weekend applies to most
         | of the world, there are some notable exceptions with Sunday-
         | Thursday workweeks (e.g., Israel due to the Shabbat and some 
         | Muslim-majority countries due to Friday prayers). 
         |
         | Seasonal designations for elections in the Northern Hemisphere 
         | are classified as follows:
         | - Spring: March, April, May
         | - Summer: June, July, August 
         | - Fall: September, October, November 
         | - Winter: December, January, February   
         |
         | Seasonal designations for elections in the Southern Hemisphere 
         | are classified as follows:
         | - Fall: March, April, May
         | - Winter: June, July, August 
         | - Spring: September, October, November 
         | - Summer: December, January, February              
         |
         | Furthermore, data refer to the main election, unless otherwise
         | stated. 
         | CSES classifies the main election based on the regime
         | (executive) type and the election in which the CSES survey has
         | been administered. For polities rated as parliamentary systems,
         | CSES classifies the main election as elections to the lower house
         | for most studies. It deviates for a few cases when elections to
         | the upper house constitutes the main election, usually due to the
         | respective CSES study focusing on the upper house contest.
         | For polities rated as Presidential systems, CSES conventionally
         | classifies the main election as the Presidential election. It
         | sometimes deviates when data for the Presidential election is
         | unavailable (e.g., when the CSES survey was administered in a
         | midterm election). For polities rated as mixed systems, CSES
         | has tended to classify the main election as elections to the
         | lower house. However, it sometimes deviates depending on data
         | availability. Users are advised to consult the table listed in
         | VARIABLE NOTES for F3010_ME specifying the main election for 
         | each study in CSES for specific details.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F5016_S
         |
         | As the majority of the country is located in the Southern 
         | Hemisphere, Brazil is classified as such for the seasonal 
         | calculation.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5016_M & F5016_D
         |
         | Elections in the Faroe Islands were held on October 31, 2022, 
         | as November 1 is a day of mourning for victims at sea. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5015_ & F5016_
         |
         | The first round of the Presidential elections was scheduled and 
         | held on April 24, 2024. The parliamentary elections and the 
         | second round Presidential elections were scheduled and held on 
         | May 8, 2024.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022): F5015_
         |
         | The election was originally supposed to be held in October 2023,
         | i.e., four years after the previous election (held on October 6,
         | 2019). However, an early election was held due to budgetary 
         | crisis in the autumn of 2021.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F5015_
         |
         | The election was originally supposed to be held in January 2026, 
         | i.e., four years after the previous election (held on January 30,
         | 2022). However, an early election was held after Prime Minister 
         | Antonio Costa's (PS) resignation following an investigation 
         | around alleged corruption involving the award of contracts for 
         | lithium and hydrogen businesses.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5016_
         |
         | The Parliamentary elections were held on April 24, 2022, as 
         | classified in F5016_.  
         | Later the same year, on October 23 and November 13, 2022, 
         | the two rounds of the Presidential elections were held.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5017       >>> ELECTION DATE IRREGULARITIES
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M08e. If the election was held on a different date than scheduled,
               please explain why?
         ..................................................................

               0. ELECTION WAS HELD ON THE SAME DAY AS SCHEDULED
               1. ELECTION WAS NOT HELD ON THE SAME DAY AS SCHEDULED [SEE
                  ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

               9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5017
         |
         | F5017 details whether or not the election was held on a different
         | date than scheduled, i.e., whether any election date 
         | irregularities occurred. 
         |
         | In instances where elections were held on a different day than
         | scheduled, ELECTION STUDY NOTES below provide further details.
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M8e.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022): F5017
         |
         | The election was originally supposed to be held in October 2023,
         | i.e., four years after the previous election (held on October 6,
         | 2019). However, an early election was held due to budgetary 
         | crisis in the autumn of 2021.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F5017
         |
         | The election was originally supposed to be held in January 2024,
         | i.e., four years after the previous election (held on January 30,
         | 2022). However, an early election was held after Prime Minister 
         | Antonio Costa's (PS) resignation following an investigation 
         | around alleged corruption.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5017
         |
         | The OL'aNO (PARTY D) led coalition government of Eduard Heger 
         | collapsed after losing a no-confidence vote in parliament on 
         | December 15, 2022, which followed the departure of the Freedom
         | and Solidarity (SaS, PARTY F) from the coalition in September
         | 2022 due to disagreements over economic policy. 
         | A referendum in January 2023 was held asking citizens to amend 
         | the Slovak Constitution permitting early elections. While there 
         | was strong support for the amendment in the referendum, only 27% 
         | of eligible citizens voted, well below the minimum 50% turnout 
         | threshold, meaning the proposal was not adopted. 
         | On January 25, 2023, four days after the failed plebiscite, the 
         | Slovak parliament passed a constitutional amendment permitting 
         | early elections if approved by three fifths of the Slovak 
         | parliament (i.e., 90 votes). In a vote in parliament the same 
         | day, 92 Slovak MPs voted for parliament to be dissolved and 
         | early elections to be held in September 2023. Initially, Eduard 
         | Heger continued as caretaker Prime Minister. However, in May
         | 2023, with the resignation of the Foreign and Agriculture 
         | Ministers, President Caputova declared that the government had 
         | lost its credibility and formally accepted Heger's resignation
         | on May 7, 2023, and appointed an interim technocratic government
         | led by economist Ludovit Odor, deputy governor of the Slovak 
         | National Bank until the elections on September 30, 2023.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F5017
         | 
         | The election was held approximately one month earlier. According
         | to the Macro report, "University entrance examination was 
         | scheduled for the 18th of June. Additionally, if there were 
         | to be a second round of the Presidential election, then two 
         | weeks following the original date was also a religious holiday.
         | Hence, the election date was moved to May 14, which also 
         | symbolically coincided with the first competitive elections 
         | in TURKIYE back in 1950."


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5018_1     >>> NUMBER OF MONTHS SINCE LAST LOWER HOUSE ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The number of months between the current and previous
         lower house election.
         ..................................................................

             1-200. NUMBER OF MONTHS SINCE LAST LOWER HOUSE ELECTION

             999.   MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5018_1
         |
         | F5018_1 details the number of months since the current and 
         | previous lower house election. 
         | If the previous national lower chamber election was held in more
         | than one round (i.e., run-off election), the data refer to the
         | number of months since the first round.
         |         
         | Further details on election date irregularities (i.e., elections
         | held on a different date than scheduled) are provided in ELECTION
         | STUDY NOTES for variable F5017.
         |
         | Source of data: Publicly Available Sources.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5018_2     >>> NUMBER OF MONTHS SINCE LAST PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The number of months between the current and previous
         Presidential election.
         ..................................................................

             1-200. NUMBER OF MONTHS SINCE LAST PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

             997.   NOT APPLICABLE

             999.   MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5018_2
         |
         | F5018_2 details the number of months since the current and 
         | previous Presidential contest. F5018_2 does not signify that the 
         | election chose either the nominal or effective head of 
         | government. If the previous Presidential election was held in 
         | more than one round (i.e., run-off election), the data refer to 
         | the number of months since the first round.
         |
         | Source of data: Publicly Available Sources.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5019_1     >>> PARTY OF THE PRESIDENT BEFORE ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M02a. PARTY/COALITION of the President BEFORE the election.
         ..................................................................

             000001-999987. [SEE PART 3 OF CODEBOOK FOR NUMERICAL PARTY/  
                             COALITION CODES]

             999989.        INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE
             
             999997.        NOT APPLICABLE

             999999.        MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5019_1
         |         
         | F5019_1 details the party/coalition holding the role of President
         | before the election, regardless of whether there was a 
         | Presidential election or not.  
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 of 
         | the CSES Codebook.
         |    
         | In case of a caretaker government, e.g., after a collapse of
         | the government, the party affiliations of its (remaining) members
         | are used to code the outgoing government variables.
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M2a.
         |
         | +++ TABLE: NAME OF PRESIDENT BEFORE ELECTION BY POLITY
         | 
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)          Name of President Before Election
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRIA (2024)              Alexander Van der Bellen
         | BRAZIL (2022)               Jair Bolsonaro
         | FRANCE (2022)               Emmanuel Macron
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)           Milo Djukanovic
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)      Stevo Pendarovski
         | POLAND (2023)               Andrzej Duda
         | PORTUGAL (2022)             Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
         | PORTUGAL (2024)             Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)             Zuzana Caputova
         | SLOVENIA (2022)             Borut Pahor 
         | TAIWAN (2024)               Tsai Ing-wen
         | TURKIYE (2023)              Recep Tayyip Erdogan
         | UNITED STATES (2024)        Joseph Biden 
         | -------------------------------------------------------------

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F5019_1
         |
         | The outgoing President Jair Bolsonaro was elected by the Partido 
         | Social Liberal - PSL (Liberal Social Party). However, he switched
         | to Partido Liberal - PL (Liberal Party; Party B) during his 
         | mandate and ran for this party (PL) in 2022.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F5019_1
         |
         | Before the current election (and after), the French President 
         | was Emmanuel Macron of La Republique en Marche (The Republic 
         | Onwards, LREM, Party A). The party was re-branded as Renaissance
         | (Revival) in 2022.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5019_1
         |
         | Before the Presidential election in March 2023, the incumbent 
         | President was Milo Djukanovic of DPS (here, numerically coded 
         | 499002). However, before and after the parliamentary elections 
         | of June 2023, the incumbent President was the same both before 
         | and after the election - Jakov Milatovic of Movement Europe 
         | Now! (Party A).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5019_1
         |
         | Data in F5019_ classify the Presidency before and after the 2022
         | Slovenian parliamentary elections, respectively, as the Slovenian
         | (2022) study focuses on the legislative contest. Before and 
         | after the April 2022 legislative elections, the Presidency was
         | held by Borut Pahor (Social Democrats, PARTY D, NUMERICAL CODE
         | 705004). However, researchers are advised that Presidential 
         | elections were held later the same year, on October 23 and 
         | November 13, 2022, respectively. In the 2022 Presidential
         | contest, Pahor contested as an independent candidate.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F5019_1 
         |  
         | Switzerland's executive is a collective and operates on the basis
         | of a consociational system. The Federal Council, equivalent of 
         | the Swiss cabinet, is composed of seven members, and functions 
         | jointly as both head of government and head of state. All 
         | decisions are made collegially, meaning the Council governs by 
         | consensus and collective responsibility rather than through a 
         | hierarchical leader.
         | The President of the Council is elected from among the 
         | councillors for a one-year term, but this role is purely 
         | ceremonial and coordinating. The President chairs meetings and 
         | represents Switzerland abroad but has no additional authority 
         | over the other councillors. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5019_2     >>> PARTY OF THE PRESIDENT AFTER ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M03a. PARTY/COALITION of the President AFTER the election.
         ..................................................................

             000001-999987. [SEE PART 3 OF CODEBOOK FOR NUMERICAL PARTY
                             /COALITION CODES]

             999989.        INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE
             
             999997.        NOT APPLICABLE

             999999.        MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5019_2
         |   
         | F5019_2 details the party/coalition holding the role of President
         | after the election, regardless of whether there was a 
         | Presidential election or not. 
         |         
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 of 
         | the CSES Codebook.
         |    
         | In case of a caretaker government, e.g., after a collapse of
         | the government, the party affiliations of its (remaining) members
         | are used to code the incoming government variables.
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M3a.
         |
         | +++ TABLE: NAME OF PRESIDENT AFTER ELECTION BY POLITY
         | 
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)          Name of President After Election
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRIA (2024)              Alexander Van der Bellen
         | BRAZIL (2022)               Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva
         | FRANCE (2022)               Emmanuel Macron
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)           Jakov Milatovic
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)      Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova
         | POLAND (2023)               Andrzej Duda
         | PORTUGAL (2022)             Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
         | PORTUGAL (2024)             Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)             Zuzana Caputova
         | SLOVENIA (2022)             Borut Pahor
         | TAIWAN (2024)               Lai Ching-te
         | TURKIYE (2023)              Recep Tayyip Erdogan
         | UNITED STATES (2024)        Donald Trump
         | -------------------------------------------------------------

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F5019_2
         |
         | After the current election, as well as before, French President 
         | was Emmanuel Macron of La Republique en Marche (The Republic 
         | Onwards, LREM, Party A). The party was re-branded as Renaissance 
         | (Revival) in 2022.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5019_2
         |
         | After the Presidential election, the new President became Jakov
         | Milatovic of Movement Europe Now! (Party A, NUMERICAL CODE 
         | 499001).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5019_2
         |
         | Data in F5019_ classify the Presidency before and after the 2022
         | Slovenian parliamentary elections, respectively, as the Slovenian
         | (2022) study focuses on the legislative contest. Before and 
         | after the April 2022 legislative elections, the Presidency was
         | held by Borut Pahor (Social Democrats, PARTY D, NUMERICAL CODE
         | 705004). However, researchers are advised that Presidential 
         | elections were held later the same year, on October 23 and 
         | November 13, 2022, respectively. 
         | Natasa Pirc Musar won the 2022 Presidential election as an  
         | independent candidate. However, she was supported by Party A 
         | (Freedom Movement, NUMERICAL CODE 705001) in the second round.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F5019_2 
         |  
         | Switzerland's executive is a collective and operates on the basis
         | of a consociational system. The Federal Council, equivalent of 
         | the Swiss cabinet, is composed of seven members, and functions
         | jointly as both head of government and head of state. All 
         | decisions are made collegially, meaning the Council governs by 
         | consensus and collective responsibility rather than through a 
         | hierarchical leader.
         | The President of the Council is elected from among the 
         | councillors for a one-year term, but this role is purely 
         | ceremonial and coordinating. The President chairs meetings and 
         | represents Switzerland abroad, but has no additional authority
         | over the other councillors. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5019_C     >>> PARTY OF THE PRESIDENT CHANGED
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
         
         Did the Party of the President change due to the elections?
         ..................................................................

             0.            NO: PARTY OF PRESIDENT DID NOT CHANGE

             1.            YES: PARTY OF PRESIDENT DID CHANGE

             7.            NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT

             9.            MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5019_C
         |
         | F5019_C classifies whether the party of the President changed 
         | by the election. The variable is codified based on the party  
         | affiliation of the president, not the individual politician. 
         |         
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M2a & M3a. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5020_1     >>> PARTY OF THE PRIME MINISTER BEFORE ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M02b. Party/Coalition of the Prime Minister BEFORE the election.
         ..................................................................

             000001-999987. [SEE PART 3 OF CODEBOOK FOR NUMERICAL PARTY/  
                             COALITION CODES]

             999989.        INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE
             
             999997.        NOT APPLICABLE

             999999.        MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5020_1
         |
         | F5020_1 details the party holding the role of Prime Minister 
         | before the election, regardless of whether there was a 
         | parliamentary election or not.  
         | In case of a caretaker government, e.g., after a collapse of the
         | government, the party affiliations of its (remaining) members
         | are used to code the outgoing government variables.
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3  
         | of the CSES Codebook.
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M2b.
         |
         | +++ TABLE: NAME OF PRIME MINISTER BEFORE ELECTION BY POLITY
         | 
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)     Name of Prime Minister Before Election
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)            Scott Morrisson
         | AUSTRIA (2024)              Karl Nehammer
         | DENMARK (2022)              Mette Frederiksen
         | FRANCE (2022)               Jean Castex
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)           Dritan Abazovic
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)          Chris Hipkins
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)      Dimitar Kovacevski
         | POLAND (2023)               Mateusz Morawiecki
         | PORTUGAL (2022)             Antonio Luis Santos da Costa
         | PORTUGAL (2024)             Antonio Luis Santos da Costa
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)             Ludovit Odor
         | SLOVENIA (2022)             Janez Jansa
         | SWEDEN (2022)               Magdalena Andersson
         | TAIWAN (2024)               Chen Chien-jen
         | -------------------------------------------------------------

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5020_1
         |
         | Before the current parliamentary election, the Prime Minister of
         | North Macedonia was Dimitar Kovacevski of the Social Democratic 
         | Union of Macedonia (SDSM, PARTY B).
         | Talat Xhaferi of the Democratic Union for Integration 
         | (DUI; PARTY C, numerical code 807003) was President of the 
         | technical government, from January 28 to June 23, 2024. It 
         | was a transitional government agreeing to lead the country in 
         | the 100 days before the parliamentary elections scheduled for
         | May 8, 2024.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5020_1
         |
         | Following the collapse of the OL'aNO (PARTY D) led coalition 
         | government under Prime Minister Eduard Heger, which lost a vote
         | of no confidence on December 15, 2022, after the departure 
         | of the Freedom and Solidarity (SaS, PARTY F) from the coalition 
         | in September 2022, the Heger-led government continued in a 
         | caretaker capacity until May 2023. However, after further
         | ministerial resignations in May 2023, the Heger government 
         | resigned on May 7, 2023. An interim technocratic government was 
         | appointed by President Caputova, led by economist Ludovit Odor, 
         | deputy governor of the Slovak National Bank, until the elections 
         | of September 30, 2023. The data classification reflects the
         | technocratic caretaker government headed by Ludovit Odor.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F5020_1 
         |  
         | Switzerland has no formal role of Prime Minister because its 
         | executive is a collective and operates on the basis of a 
         | consociational system. The Federal Council, equivalent of 
         | the Swiss cabinet, is composed of seven members, and functions 
         | jointly as both head of government and head of state. All 
         | decisions are made collegially, meaning the Council governs 
         | by consensus and collective responsibility. 
         | The President of the Council is elected from among the 
         | councillors for a one-year term, but this role is purely 
         | ceremonial and coordinating. The President chairs meetings and 
         | represents Switzerland abroad but has no additional authority 
         | over the other councillors. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5020_2     >>> PARTY OF THE PRIME MINISTER AFTER ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M03b. Party/Coalition of the Prime Minister AFTER the election.
         ..................................................................
   
             000001-999987. [SEE PART 3 OF CODEBOOK FOR NUMERICAL PARTY/
                             COALITION CODES]

             999989.        INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE
             
             999997.        NOT APPLICABLE

             999999.        MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5020_2
         |
         | F5020_2 details the party holding the role of Prime Minister 
         | after the election, regardless of whether there was a 
         | parliamentary election or not.  
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 of 
         | the CSES Codebook.
         |    
         | In case of a caretaker government, e.g., after a collapse of the
         | government, the party affiliations of its (remaining) members
         | are used to code the incoming government variables.
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M3b.
         |
         | +++ TABLE: NAME OF PRIME MINISTER AFTER ELECTION BY POLITY
         | 
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)     Name of Prime Minister After Election
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)            Anthony Albanese
         | AUSTRIA (2024)              Christian Stocker
         | DENMARK (2022)              Mette Frederiksen
         | FRANCE (2022)               Elisabeth Borne*
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)           Milojko Spajic
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)          Christopher Luxon
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)      Hristijan Mickoski
         | POLAND (2023)               Donald Tusk
         | PORTUGAL (2022)             Antonio Luis Santos da Costa
         | PORTUGAL (2024)             Luis Montenegro
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)             Robert Fico
         | SLOVENIA (2022)             Robert Golob
         | SWEDEN (2022)               Ulf Kristersson
         | TAIWAN (2024)               Cho Jung-tai
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | KEY: * = see ELECTION STUDY NOTES below.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F5020_2
         |
         | Since 2002, French legislative elections have been held shortly 
         | after the Presidential elections, thereby decreasing the chances
         | of a divided government where the President has a different party
         | affiliation than the parliamentary majority (referred to as 
         | cohabitation). 
         | At the French 2022 Presidential elections in April, incumbent 
         | Prime Minister was Jean Castex. However, Castex resigned in May
         | ahead of the June 2022 legislative elections. Castex' successor
         | is Elisabeth Borne, classified here as Prime Minister after the 
         | election. Both Castex and Borne are affiliated with La Republique
         | En Marche (LREM, PARTY A, NUMERICAL CODE 276001).
 
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F5020_1 
         |  
         | Switzerland has no formal role of Prime Minister because its 
         | executive is a collective and operates on the basis of a 
         | consociational system. The Federal Council, equivalent of 
         | the Swiss cabinet, is composed of seven members, and functions 
         | jointly as both head of government and head of state. All 
         | decisions are made collegially, meaning the Council governs 
         | by consensus and collective responsibility. 
         | The President of the Council is elected from among the 
         | councillors for a one-year term, but this role is purely 
         | ceremonial and coordinating. The President chairs meetings and 
         | represents Switzerland abroad but has no additional authority
         | over the other councillors.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5020_C     >>> PARTY OF THE PRIME MINISTER CHANGED
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
         
         Did the Party of the Prime Minister change due to the elections?
         ..................................................................

             0.            NO: PARTY OF PRIME MINISTER DID NOT CHANGE

             1.            YES: PARTY OF PRIME MINISTER DID CHANGE

             7.            NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRIME MINISTER

             9.            MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5020_C
         |
         | F5020_C classifies whether the party of the Prime Minister  
         | changed by the election. The variable is codified based on the  
         | party affiliation of the Prime Minister, not the individual 
         | politician. 
         |         
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M2b & M3b. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5021_1    >>> GOVERNMENT BEFORE: SINGLE PARTY OR COALITION GOVERNMENT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
         
         Was the government before the election a single party, or coalition
         government, or an institutionalized coalition government?
         ..................................................................

             0.            SINGLE PARTY GOVERNMENT

             1.            COALITION GOVERNMENT 

             2.            INSTITUTIONALIZED COALITION GOVERNMENT

             9.            MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5021_1
         |
         | F5021_1 classifies whether the outgoing government was a single
         | party government or a coalition government. A coalition 
         | government is classified as a government including cabinet 
         | ministers of more than one party. 
         | SINGLE PARTY GOVERNMENT: A government in which one political 
         | party holds all executive power.
         | COALITION GOVERNMENT: A government formed voluntarily by two 
         | or more political parties that share executive power. Parties 
         | in the coalition agree on a common policy program and a division 
         | of ministerial portfolios. Their composition depends on 
         | parliamentary arithmetic. 
         | INSTITUTIONALIZED COALITION: An government where multi-party 
         | powersharing is mandated by constitutional rules or convention. 
         | While the precise composition of the government depends on
         | parliamentary arithmetic, the same parties or groups are 
         | guaranteed representation in the executive regardless of 
         | the election. 
         | Minority governments relying on confidence and supply 
         | arrangements with other actors in parliament are not classified 
         | as coalition governments unless actors from multiple parties sit
         | and have a vote in cabinet. 
         | The measure does not specify whether the government commands a 
         | a majority of seats in parliament.  
         |
         | In case of a caretaker government, e.g., after a collapse of the
         | government, the party affiliations of its (remaining) members
         | are used to code the outgoing government variables.
         |         
         | Source of data: Publicly available sources & CSES Macro 
         | Report M2c. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5021_2     >>> SIZE OF THE CABINET BEFORE ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M02d. The size of the cabinet before the election.
         ..................................................................

             00.00-99.00 SIZE OF THE CABINET

             999.00      MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5021_2
         |
         | F5021_2 details the total cabinet size before the election, 
         | based on the following definition adopted by CSES: 
         | a) Parliamentary and Semi-Presidential Regimes:
         |    Cabinet size is defined by the total number of ministers
         |    (persons, not posts) in a defined government. Ministers are
         |    considered members of a cabinet when they exercise voting
         |    rights. This number includes both ministers with and without
         |    portfolio and the Prime Minister, but excludes deputy 
         |    ministers, undersecretaries, parliamentary secretaries,
         |    ministerial alternates, given that in the majority of cases,
         |    they do not exercise full voting rights.
         | b) Presidential Regimes:
         |    Cabinet size is defined by the total number of people holding 
         |    ministries or secretaries who head a ministry.        
         | 
         | In case of a caretaker government, e.g., after a collapse of
         | the government, the number of its (remaining) members are used
         | to code the outgoing cabinet size.
         |        
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M2d. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F5021_2
         |
         | In France, only full ministers and the Prime Minister are members
         | of the Conseil des ministres, the French constitutional cabinet. 
         | It is only these ministers who have the right to attend cabinet 
         | and the symbolic right to vote at cabinet. Yet, as France's
         | junior ministers are politically appointed, exercise executive
         | authority, and many regularly attend and participate in cabinet,
         | and thus are seen as part of the government's leadership, even if
         | not formally included in the Conseil des ministres. F5021_2 
         | classifies the complete French cabinet and includes junior 
         | ministers (Ministres delegues) and Secretaries of State 
         | (Secretaires d'Etat).
         | Following the CSES Macro Report and Bendjaballah and Sauger 
         | (2023), F5021_ variables classify the French cabinet as of 
         | January 1, 2022, with a cabinet size of 41. However, researchers
         | are advised that there was a minor cabinet reshaping in March 
         | 2022, resulting in two ministers stepping down, with only one of
         | them being replaced. Hence, the size of the cabinet decreased
         | from 41 to 40 in March, until its dissolution on May 16, 2022.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5021_2
         |
         | The size of the cabinet was 18 seats in total. Initially, there 
         | were three more ministers, one from URA (Party I) who resigned 
         | and two from the Social Democratic Party of Montenegro (SDP)  
         | who were dismissed. F5021_2 classifies a cabinet size of 18.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F5021_2
         |
         | Initially, the size of the cabinet was 18 seats in total. 
         | However, on 3 January 2023, the Ministry of Infrastructure 
         | and Housing was split into the Ministry of Infrastructure and 
         | the Ministry of Housing, increasing the number of ministries 
         | (including the Prime Minister) to 19.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5021_2
         |
         | Before the election, there were 15 ministers who held defined
         | portfolios including the outgoing Prime Minister, and three   
         | cabinet ministers who had no designated portfolios but sat at 
         | cabinet, bringing the total cabinet size to 18.          


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5021_A     >>> NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS BEFORE ELECTION - PARTY A
F5021_B     >>> NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS BEFORE ELECTION - PARTY B
F5021_C     >>> NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS BEFORE ELECTION - PARTY C
F5021_D     >>> NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS BEFORE ELECTION - PARTY D
F5021_E     >>> NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS BEFORE ELECTION - PARTY E
F5021_F     >>> NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS BEFORE ELECTION - PARTY F
F5021_G     >>> NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS BEFORE ELECTION - PARTY G
F5021_H     >>> NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS BEFORE ELECTION - PARTY H
F5021_I     >>> NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS BEFORE ELECTION - PARTY I
F5021_W1    >>> NUMBER OF CABINET MINISTERS BEFORE ELECTION WHO ARE FEMALES
F5021_W2    >>> PERCENTAGE OF CABINET MINISTERS BEFORE ELECTION WHO ARE 
                FEMALES
F5021_NP    >>> NUMBER OF CABINET MINISTERS BEFORE ELECTION WHO ARE 
                INDEPENDENTS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M02c. Number of cabinet posts (portfolios) held by PARTY/COALITION
               [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I] & Independents. 
         M02g. How many female members were in the cabinet before the 
               election?
         ..................................................................

             00.00-100.00 NUMBER/PERCENTAGE OF CABINET POSTS BEFORE ELECTION
                          HELD BY ACTOR 

             999.00      MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5021_A-I, F5021_W_, & F5021_NP
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 of 
         | the CSES Codebook.
         |
         | Ministers are considered those members of government who are
         | members of the Cabinet and who have Cabinet voting rights. This
         | includes the Prime Minister. In case of a caretaker government, 
         | e.g., after a collapse of the government, the party affiliations
         | of its (remaining) members are used to code the outgoing 
         | government variables.
         |         
         | Cabinet members listed in F5021_ represent parties/coalitions
         | receiving an alphabetical classification by CSES or Independents. 
         | Cabinet members who represent parties/coalitions not receiving 
         | such a classification are classified by variable F5021_2, which
         | classifies the total size of the cabinet before the election. 
         | Users are advised to consult the ELECTION STUDY NOTES of variable
         | F5021_2.  
         |
         | F5021_W1, F5021_W2, and F5021_NP record the number and 
         | percentage of cabinet ministers belonging to particular 
         | categories (e.g., women, independents) before the election. 
         | These classifications are principally based on a count of 
         | individuals serving at cabinet, rather than a count of the 
         | portfolios they hold. In many instances, cabinet membership and 
         | the number of portfolios coincide, but this is not universally 
         | the case. 
         | In most instances in CSES, cabinet size is defined as the number 
         | of persons formally appointed as cabinet-level ministers. 
         | However, cross-national practice varies, and in some cases 
         | ministers may hold multiple portfolios simultaneously. As a 
         | result, the number of cabinet members may not always be 
         | equivalent to the number of portfolios. While CSES aims for 
         | consistency in counting individuals who constitute the cabinet,
         | there may be some inconsistencies in classifications, reflecting 
         | differences in institutional arrangements, local interpretations,
         | and data availability.   
         |
         | Source of data: Publicly available sources & CSES Macro Report 
         | M2c & M2g.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for F5021_NP for TAIWAN (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5021_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held  
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister, if applicable): 
         |         
         | Andrews (Home Affairs). 
         | Cash (Attorney General & Industrial Relations).     
         | Ley (Environment). 
         | McKenzie (Emergency Management & Regionalization). 
         | Payne (Foreign Affairs). 
         | Price (Defense Industry). 
         | Reynolds (National Disability Insurance & Government Services). 
         | Ruston (Family & Social Services). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F5021_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held  
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister, if applicable): 
         |         
         | Edtstadler (EU and Constitution). 
         | Gewessler (Climate Action, Environment, & Energy).     
         | Raab (Women, Family, Integration and the Media). 
         | Tanner (Defense). 
         | Zadic (Justice). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F5021_A - F5021_I
         |
         | Additional cabinet posts were held by the Republicanos (two 
         | posts), PSD (one post), and four posts held by members of the   
         | Military.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F5021_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held 
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for
         | Prime Minister if applicable):
         |        
         | Britto (Woman, Family, & Human Rights).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5021_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held 
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister, if applicable): 
         |         
         | Frederiksen (Prime Minister). 
         | Bramsen (Transport & Equality). 
         | Krag (Social & Elderly Affairs). 
         | Mogensen (Culture). 
         | Rosenkrantz Theil (Children & Education). 
         | Wermelin (Environment). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F5021_A - F5021_I
         |
         | The remaining cabinet posts were held by:
         | - Territories of Progress (TDP)- eleven posts
         | - Democratic Movement (MoDem) - five posts
         | - In Common (En commun) - one post
         | - Radical Movement (Parti Radical) - one post
         | - Act (Agir) - one post.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F5021_W1 & F5021_W2
         |
         | In France, only full ministers and the Prime Minister are members
         | of the Conseil des ministres, the French constitutional cabinet. 
         | It is only these ministers who have the right to attend cabinet 
         | and the symbolic right to vote at cabinet. Yet, as France's 
         | junior ministers are politically appointed, exercise executive 
         | authority, and many regularly attend and participate in cabinet,
         | and thus are seen as part of the government's leadership, even 
         | if not formally included in the Conseil des ministres. F5021_W1 
         | classifies the complete French cabinet and includes female 
         | ministers who sit at cabinet as junior ministers (Ministres
         | delegues) and Secretaries of State (Secretaires d'Etat). Taking
         | a narrower definition of the French cabinet and counting solely
         | female ministers formally part of the Conseil des ministres, the
         | number of female ministers is 16. They are denoted by a "#" 
         | after their name in the below list. 
         | Following the CSES Macro Report and Bendjaballah and Sauger 
         | (2023), F5021_ variables classify the French cabinet as of 
         | January 1, 2022. The female members of the cabinet and the
         | portfolios they held are (listed in alphabetical order of
         | surname, except for Prime Minister, if applicable):
         |        
         | Abba (Biodiversity - State Secretary).
         | Bachelot # (Culture).
         | Borne # (Labor, Employment, & Integration).
         | Bourguignon # (Autonomy & Aging).
         | Cluzel (Disabled Persons - State Secretary).
         | Darrieussecq (Memory and Veterans Affairs).
         | de Montchalin # (Public Transformation and Service).
         | El Hairy (Youth and Commitment - State Secretary).
         | Elimas (Priority Education - State Secretary).
         | Girardin # (Minister of the Sea).
         | Gourault # (Minister of Territorial Cohesion and Relations with
         |           Local Authorities).
         | Gregory (Social, Inclusive, & Responsible Economy - State Sec.)
         | Hai # (City & Urban Policy).
         | Klinkert # (Integration).
         | Maracineanu # (Sport).
         | Moreno # (Gender Equality, Diversity, and Equal Opportunities). 
         | Pannier-Runacher # (Industry).
         | Parly # (Armed Forces).
         | Pompili # (Ecological Transition).
         | Schiappa # (Citizenship).
         | Vidal # (Higher Education, Research, & Innovation).
         | Wargon # (Housing).
         |
         | However, researchers are advised there was a minor cabinet 
         | reshaping in March 2022: Elimas and Gourault - two female 
         | cabinet members listed above - left the cabinet. Gourault's 
         | portfolio (Territorial Cohesion and Relations with Local  
         | Authorities) was acceded to Joel Giraud (State Secretary for 
         | Rurality). Hence, Giraud held two portfolios until the 
         | dissolution of government on May 16, 2022. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5021_
         | 
         | Three additional posts, unaccounted in variables F5021_A - 
         | F5021_NP were held by:
         | - Albanian Alternative - one post
         | - Croatian Civic Initiative - one post
         | - Democratic Party - one post.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5021_W1
         |
         | At the time of the cabinet formation, there was one additional
         | female member of the cabinet - Dr. Jovana Marovic, Deputy Prime
         | Minister for Foreign Policy, European Integration and Regional
         | Cooperation and Minister of European Affairs.
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held 
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for
         | Prime Minister if applicable):
         |        
         | Novakovic Durovic (Ecology, Spatial Planning, & Urbanism).
         | Scepanovic (Science and Technological Development). 
         | Vlaovic (Culture and Media). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F5021_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held  
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister if applicable): 
         |         
         | Andersen (Police, Seniors, Digital Economy, & Communications). 
         | Edmonds (Economic Development, Pacific Peoples, & Internal 
         |          Affairs). 
         | Jean Prime (Conservation & Youth). 
         | Mahuta (Foreign Affairs). 
         | Radhakrishnan (Diversity & Inclusion, Community, and Disability 
         |                Affairs). 
         | Sepuloni (Deputy Prime Minister; Employment & Social Development; 
         |          Arts & Culture).    
         | Tinetti (Education & Women). 
         | Verrall (Health, Research, Science, & Innovation). 
         | Woods (Housing & Infrastructure). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5021_A - F5021_I
         |
         | Additional posts, unaccounted in the F5021_A to I variables, 
         | were held by:
         | - Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) - member of the coalition led
         |   by Party B - one post
         | - Alliance for Albanians (AA) - member of the coalition led by
         |   Party C - three posts

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5021_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held 
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister, if applicable): 
         |         
         | Grkovska (Deputy Prime Minister). 
         | Kostadinovska Stojchevska (Culture). 
         | Petrovska (Defence). 
         | Shukova (Environment & Physical Planning). 
         | Trenchevska (Labor & Social Welfare). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F5021_
         |
         | Data provided in F5021_ correspond to the Second Cabinet of 
         | Mateusz Morawiecki (20th Cabinet of Poland; Date formed: 
         | November 15, 2019, date dissolved: November 27, 2023).
         | 
         | Out of the listed 23 seats, 21 seats were obtained by Law and 
         | Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwosc - PiS) - the leading member of 
         | the coalition under Party A. The two remaining seats were 
         | received by the Republicans (Partia Republikanska, Republikanie)
         | - a junior member of the coalition under Party A.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F5021_W1
         | 
         | The female members of the Second Morawiecki Cabinet and the 
         | portfolios they held are (listed in alphabetical order of 
         | surname, except for Prime Minister if applicable):
         |      
         | Malag (Family & Social Policy). 
         | Moskwa (Climate & Environment). 
         | Rzeczkowska (Finance). 
         | Sojka (Health). 
         | Scigaj (Minister without portfolio).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022): F5021_W1 & F5021_W2
         |
         | Eight female ministers are classified, although Francisca Van 
         | Dunem took over the Internal Administration Ministry on December 
         | 4, 2021, in addition to her responsibilities as Justice Minister 
         | after the resignation of Eduardo Carbrita, who had resigned in a 
         | scandal over his official drivers' alleged involvement in a road 
         | traffic accident. 
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held 
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for
         | Prime Minister, if applicable):
         |        
         | Abrunhosa (Territorial Cohesion). 
         | do Ceu Antunes (Agriculture). 
         | Fonseca (Culture). 
         | Leitao (Modernization of the State and Public Administration). 
         | Mendes Godinho (Labor, Solidarity, and Social Security). 
         | Temido (Health). 
         | Van Dunem (Justice & Internal Administration). 
         | Vieira da Silva (Presidency of the Council of Ministers).
         |          
         | The Minister of the Presidency heads the Presidency of the 
         | Council of Ministers (PCM), the government department that 
         | supports the Portuguese cabinet and the Prime Minister. 
         | Essentially, the minister is responsible for inter-minister 
         | co-ordination and manages cross-ministry or sectoral issues for 
         | the government.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F5021_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held 
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister, if applicable): 
         |         
         | Abrunhosa (Territorial Cohesion). 
         | Antunes (Agriculture and Food). 
         | Carreiras (National Defence). 
         | Fortunato (Science, Technology & Higher Education). 
         | Godinho (Labor, Solidarity, & Social Security). 
         | Goncalves (Housing). 
         | Mendes (Parliamentary Affairs & Minister at the Prime Minister  
         |          Office). 
         | Sarmento e Castro (Justice). 
         | Vieira da Silva (Presidency of the Council of Ministers). 
         |
         | The Parliamentary Affairs & Minister at the Prime Minister Office 
         | is responsible for managing relations between the executive and 
         | parliament and focuses on inter-institutional co-ordination. 
         | The Minister of the Presidency heads the Presidency of the 
         | Council of Ministers (PCM), the government department that 
         | supports the Portuguese cabinet and the Prime Minister. 
         | Essentially, the minister is responsible for inter-minister 
         | co-ordination and manages cross-ministry or sectoral issues for
         | the government. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5021_A-I
         |
         | The cabinet composition recorded in the data reflects the
         | partisan makeup of the Heger government, which served in office
         | until May 2023. The subsequent technocratic cabinet led by
         | Ludovit Odor (May-October 2023) was comprised entirely of 
         | Independent members and had a total of 16 members. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5021_D
         |
         | PARTY D (OL'aNO) comprises eight members of OL'aNO and two 
         | members of For The People (Za Ludi, NUMERICAL CODE 703019), who 
         | competed together in the 2023 elections and thus are combined.  
         | The remaining three posts in cabinet were held by We Are Family 
         | (Sme Rodina, NUMERICAL CODE 703011).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5021_W1
         |
         | Below are the female cabinet members in the OL'aNO (PARTY D) led
         | coalition government led by Eduard Heger and in office pre its
         | resignation on May 7, 2023. The female members of this cabinet 
         | and the portfolios they held are (listed in alphabetical order  
         | of surname, except for Prime Minister, if applicable):
         |         
         | Milanova (Culture).          
         | Remesova (Deputy Prime Minister & Regional Development). 
         |
         | The data reflects the Heger government's female cabinet 
         | representation. 
         |
         | Below are the female cabinet members in the technocratic
         | government led by interim Prime Minister Ludovit Odor, in office
         | from May 7, 2023. The female members of this cabinet and the
         | portfolios they held are (listed in alphabetical order of 
         | surname, except for Prime Minister, if applicable):
         |         
         | Dubovcoca (Justice).          
         | Gaborcava (Social, Family, & Labor Affairs).          
         | Hroncova (Culture).          
         | Vasakova (Deputy Prime Minister, EU Subsidies, & Economic 
         |           Recovery). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5021_NP
         |
         | The data reflects the Heger government and its independent 
         | cabinet representation. However, the Odor government, in office 
         | from May 7, 2023, until the new government took office post the 
         | September 2023 elections was comprised entirely of Independents
         | (N=16; 100%).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5021_A - F5021_I
         |
         | Four additional posts, unaccounted in the F5021_A to I variables, 
         | were held by Party of Modern Center (SMC) - economy, education, 
         | justice, and public administration.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5021_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held 
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister if applicable): 
         |         
         | Jaklitsch (Office of the Government for Slovenes Abroad). 
         | Kustec (Education, Science, & Sport). 
         | 
         | The Office of the Government for Slovenes Abroad is a specialized 
         | department responsible for the Slovenian diaspora, focusing on
         | Slovene minorities in neighboring countries and the broader 
         | diaspora worldwide. The Office supports cultural, educational, 
         | and community organizations, and strengthens ties between 
         | Slovenia and the community abroad. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F5021_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held  
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister if applicable): 
         |         
         | Andersson (Prime Minister).  
         | Axelsson Kihlblom (Schools).
         | Ekstrom (Education).
         | Emkrans (International Development Cooperation).
         | Gustafsdotter (Culture & Democracy). 
         | Hallengren (Health).
         | Karkainen (Public Administration).
         | Nordmark (Employment & Gender Equality). 
         | Strandhall (Environment & Climate). 
         | Satherberg (Rural Affairs).
         | 
         | Lena Hallengren was Minister for Health, but resigned on 
         | October 6, 2022 (after the elections), when she was elected
         | Social Democratic Party (PARTY A) leader in the Riksdag. Social
         | Security Minister Ardalan Shekrabi was appointed interim Health
         | Minister until October 18, 2022, when a new government took 
         | office. As Hallengren was Health Minister at the time of the 
         | election, she is classified in the CSES count of female cabinet
         | ministers. 
         | 
         | In Sweden, ministers with their own defined portfolios, even if
         | within the same ministry, can sit in cabinet simultaneously. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F5021_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held  
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister if applicable): 
         |         
         | Amherd (Defense & Sport). 
         | Baume-Schneider (Justice). 
         | Keller-Sutter (Finance). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5021_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held  
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister if applicable): 
         |         
         | Chang (Chairperson of the Atomic Energy Council, AEC). 
         | Chuang (Finance). 
         | Hsu (Overseas Community Affairs Council, OCAC).   
         | Kuan (Ocean Affairs Council, OAC). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F5021_W1 & F5021_W2
         | 
         | The data refers to the number of female cabinet members ahead of 
         | the 2023 elections (one female member). At the time of the 
         | previous cabinet formation in July 2018, the cabinet comprised 
         | two women. From April 2021, there was only a single female 
         | cabinet member, which is classified here.
         |
         | The female member of the cabinet and the portfolio she held are:
         | Yanik (Family, Labor and Social Services).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F5021_A & F5021_NP
         | 
         | While some of the ministers are labeled "independent" in various 
         | public sources, according to the Macro Report, all the ministers
         | were affiliated with the Justice and Development Party (Adalet 
         | ve Kalkinma Partisi - AKP) - PARTY A. Coding for F5021_ follows
         | the Macro Report.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F5021_B & F5021_NP
         | 
         | The party affiliation of US cabinet members is not always 
         | explicit and often ambiguous, with US Presidents often appointing
         | members whose partisan identity is unclear. Theoretically, the 
         | US cabinet is supposed to be administrative, expert, and 
         | apartisan, but in practice it is deeply political and most 
         | appointees have political backgrounds, and appointments are 
         | politically aligned with the President's party. While in office,
         | they are technically officers of the executive branch. Each 
         | officeholder is classified according to the best available 
         | information on the previous affiliation with which the 
         | officeholder is most publicly and consistently affiliated at the
         | time of appointment, not merely the formal partisanship of the
         | party holding the Presidency.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F5021_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held  
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister if applicable): 
         |         
         | Granholm (Energy Secretary). 
         | Greenfield (UN Ambassador). 
         | Guzmann (Administrator of Small Business). 
         | Haaland (Interior Secretary). 
         | Haines (Director of National Intelligence). 
         | Harris (Vice President). 
         | Prbhakar (Office of Science & Technology). 
         | Raimondo (Commerce Secretary).           
         | Su (Labor Secretary, acting recess appointment). 
         | Tai (US Trade Representative). 
         | Toddman (Housing and Urban Development, acting 
         |          recess appointment). 
         | Yellen (Treasury Secretary). 
         |
         | A recess appointment is a temporary appointment made by the US
         | President to fill an executive or cabinet-level position when the 
         | Senate is not in session and therefore unable to provide its 
         | constitutional advice and consent. Most cabinet-level positions  
         | in the United States cabinet require majority Senate approval. 
         | 
         | The Administration of Small Business portfolio heads a federal
         | agency whose mission is to support small businesses and 
         | entrepreneurship. A direct equivalent outside of the US is rare
         | with most other states usually housing responsibility for 
         | enterprise policy for small and medium businesses in an economics
         | ministry.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5022_1    >>> GOVERNMENT AFTER: SINGLE PARTY OR COALITION GOVERNMENT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
         
         Was the government after the election a single party, or coalition
         government, or an institutionalized coalition government?
         ..................................................................

             0.            SINGLE PARTY GOVERNMENT

             1.            COALITION GOVERNMENT 

             2.            INSTITUTIONALIZED COALITION GOVERNMENT

             9.            MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5022_1
         |
         | F5022_1 classifies whether the incoming government was a single
         | party government or a coalition government. A coalition 
         | government is classified as a government including cabinet 
         | ministers of more than one party. 
         | SINGLE PARTY GOVERNMENT: A government in which one political 
         | party holds all executive power.
         | COALITION GOVERNMENT: A government formed voluntarily by two 
         | or more political parties that share executive power. Parties 
         | in the coalition agree on a common policy program and a division 
         | of ministerial portfolios. Their composition depends on 
         | parliamentary arithmetic. 
         | INSTITUTIONALIZED COALITION: A government where multi-party 
         | powersharing is mandated by constitutional rules or convention. 
         | While the precise composition of the government depends on
         | parliamentary arithmetic, the same parties or groups are 
         | guaranteed representation in the executive regardless of 
         | the election. 
         | Minority governments relying on confidence and supply 
         | arrangements with other actors in parliament are not classified 
         | as coalition governments unless actors from multiple parties sit
         | and have a vote in cabinet. 
         | The measure does not specify whether the government commands a 
         | a majority of seats in parliament.  
         | In case of a caretaker government, e.g., after a collapse of
         | the government, the party affiliations of its (remaining) members
         | are used to code the incoming government variable.
         |         
         | Source of data: Publicly available sources & CSES Macro 
         | Report M3c. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5022_2     >>> SIZE OF THE CABINET AFTER ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M03d. The size of the cabinet after the election.
         ..................................................................

             00.00-99.00 SIZE OF THE CABINET

             999.00      MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5022_2
         |
         | F5022_2 details the total cabinet size after the election. For a 
         | definition of total cabinet size as adopted by CSES, see 
         | VARIABLE NOTES for F5022_2.
         |
         | F5022_2 details the total cabinet size before the election, 
         | based on the following definition adopted by CSES: 
         | a) Parliamentary and Semi-Presidential Regimes:
         |    Cabinet size is defined by the total number of ministers
         |    (persons, not posts) in a defined government. Ministers are
         |    considered members of a cabinet when they exercise voting
         |    rights. This number includes both ministers with and without
         |    portfolio and the Prime Minister, but excludes deputy 
         |    ministers, undersecretaries, parliamentary secretaries,
         |    ministerial alternates, given that in the majority of cases,
         |    they do not exercise full voting rights.
         | b) Presidential Regimes:
         |    Cabinet size is defined by the total number of people holding 
         |    ministries or secretaries who head a ministry.        
         | 
         | In case of a caretaker government, e.g., after a collapse of
         | the government, the number of its (remaining) members are used
         | to code the outgoing cabinet size.
         |        
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M3d. 


         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F5022_2
         |
         | In France, only full ministers and the Prime Minister are members
         | of the Conseil des ministres, the French constitutional cabinet. 
         | It is only these ministers who have the right to attend cabinet 
         | and the symbolic right to vote at cabinet. Yet, as France's 
         | junior ministers are politically appointed, exercise executive 
         | authority, and many regularly attend and participate in cabinet,
         | and thus are seen as part of the government's leadership, even 
         | if not formally included in the Conseil des ministres. F5021_2 
         | classifies the complete French cabinet and includes junior 
         | ministers (Ministres delegues) and Secretaries of State 
         | (Secretaires d'Etat).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5022_A     >>> NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS AFTER ELECTION - PARTY A
F5022_B     >>> NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS AFTER ELECTION - PARTY B
F5022_C     >>> NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS AFTER ELECTION - PARTY C
F5022_D     >>> NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS AFTER ELECTION - PARTY D
F5022_E     >>> NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS AFTER ELECTION - PARTY E
F5022_F     >>> NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS AFTER ELECTION - PARTY F
F5022_G     >>> NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS AFTER ELECTION - PARTY G
F5022_H     >>> NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS AFTER ELECTION - PARTY H
F5022_I     >>> NUMBER OF PORTFOLIOS AFTER ELECTION - PARTY I
F5022_W1    >>> NUMBER OF CABINET MINISTERS AFTER ELECTION WHO ARE FEMALES
F5022_W2    >>> PERCENTAGE OF CABINET MINISTERS AFTER ELECTION WHO ARE 
                FEMALES
F5022_NP    >>> NUMBER OF CABINET MINISTERS AFTER ELECTION WHO ARE 
                INDEPENDENTS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M03c. Number of cabinet posts (portfolios) held by PARTY/COALITION
               [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I] & Independents. 
         M03g. How many female members were in the cabinet after the 
               election?
         ..................................................................

             00.00-100.00 NUMBER/PERCENTAGE OF CABINET POSTS AFTER ELECTION 
                          HELD BY ACTOR

             999.00      MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5022_A-I, F5022_W_, & F5022_NP
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their alphabetical classifications for 
         | each election study are detailed in Part 3 of the CSES Codebook. 
         |
         | Ministers are considered those members of government who are
         | members of the Cabinet and who have Cabinet voting rights. This
         | includes the Prime Minister. In case of a caretaker government, 
         | (e.g., after a collapse of the government, the party affiliations 
         | of its (remaining) members are used to code the incoming 
         | government variables.   
         |         
         | Cabinet members listed in this variable represent parties/
         | coalitions receiving an alphabetical classification by CSES. 
         | Cabinet members who represent parties/coalitions not receiving 
         | such a classification are classified by variable F5012, which
         | classifies the total size of the cabinet before the election. 
         | Users are advised to consult the ELECTION STUDY NOTES of variable
         | F5012.      
         |
         | F5022_W1, F5022_W2, and F5022_NP record the number and 
         | percentage of cabinet ministers belonging to particular 
         | categories (e.g., women, independents) after the election. 
         | These classifications are principally based on a count of 
         | individuals serving at cabinet, rather than a count of the 
         | portfolios they hold. In many instances, cabinet membership and 
         | the number of portfolios coincide, but this is not universally 
         | the case. 
         | In most instances in CSES, cabinet size is defined as the number 
         | of persons formally appointed as cabinet-level ministers. 
         | However, cross-national practice varies, and in some cases 
         | ministers may hold multiple portfolios simultaneously. As a 
         | result, the number of cabinet members may not always be 
         | equivalent to the number of portfolios. While CSES aims for 
         | consistency in counting individuals who constitute the cabinet,
         | there may be some inconsistencies in classifications, reflecting 
         | differences in institutional arrangements, local interpretations,
         | and data availability.   
         |
         | Source of data: Publicly available sources & CSES Macro Report
         | M3c & M3g.  

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5022_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held  
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister, if applicable): 
         |         
         | Burney (Indigenous Affairs). 
         | Collins (Housing). 
         | Gallagher (Finance). 
         | A. King (Resources & Northern Australia). 
         | C. King (Infrastructure, Transport, Regions & Local Government). 
         | O'Neill (Home Affairs & Cyber Security). 
         | Plibersek (Environment). 
         | Rishworth (Social Services).
         | Rowland (Communications). 
         | Wong (Foreign Affairs). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F5022_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held  
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister, if applicable): 
         |         
         | Holzleitner (Women & Science). 
         | Meinl-Reisinger (European & International Affairs).    
         | Plakolm (Integration & Family). 
         | Schuman (Social Affairs, Health, Care, & Consumer Protection). 
         | Sporrer (Justice). 
         | Tanner (Defense). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F5022_A - F5022_I
         |
         | Additional posts, unaccounted in the F5022_A to I variables 
         | were held by: PSD (three posts), PCdoB (one post), PSOL (one 
         | post) Rede (one post), and two posts by members of the Military.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F5022_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held 
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for
         | Prime Minister, if applicable):
         |        
         | Carneiro (Tourism).
         | Dweck (Management and Innovation in Public Services).
         | Franco (Racial Equality).
         | Goncalves (Women).
         | Guajajara (Indigenous People).
         | Menezes (Culture).
         | Moser (Sports).
         | Santos (Science, Technology, and Innovation).
         | Silva (Environment and Climate Change).
         | Tebet (Planning and Budget).
         | Trindade (Health).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5022_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held  
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister, if applicable): 
         |         
         | Frederiksen (Prime Minister).
         | Bjerre (Digital Affairs).         
         | Egelund (Education & Science).
         | Halsboe-Jorgensen (Employment).
         | Kierkgaard (Elderly Affairs).
         | Lose (Economy Minister, acting). 
         | Lohde (Interior & Health). 
         | Rosenkrantz Theil (Social Affairs & Housing).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F5022_
         |
         | The remaining cabinet posts were held by:
         | - Horizons - one post
         | - Democratic Movement (MoDem) - one post
         | - Other left-wing parties - one post

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F5022_W1 & F5022_W2
         |
         | In France, only full ministers and the Prime Minister are members
         | of the Conseil des ministres, the French constitutional cabinet. 
         | It is only these ministers who have the right to attend cabinet 
         | and the symbolic right to vote at cabinet. Yet, as France's 
         | junior ministers are politically appointed, exercise executive 
         | authority, and many regularly attend and participate in cabinet,
         | and thus are seen as part of the government's leadership, even 
         | if not formally included in the Conseil des ministres. F5022_W1 
         | classifies the complete French cabinet and includes female 
         | ministers who sit at cabinet as junior ministers (Ministres 
         | delegues) and Secretaries of State (Secretaires d'Etat). 
         | Taking a narrower definition of the French cabinet and counting
         | solely female ministers formally part of the Conseil des 
         | ministres, the number of female ministers is 10. They are denoted
         | by a "#" after their name in the below list. 
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held 
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for
         | Prime Minister if applicable):
         |        
         | Borne # (Prime Minister).
         | Abdul Malak # (Culture).
         | Benin (Sea - State Secretary).
         | Bourguignon # (Health).
         | Braun-Pivet # (Overseas Territories).
         | Caubel (Children - State Secretary).
         | Colonna # (European and Foreign Affairs).
         | De Montchalin # (Ecological Transition and Territorial Cohesion).
         | Gregoire (Government Spokesperson).
         | Lonvis-Rome # (Gender Equality, Diversity, & Equal 
         | Opportunities).
         | Oudea-Castera # (Sport and the Olympic & Paralympic Games). 
         | Pannier-Runacher # (Energy Transition).
         | Retailleau # (Higher Education).
         | Zacharopoulou (Development, Francophonie, and International 
         |                Partnerships - State Secretary).
         |          
         | The Government Spokesperson attends cabinet and coordinates  
         | communications strategy across government departments, and 
         | briefs the media on behalf of the government.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5022_
         |
         | The size of the cabinet was 23 seats in total. Five additional 
         | posts, unaccounted in variables F5022_A - F5022_I, were held by:
         | - Albanian Alternative - two posts
         | - Democratic Party - one post
         | - Social People's Party (SNP), Party F - two posts.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5022_A
         |
         | These data refer to Party Europe Now (PES, 12 posts belonging to 
         | the leading member of the coalition coded under Party A), and 
         | Civis (one post belonging to the coalition under Party A).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5022_D
         |
         | These data refer to Democratic Montenegro (Democrats), the 
         | leading member of the coalition coded under Party D.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5022_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held 
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for
         | Prime Minister if applicable):
         |        
         | Gorcevic (European Affairs).
         | Jaksic-Stojanovic (Education, Science, & Innovation). 
         | Nisic (Labor & Social Welfare). 
         | Vujovic (Culture & Media). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F5022_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held  
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister if applicable): 
         |         
         | Chhour (Children). 
         | Collins (Attorney General, Defense, & Digitizing Government). 
         | Costello (Customs). 
         | Lee (Economic Growth, Communications, & Media).
         | McKee (Courts). 
         | Simmonds (Environment, Tertiary Education, & Disability). 
         | Stanford (Education & Immigration). 
         | Upston (Social Development & Child Poverty Reduction). 
         | van Velden (Internal Affairs). 
         | Willis (Finance & Public Service).  

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5022_A - F5022_I
         |
         | Additional posts, unaccounted in the F5022_A to I variables, 
         | were held by coalition partners of parties A (three) and D 
         | (four):
         | - Socialist Party of Macedonia - member of the coalition led 
         |   by Party A - one post
         | - Democratic Party of Serbs in Macedonia - member of the 
         |   coalition led by Party A - one post
         | - Democratic Forces of the Roma - member of the coalition led 
         |   by Party A - one post
         | - Alternative - member of the coalition led by Party D - 
         |   one post 
         | - Movement Besa - member of the coalition led by Party D - 
         |   two posts
         | - Democratic Movement - member of the coalition led by Party D -
         |   one post.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5022_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held 
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister if applicable): 
         |         
         | Dimitrieska-Kochoska (Finance). 
         | Janevska (Education & Science). 
         | Bozhinovska (Energy, Mining, and Mineral Resources).  

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F5022_B
         |
         | Out of the listed 13 seats, eleven seats were obtained by Civic 
         | Platform (Platforma Obywatelska, PO) - the leading member of 
         | the coalition under Party B. One of the remaining two seats 
         | was received by the Polish Initiative (Inicjatywa Polska, iPL),
         | and another one by Modern (Nowoczesna, .N) - both junior members
         | of the coalition under Party B. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F5022_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held 
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister if applicable): 
         |         
         | Buczynska (Civil Society). 
         | Czarnecka (Industry).
         | Dziemianowicz-Bak (Family, Labor, & Social Policy).  
         | Hennig-Kloska (Climate and Environment).
         | Kotula (Equality).
         | Leszczyna (Health). 
         | Nowacka (Education).
         | Okla-Drewnowicz (Senior Citizens Affairs). 
         | Pelczynska-Nalecz (Funding and Regional Policy). 
         |
         | The Civil Society ministry is responsible for non-governmental
         | organizations like NGOs with its role involving management of 
         | grant schemes for the NGO sector, oversight of their functions, 
         | and coordination between civil society actors and the government. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022): F5022_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held 
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for
         | Prime Minister, if applicable):
         |        
         | Abrunhosa (Territorial Cohesion).
         | Carreiras (National Defense). 
         | Catarina Mendes (Minister in the Cabinet of the Prime Minister
         |                  and for Parliamentary Affairs). 
         | do Ceu Antunes (Agriculture and Food). 
         | Fortunato (Science, Technology, and Higher Education). 
         | Mendes Godinho (Labor, Solidarity, & Social Security). 
         | Sarmento e Castro (Justice). 
         | Temido (Health). 
         | Vieira da Silva (Minister of State for the Presidency).
         |          
         | The Minister of the Presidency heads the Presidency of the 
         | Council of Ministers (PCM), the government department that 
         | supports the Portuguese cabinet and the Prime Minister. 
         | Essentially, the minister is responsible for inter-minister 
         | co-ordination and manages cross-ministry or sectoral issues for 
         | the government.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F5022_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held  
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister, if applicable): 
         |         
         | Blasco (Internal Administration). 
         | Carvalho (Environment and Energy). 
         | Judice (Justice). 
         | Lopes (Youth and Modernisation). 
         | Martins (Health).
         | Ramalho (Labor, Solidarity, & Social Security). 
         | Rodrigues (Culture). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5022_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held  
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister if applicable): 
         |         
         | Dolinkova (Health). 
         | Sakova (Deputy Prime Minister & Economy).       
         | Simkovicova (Culture).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5022_2
         |
         | The government had 20 ministers assigned a particular portfolio, 
         | including the Prime Minister, with one minister serving as 
         | Minister without Portfolio. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5022_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held  
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister if applicable): 
         |         
         | Bratusek (Infrastructure). 
         | Calusic (Agriculture, Forestry, & Food). 
         | Fajon (Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign & European Affairs). 
         | Katic (Justice). 
         | Klampfer (Digital Transformation). 
         | Prevolnik Rupel (Health). 
         | Vrecko (Culture). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F5022_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held  
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister if applicable): 
         |         
         | Ankarberg Johansson (Health). 
         | Brandberg (Gender Equality).
         | Busch (Deputy Prime Minister and Energy & Enterprise). 
         | Edholm (Schools, Higher Education, and Research).
         | Liljestrand (Culture).
         | Malmer Stenergrad (Migration).  
         | Mohamsson (Education & Integration).
         | Pourmokhtari (Environment). 
         | Roswall (EU Affairs & Nordic Cooperation).     
         | Svantesson (Finance).
         | Tenje (Social Security & Pensions).
         | Waltersson Gronvall (Social Services).
         | 
         | In Sweden, ministers with their own defined portfolios, even if
         | within the same ministry, can sit in cabinet simultaneously. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F5022_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held  
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister, if applicable): 
         |            
         | Amherd (Defense & Sport). 
         | Baume-Schneider (Home Affairs).   
         | Keller-Sutter (Finance).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5022_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held 
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for 
         | Prime Minister, if applicable): 
         |         
         | Chen (Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting, & Statistics). 
         | Cheng (Vice Premier).
         | Chuang (Finance).
         | Ho (Labor).
         | Hsu (Overseas Community Affairs Council).
         | Ku (Hakka Affairs Council).
         | Kuan (Ocean Affairs Council).
         | Liu (Interior).
         |
         | The Hakka Affairs Council ministry focuses on Hakka cultural 
         | preservation and revitalization and support for this community. 
         | The council exists as the Hakka are one of Taiwan's major ethnic 
         | cultural groups. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F5022_A & F5022_NP
         | 
         | While some of the ministers are labeled "independent" in various
         | public sources, according to the Macro Report, all the ministers
         | were affiliated with the Justice and Development Party (Adalet 
         | ve Kalkinma Partisi - AKP) - PARTY A. Coding for F5022_ follows
         | the Macro Report.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F5022_W1
         |
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held 
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for
         | Prime Minister if applicable):
         |        
         | Ozdemir (Family and Social Services). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F5022_A & F5022_NP
         | 
         | The party affiliation of US cabinet members is not always 
         | explicit and often ambiguous, with US Presidents often appointing
         | members whose partisan identity is unclear. Theoretically, the
         | US cabinet is supposed to be administrative, expert, and 
         | apartisan, but in practice it is deeply political and most 
         | appointees have political background, and appointments are 
         | politically aligned with the President's party. While in office
         | they are technically officers of the executive branch. Each 
         | officeholder is classified according to the best available 
         | information on the previous affiliation with which the 
         | officeholder is most publicly and consistently affiliated at the
         | time of appointment, not merely the formal partisanship of the 
         | party holding the Presidency.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F5022_W1
         | 
         | The female members of the cabinet and the portfolios they held 
         | are (listed in alphabetical order of surname, except for
         | Prime Minister if applicable):
         | 
         | Bondi (Attorney General). 
         | Chavez de Remer (Labor). 
         | Loeffler (Administration of Small Business).  
         | McMahon (Education). 
         | Noem (Homeland Security).  
         | Rollins (Agriculture). 
         | Wiles (White House Chief of Staff). 
         | 
         | The Administration of Small Business portfolio heads a federal 
         | agency whose mission is to support small businesses and 
         | entrepreneurship. A direct equivalent outside of the US is rare
         | with most other states usually housing responsibility for 
         | enterprise policy for small and medium businesses in an economics
         | ministry.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5023_1     >>> PARTY OF THE FINANCE MINISTER BEFORE ELECTION 
F5023_2     >>> PARTY OF THE FINANCE MINISTER AFTER ELECTION 
F5023_3     >>> PARTY OF THE FOREIGN MINISTER BEFORE ELECTION 
F5023_4     >>> PARTY OF THE FOREIGN MINISTER AFTER ELECTION 
F5023_5     >>> PARTY OF THE HEALTH MINISTER BEFORE ELECTION 
F5023_6     >>> PARTY OF THE HEALTH MINISTER AFTER ELECTION 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M03i. Party/Coalition of the Finance, Foreign, and Health Minister
         BEFORE and AFTER the election.
         ..................................................................
   
             000001-999987. [SEE PART 3 OF CODEBOOK FOR NUMERICAL PARTY/
                             COALITION CODES]

             999989.        INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE
             
             999997.        NOT APPLICABLE: PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS

             999999.        MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5023_
         |
         | F5023_ details the party holding the role of Finance Minister, 
         | Foreign (External) Affairs, and Health Minister, both before   
         | and after the election in parliamentary systems. 
         | In case of a caretaker government, e.g., after a collapse of the
         | government, the party affiliations of its (remaining) members
         | are used to code the outgoing government variables.
         |         
         | A Finance Ministry or Department is conventionally the 
         | government body responsible for managing a polity's fiscal and 
         | economic affairs. Its core functions typically include 
         | formulating fiscal and economic policy, taxation, the budget, 
         | managing government revenue and debt, and in certain polities 
         | may also be responsible for public expenditure. In some polities
         | some of these responsibilities may be shared or divided across
         | multiple departments/ministries and where applicable this will be
         | noted in ELECTION STUDY NOTES. In these circumstances, CSES 
         | classifies the Finance Ministry as the senior ministry - i.e., 
         | the ministry responsible for formulating macro fiscal and 
         | economic policy and the ministry that represents the polity in 
         | national economic forums like the International Monetary Fund or
         | the World Bank. 
         |
         | A Foreign (External Affairs) Ministry or Department is 
         | conventionally the government body responsible for conducting a 
         | polity's external relations and representing the polity in 
         | international affairs. Its core functions typically include 
         | managing diplomatic relations, conducting negotiations and
         | devising treaties, and representing the polity in international
         | forums like the UN, the EU, consular services, and overseeing 
         | foreign aid. In some polities, some of these responsibilities  
         | may be shared or divided across multiple departments/ministries 
         | and where relevant/applicable this will be noted in ELECTION  
         | STUDY NOTES. 
         |
         | A Health Ministry or Department is conventionally the government
         | body responsible for public health at the national level. 
         | Its core functions typically include managing public health 
         | programs and infrastructure, organizational responsibilities, 
         | regulation of healthcare providers and the pharmaceutical sector,
         | and disease prevention and management. In some polities, some of
         | these responsibilities may be shared or divided across multiple 
         | departments/ministries and where relevant/applicable, this will 
         | be noted in ELECTION STUDY NOTES. In many polities, significant 
         | health responsibilities are delegated to regional or
         | sub-national authorities. The CSES classification refers to 
         | the national/federal ministry only.
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 of 
         | the CSES Codebook.   
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M3i.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5023_
         |
         | In Australia, the Treasurer is the senior minister responsible 
         | for economic policy, which includes taxation, public debt, 
         | government spending, and the overall direction of economic 
         | policy. The finance minister in Australia has a separate role, 
         | supplementing the work of the Treasurer, although working 
         | closely with them. This position is junior to the Treasurer 
         | and focuses on the administration of government expenditure. 
         | CSES classifies the finance minister in Australia based on which 
         | party and who occupies the Treasurer position, as it is the 
         | senior minister responsible for economic policy. 
         | After the 2022 election, it was revealed that the outgoing Prime 
         | Minister Scott Morrison (PARTY B - Liberal Party) had secretly 
         | taken on additional ministerial powers during the COVID-19 
         | crisis, including the Treasury and Health portfolios. The 
         | revelations prompted a government inquiry led by a former High 
         | Court justice. CSES classifies the ministers officially in their 
         | respective offices and accordingly does not codify the Morrison 
         | joint ministerial arrangement. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F5023_1 & F5023_2 
         |
         | In 2019, a new super Economic Ministry was created in Brazil, 
         | incorporating the responsibilities of the Finance Ministry, 
         | the Industry Ministry, and international trade operations. Thus,
         | CSES classifies the Finance Minister in Brazil before the 
         | election (variable F5023_1) based on the occupant of this office
         | (Minister for the Economy). 
         | The Ministry of Finance was re-established as a separate ministry
         | in the aftermath of the 2022 Presidential elections in the
         | Lula da Silva administration and CSES classifies the Finance 
         | Minister after the election (variable F5023_2) based on the 
         | occupant of this office.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F5023_3 & F5023_4 
         |
         | In Sweden, the responsibility for Nordic Cooperation is a 
         | separate portfolio, which conventionally has been institutionally
         | distinct from the Foreign Affairs Ministry. This minister is
         | responsible for handling Sweden's participation in the 
         | intergovernmental structures of the Nortid region and focuses on
         | regional cooperation. This division reflects the novel 
         | institutional status of the Scandinavian region.
         | The Minister for Nordic Cooperation before the election was 
         | Anna Hallberg (PARTY A - 752001. Swedish Social Democrats).  
         | The Minister for Nordic Cooperation after the election was 
         | Jessica Rosencrantz (PARTY C - 752003. Moderate Party).   

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F5023_
         | 
         | While some of the ministers are labeled "independent" in various
         | public sources, according to the Macro Report, all the ministers
         | were affiliated with the Justice and Development Party (Adalet 
         | ve Kalkinma Partisi - AKP) - PARTY A. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5024_1    >>> PRESIDENT BEFORE ELECTION: FEMALE
F5024_2    >>> PRESIDENT AFTER ELECTION: FEMALE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
         
         Was the President BEFORE and AFTER the election a female?
         ..................................................................

             0.            PRESIDENT NOT A FEMALE

             1.            PRESIDENT IS A FEMALE

             7.            NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT

             9.            MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5024_
         |
         | F5024_ classifies whether the President before and after the 
         | election was a female or not. Classification is based on 
         | publicly available information and official or media sources 
         | concerning the officeholder's gender. CSES does not verify or 
         | infer gender identity beyond those sources.
         |         
         | In case of a caretaker government, e.g., after a collapse of
         | the government, its (remaining) members are used to code the 
         | outgoing government variables.
         |         
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M2e & M3e.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5025_1    >>> PRIME MINISTER BEFORE ELECTION: FEMALE
F5025_2    >>> PRIME MINISTER AFTER ELECTION: FEMALE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
         
         Was the Prime Minister BEFORE and AFTER the election a female?
         ..................................................................

             0.            PRIME MINISTER NOT A FEMALE
          
             1.            PRIME MINISTER IS A FEMALE

             7.            NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRIME MINISTER

             9.            MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5025_
         |
         | F5025_ classifies whether the Prime Minister before and after  
         | the election was a female or not. Classification is based on 
         | publicly available information and official or media sources 
         | concerning the officeholder's gender. CSES does not verify or 
         | infer gender identity beyond those sources.
         |
         | In case of a caretaker government, e.g., after a collapse of
         | the government, its (remaining) members are used to code the 
         | outgoing government variables.
         |     
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M2f & M3f.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5026_1    >>> FINANCE MINISTER BEFORE ELECTION: FEMALE
F5026_2    >>> FINANCE MINISTER AFTER ELECTION: FEMALE
F5026_3    >>> FOREIGN MINISTER BEFORE ELECTION: FEMALE
F5026_4    >>> FOREIGN MINISTER AFTER ELECTION: FEMALE
F5026_5    >>> HEALTH MINISTER BEFORE ELECTION: FEMALE
F5026_6    >>> HEALTH MINISTER AFTER ELECTION: FEMALE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
         
         Was the Finance, Foreign, and Health Minister, BEFORE and AFTER 
         the election a female?
         ..................................................................

             0.            MINISTER NOT A FEMALE

             1.            MINISTER IS A FEMALE

             9.            MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5026_
         |
         | F5026_ classifies whether the Finance, Foreign Affairs, and  
         | Health Minister before and after the election were a female or 
         | not. Classification is based on publicly available information 
         | and official or media sources concerning the officeholder's
         | gender. CSES does not verify or infer gender identity beyond 
         | those sources.
         |
         | A Finance Ministry or Department is conventionally the 
         | government body responsible for managing a polity's fiscal and 
         | economic affairs. Its core functions typically include 
         | formulating fiscal and economic policy, taxation, the budget, 
         | managing government revenue and debt, and in certain polities 
         | may also be responsible for public expenditure. In some polities
         | some of these responsibilities may be shared or divided across
         | multiple departments/ministries and where applicable this will be
         | noted in ELECTION STUDY NOTES. In these circumstances, CSES 
         | classifies the Finance Ministry as the senior ministry - i.e., 
         | the ministry responsible for formulating macro fiscal and 
         | economic policy and the ministry that represents the polity in 
         | national economic forums like the International Monetary Fund or
         | the World Bank. 
         |
         | A Foreign (External Affairs) Ministry or Department is 
         | conventionally the government body responsible for conducting a 
         | polity's external relations and representing the polity in 
         | international affairs. Its core functions typically include 
         | managing diplomatic relations, conducting negotiations and
         | devising treaties, and representing the polity in international
         | forums like the UN, the EU, consular services, and overseeing 
         | foreign aid. In some polities, some of these responsibilities  
         | may be shared or divided across multiple departments/ministries 
         | and where relevant/applicable, this will be noted in ELECTION  
         | STUDY NOTES. 
         |
         | A Health Ministry or Department is conventionally the government
         | body responsible for public health at the national level. 
         | Its core functions typically include managing public health 
         | programs and infrastructure, organizational responsibilities, 
         | regulation of healthcare providers and the pharmaceutical sector,
         | and disease prevention and management. In some polities, some of
         | these responsibilities may be shared or divided across multiple 
         | departments/ministries and where relevant/applicable, this will 
         | be noted in ELECTION STUDY NOTES. In many polities, significant 
         | health responsibilities are delegated to regional or
         | sub-national authorities. The CSES classification refers to 
         | the national/federal ministry only.
         |      
         | In case of a caretaker government, e.g., after a collapse of
         | the government, its (remaining) members are used to code the 
         | outgoing government variables.
         |         
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M3h. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5026_1 & F5026_2
         |
         | In Australia, the Treasurer is the senior minister responsible 
         | for economic policy, which includes taxation, public debt, 
         | government spending, and the overall direction of economic 
         | policy. The finance minister in Australia has a separate role, 
         | supplementing the work of the Treasurer, although working 
         | closely with them. This position is junior to the Treasurer 
         | and focuses on the administration of government expenditure. 
         | CSES classifies the finance minister in Australia based on which 
         | party and who occupies the Treasurer position as it is the 
         | senior minister responsible for economic policy. 
         | After the election, Jim Chalmers (PARTY A - 036001. Labor Party)  
         | was selected as Treasurer. Katy Gallagher (PARTY A - 036001. 
         | Labor Party) was chosen as Finance Minister. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F5023_1 & F5023_2 
         |
         | In 2019, a new super Economic Ministry was created in Brazil, 
         | incorporating the responsibilities of the Finance Ministry, 
         | the Industry Ministry, and international trade operations. Thus,
         | CSES classifies the Finance Minister in Brazil before the 
         | election (variable F5025_1) based on the occupant of this office
         | (Minister for the Economy). 
         | The Ministry of Finance was re-established as a separate ministry
         | in the aftermath of the 2022 Presidential elections in the
         | Lula da Silva administration and CSES classifies the Finance 
         | Minister after the election (variable F5025_2) based on the 
         | occupant of this office.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F5026_3 & F5026_4 
         |
         | In Sweden, the responsibility for Nordic Cooperation is a
         | separate portfolio, which conventionally has been institutionally
         | distinct from the Foreign Affairs Ministry. This minister is
         | responsible for handling Sweden's participation in the 
         | intergovernmental structures of the Nortid region and focuses on
         | regional cooperation. This division reflects the novel 
         | institutional status of the Scandinavian region.
         | The Minister for Nordic Cooperation before the election was 
         | Anna Hallberg (PARTY A - 752001. Swedish Social Democrats).  
         | The Minister for Nordic Cooperation after the election was 
         | Jessica Rosencrantz (PARTY C - 752003. Moderate Party).   


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5027_1     >>> PERCENTAGE OF FEMALES IN PARLIAMENT - TIME T
F5027_2     >>> PERCENTAGE OF FEMALES IN PARLIAMENT - TIME T-4
F5027_3     >>> PERCENTAGE OF FEMALES IN PARLIAMENT - TIME T-8
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Percentage of Females in Parliament at three different time 
         intervals (year of election, T-4, T-8).
         ..................................................................

              00.00-100.00 PERCENTAGE OF FEMALES IN PARLIAMENT

              999.         MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5027_1-3
         |
         | F5027_1-3 report the percentage of females in parliament at three 
         | time periods: the election year (time T), four years before 
         | election (T-4), and eight years before election (T-8).
         | Source of data: 
         | - World Bank (n.d.). Proportion of seats held by women in 
         |   national parliaments (%). Available at: https://data.
         |   worldbank.org/indicator/SG.GEN.PARL.ZS
         |   (Date accessed: December 12, 2025).
         | 
         | Users are advised that there is normally a two or three-year time  
         | lag between these estimates becoming available. Consequently, for 
         | Advance Releases of the CSES (and possibly Full Releases), data
         | may not be available at the time of coding. In circumstances      
         | where this occurs, the polity will be listed as DATA UNAVAILABLE 
         | in the VARIABLE NOTES below. Should data become available
         | between an Advance Release of CSES and a Full Release of CSES,  
         | data for these polities will be included in a subsequent release
         | of the CSES. 
         | 
         | Data for F5027_1 are unavailable for MONTENEGRO (2023), NORTH 
         | MACEDONIA (2024), POLAND (2023), and TURKIYE (2023).
         |
         | +++ TABLE: YEAR WHICH IS REFERRED TO FOR T-4 (F5027_2)
         | 
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)    Year of Percentage of Females in Parliament
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)               2018
         | AUSTRIA (2024)                 2020         
         | BRAZIL (2022)                  2018
         | DENMARK (2022)                 2018
         | FRANCE (2022)                  2018
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)              2019
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)             2019
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)         2020
         | POLAND (2023)                  2019
         | PORTUGAL (2022)                2018
         | PORTUGAL (2024)                2020
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)                2019
         | SLOVENIA (2022)                2018
         | SWEDEN (2022)                  2018
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)             2019
         | TURKIYE (2023)                 2019
         | TAIWAN (2024)                  2020
         | UNITED STATES (2024)           2020
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         |
         | +++ TABLE: YEAR WHICH IS REFERRED TO FOR T-8 (F5027_3)
         | 
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)    Year of Percentage of Females in Parliament
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)               2014
         | AUSTRIA (2024)                 2016       
         | BRAZIL (2022)                  2014
         | DENMARK (2022)                 2014
         | FRANCE (2022)                  2014
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)              2015
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)             2015
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)         2016
         | POLAND (2023)                  2015
         | PORTUGAL (2022)                2014
         | PORTUGAL (2024)                2016
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)                2015
         | SLOVENIA (2022)                2014
         | SWEDEN (2022)                  2014
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)             2015
         | TAIWAN (2024)                  2016
         | TURKIYE (2023)                 2015
         | UNITED STATES (2024)           2016
         | -------------------------------------------------------------

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5027_1-3
         |
         | Data for Taiwan (2024) are provided by the collaborators because 
         | they are unavailable in the World Bank source. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5027_4     >>> YEAR IN WHICH FEMALES OBTAINED RIGHT TO VOTE IN POLITY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Year in which Female citizens obtained the right to vote in 
         national elections for the lower house in the polity.
         ..................................................................

              1893-1971    YEAR IN WHICH FEMALES OBTAINED RIGHT TO VOTE

              9999.        MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5027_4
         |
         | F5027_4 reports the year in which females obtained the right to 
         | vote in national elections to the lower house under law (de 
         | jure). For successor states, the classification reflects in which
         | the franchise was first extended to women in the territory 
         | that constitutes the present-day state, regardless of whether
         | the current state existed in its current form at the time. Such
         | instances are noted in ELECTION STUDY NOTES below. 
         | The classification principally refers to the formal extension of
         | the right to vote for women but in some polities, significant 
         | segments of the population remained effectively disenfranchised
         | for reasons such as racial, ethnic, literacy, or property
         | restrictions. These instances are noted in ELECTION STUDY NOTES
         | below. 
         |
         | Source of data: IPU Parline: Global Data on National Parliaments
         | Historical data on women - Women's suffrage. Available at:  
         | https://data.ipu.org/data-explorer/ (Date accessed: June 07, 
         | 2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2024): F5027_4
         |
         | The data refers to when women were first granted the right to 
         | vote in 1945, when the territory of present-day Montenegro 
         | was a constituent republic of Yugoslavia. Upon the country's
         | formal independence in 2006, this franchise right was maintained
         | and carried over into the legal framework of the new state.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5027_4
         |
         | The data refers to when women were first granted the right to 
         | vote in 1945, when the territory of present-day North Macedonia 
         | was a constituent republic of Yugoslavia. Upon the country's
         | formal independence in 1991, this franchise right was maintained
         | and carried over into the legal framework of the new state.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5027_4
         |
         | Slovak females gained the right to vote under the Czechoslovakia
         | Constitution in 1920, and thus by the time of Slovak statehood in 
         | 1993, female voting rights had been long established. CSES 
         | classifies the introduction from 1920 onwards, although 
         | technically, the moment of introduction in Slovakia occurred with
         | Slovakian statehood in 1993, with the right was inherited from 
         | the Czechoslovakia constitution. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5027_4
         |
         | The Constitution that came into effect on December 25, 1947, 
         | granted universal suffrage to all citizens aged 20 and above, 
         | regardless of sex. This Constitution was first applied in 
         | the 1948 elections and used for classifying F5027_4.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F5027_4
         |
         | The 19th Amendment to the US Constitution in 1920 granted women 
         | the constitutional right to vote nationwide. However, racial 
         | discrimination including literacy tests and poll taxes continued 
         | to disenfranchise African American and other women of color. 
         | The Voting Rights Act of 1965 effectively extended full voting 
         | rights enforcement to all female citizens regarding race or 
         | ethnicity. Therefore, 1920 marks the formal enfranchisement as 
         | classified here, but 1965 arguably marks the substantive 
         | universal realization of female franchise in the United States.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5028_A     >>> EXPERT: IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY - PARTY A
F5028_B     >>> EXPERT: IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY - PARTY B
F5028_C     >>> EXPERT: IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY - PARTY C
F5028_D     >>> EXPERT: IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY - PARTY D
F5028_E     >>> EXPERT: IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY - PARTY E
F5028_F     >>> EXPERT: IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY - PARTY F
F5028_G     >>> EXPERT: IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY - PARTY G
F5028_H     >>> EXPERT: IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY - PARTY H
F5028_I     >>> EXPERT: IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY - PARTY I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M05a.a-i. Ideological Family Party is closest to
                   (in the expert judgment of the CSES Collaborator).
         ..................................................................

             01. ECOLOGY PARTIES
             02. COMMUNIST PARTIES
             03. SOCIALIST PARTIES
             04. SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTIES
             05. LEFT LIBERAL PARTIES
             06. LIBERAL PARTIES
             07. RIGHT LIBERAL PARTIES
             08. CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATIC PARTIES
             09. CONSERVATIVE PARTIES
             10. NATIONAL PARTIES
             11. AGRARIAN PARTIES
             12. ETHNIC PARTIES
             13. REGIONAL PARTIES
             14. INDEPENDENT PARTIES
             15. OTHER

             97. NOT APPLICABLE
             98. NO IDEOLOGICAL FAMILY MENTIONED
             99. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5028_
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 
         | of the CSES Codebook.       
         |          
         | F5028_ detail the expert judgment of the national Collaborators
         | as to which ideological family each party belongs to. Often
         | Collaborators provide two characterizations for a party. These
         | multiple characterizations are detailed in the ELECTION STUDY
         | NOTES below with details of what characterization is coded in
         | the dataset. 
         | Collaborators at times provide additional information to help
         | refine the characterization, and when applicable, these are
         | detailed in the ELECTION STUDY NOTES below. 
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M5a.a-i.
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for TAIWAN (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5028_A
         |
         | PARTY A (VMRO-DPMNE) was also characterized as belonging to the 
         | category of "(10) National Parties". 
 
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5028_B
         |
         | PARTY B (SDSM) was also characterized as belonging to the 
         | category of "(5) Left Liberal Parties". 
 
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5028_D
         |
         | PARTY D (VLEN coalition) was also characterized as belonging to 
         | the category of "(9) Conservative Parties". 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5028_E
         |
         | PARTY E (The Left) was also characterized as belonging to the 
         | category of "(10) National Parties". 
 
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5028_F
         |
         | PARTY F (MOVEMENT ZNAM - For Ours Macedonia) was also 
         | characterized as belonging to the category of "(4) Social 
         | Democratic Parties". 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F5028_G
         |
         | PARTY G (Lewica Razem, Razem; English: Left Together) was 
         | also characterized as belonging to the family of "09. 
         | Conservative Parties" by national collaborators.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022): F5028_C
         |
         | PARTY C (Chega!, English: "Enough") was characterized as 
         | belonging to the category of "Extreme Right parties".

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022): F5028_E
         |
         | PARTY E (Bloco de Esquerda, English: Left Bloc) was characterized
         | as being "Left Libertarian".

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F5028_C
         |
         | PARTY C (Chega!, English: "Enough") was characterized as 
         | belonging to the category of "Extreme Right parties".

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F5028_E
         |
         | PARTY E (Bloco de Esquerda, English: Left Bloc) was characterized
         | as being "Left Libertarian".

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5028_A
         |
         | PARTY A (Direction - Slovak Social Democracy, Smer-SD) was 
         | characterized as "Social Democratic" but it is noted as becoming 
         | increasingly nationalist and is moving to the populist right on 
         | some issues. Only the Social Democratic characterization is coded 
         | in the dataset, which follows the historical precedence of this
         | party being classified this way in CSES.       

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5028_C
         |
         | PARTY C (Voice - Social Democracy, Hlas-SD) was characterized as
         | "Social Democratic" but it is noted as becoming increasingly 
         | nationalist. Only the first characterization is coded in the
         | dataset. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5028_D
         |
         | PARTY D (Ordinary People and Independent Personalities, OL'aNO)
         | was characterized as both "Conservative" and an
         | anti-establishment party. Only the first characterization is  
         | coded in the dataset. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5028_G
         |
         | PARTY G (Slovak National Party, SNS) was characterized as both 
         | a "Nationalist" and a populist right party. Only the first 
         | characterization is coded in the dataset. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F5028_E
         | 
         | PARTY E (Center Party, C), originated as an agrarian party 
         | (Bondefoerbundet) representing farmers and rural interests. 
         | Over time, it has evolved into a liberal party emphasizing
         | decentralization, environmental sustainability, and rural 
         | development. While historically coded as agrarian in earlier 
         | CSES modules, the data characterizes the party position as 
         | Liberal in this module to reflect its ideological shift. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F5028_A
         |
         | PARTY A (Swiss People's Party, SVP/UDC) was characterized as both 
         | "Nationalist" and a "Conservative" party. Only the first 
         | characterization is coded in the dataset.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F5028_D
         |
         | PARTY D (The Center, DM/LC) was categorized as both a "Christian 
         | Democratic" party and a "Conservative" party. Only the first
         | characterization (Christian Democrat) is coded in the dataset.  

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F5028_H
         |
         | PARTY H (Ticino League) was categorized as both a "Regional"
         | party and a Populist party. Only the first characterization is
         | coded in the dataset. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F5028_I
         |
         | PARTY I (Geneva Citizens' Movement, MCG/MCR) was categorized as 
         | both a Regional Party (code 13) and a Populist Party. Only the 
         | first characterization (Regional) is coded in the dataset. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5029_A     >>> EXPERT: IDEOLOGY LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY A
F5029_B     >>> EXPERT: IDEOLOGY LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY B
F5029_C     >>> EXPERT: IDEOLOGY LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY C
F5029_D     >>> EXPERT: IDEOLOGY LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY D
F5029_E     >>> EXPERT: IDEOLOGY LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY E
F5029_F     >>> EXPERT: IDEOLOGY LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY F
F5029_G     >>> EXPERT: IDEOLOGY LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY G
F5029_H     >>> EXPERT: IDEOLOGY LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY H
F5029_I     >>> EXPERT: IDEOLOGY LEFT-RIGHT - PARTY I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M06a1.a-i. Parties' positions on the left-right scale
                    (in the expert judgment of the CSES Collaborator).
         ..................................................................

             00. LEFT
             01.
             02.
             03.
             04.
             05.
             06.
             07.
             08.
             09.
             10. RIGHT

             97. NOT APPLICABLE

             99. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5029_
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 
         | of the CSES Codebook.       
         |          
         | F5029_ detail the expert judgment of the national Collaborators
         | as to where parties/coalitions are located on the left-right
         | ideological scale. Sometimes parties'/coalitions' ideological 
         | differences in certain polities on the left-right scale are 
         | difficult to detect, perhaps because party competition is not 
         | structured on a left-right dimension. These instances are 
         | detailed in ELECTION STUDY NOTES below. Moreover, F5030_ detail
         | an alternative expert judgment scale based on national 
         | Collaborators' ratings of parties/coalitions on a scale of their 
         | choice which is related to relevant national political 
         | circumstances.
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report Q6a1.a-i.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for TAIWAN (2024) and UNITED STATES (2024). 
         
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5029_
         |
         | Collaborators advise: "The classification is done using 
         | the left-right economic scale. Many of the parties are very 
         | 'right' politically, such is NSD or DNP."

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5029_H
         |
         | Collaborators advise: "The Citizens Movement Resni.ca 
         | party was not positioned on the left-right dimension as their 
         | position depends on the issue discussed. The Citizens movement 
         | Resni.ca party is more on the right spectrum. It is a populist 
         | party, established as anti-vaccination and anti-systemic party."


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5030       >>> ALTERNATIVE DIMENSION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether respondents were asked to rank political parties on
         an alternative dimension, other than left-right.
         ..................................................................

             0. NO            
             1. YES [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES FOR THE DIMENSION LABELS]

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5030
         |
         | F5030 details whether respondents (and Collaborators) ranked 
         | PARTIES A-I on an alternative dimension other than the left-right 
         | dimension.
         | The decision as to what scale is invoked is the decision of the 
         | national Collaborator and is designed to represent party 
         | positions on a scale relevant to national political
         | circumstances. 
         | The type of scales and the labels assigned to each are 
         | detailed in the ELECTION STUDY NOTES below F5030_A - F5030_I. 
         | 
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M6b1.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5030_A     >>> ALTERNATIVE DIMENSION - PARTY A
F5030_B     >>> ALTERNATIVE DIMENSION - PARTY B
F5030_C     >>> ALTERNATIVE DIMENSION - PARTY C
F5030_D     >>> ALTERNATIVE DIMENSION - PARTY D
F5030_E     >>> ALTERNATIVE DIMENSION - PARTY E
F5030_F     >>> ALTERNATIVE DIMENSION - PARTY F
F5030_G     >>> ALTERNATIVE DIMENSION - PARTY G
F5030_H     >>> ALTERNATIVE DIMENSION - PARTY H
F5030_I     >>> ALTERNATIVE DIMENSION - PARTY I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M06b1.a-i. Parties' positions on the alternative scale
                    (in the expert judgment of the CSES Collaborator).
         ..................................................................

             00. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES FOR THE DIMENSION LABELS]
             01.
             02.
             03.
             04.
             05.
             06.
             07.
             08.
             09.
             10. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES FOR THE DIMENSION LABELS]

             97. NOT APPLICABLE

             99. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5030_
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 
         | of the CSES Codebook.          
         | 
         | F5030_ details the expert judgment of the national Collaborators
         | as to where parties are located on a particular scale unique to
         | the polity. The decision as to what scale is invoked is the 
         | decision of the national Collaborator and is designed to
         | represent party positions on a scale relevant to national 
         | political circumstances. 
         | The type of scales invoked and labels for each polity are 
         | detailed below in the ELECTION STUDY NOTES. 
         | 
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M6b1.a-i.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5030_A-I
         |
         | Name of dimension: Value-based left-right scale
         |
         | Label for position  0:  Left
         | Label for position 10:  Right 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5030_A-I
         |
         | Name of dimension: Pro-Serbian vs. Pro-Montenegrin
         |
         | Label for position  0:  Pro-Serbian
         | Label for position 10:  Pro-Montenegrin

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5030_A-I
         |
         | Name of dimension: Liberal vs. Conservative
         |
         | Label for position  0:  Very, clearly liberal
         | Label for position 10:  Very, clearly conservative


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5031       >>> EXPERT: POPULISM BY PARTY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether Collaborators ranked the political parties in their country
         on the populism scale.
         ..................................................................

             0. NO             
             1. YES 

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5031
         | 
         | F5031 details whether Collaborators ranked PARTIES A-I on the 
         | populism scale.         
         | Sometimes parties' levels of populism are hard to determine. 
         | These instances are detailed in ELECTION STUDY NOTES below and
         | below F5031_A-I.
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M6c.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5031_A     >>> EXPERT: POPULISM SCALE - PARTY A
F5031_B     >>> EXPERT: POPULISM SCALE - PARTY B
F5031_C     >>> EXPERT: POPULISM SCALE - PARTY C
F5031_D     >>> EXPERT: POPULISM SCALE - PARTY D
F5031_E     >>> EXPERT: POPULISM SCALE - PARTY E
F5031_F     >>> EXPERT: POPULISM SCALE - PARTY F
F5031_G     >>> EXPERT: POPULISM SCALE - PARTY G
F5031_H     >>> EXPERT: POPULISM SCALE - PARTY H
F5031_I     >>> EXPERT: POPULISM SCALE - PARTY I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M06c.a-i. Parties' positions on the populism scale
                   (in the expert judgment of the CSES Collaborator).
         ..................................................................

             00. NOT AT ALL POPULIST
             01.
             02.
             03.
             04.
             05.
             06.
             07.
             08.
             09.
             10. VERY POPULIST

             97. NOT APPLICABLE
             98. NO POPULISM SCORE MENTIONED

             99. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5031_
         |
         | Parties/coalitions and their numerical and alphabetical
         | classifications for each election study are detailed in Part 3 
         | of the CSES Codebook.      
         |          
         | F5031_ details the expert judgment of the national Collaborators
         | as to where parties are located on a populism scale. 
         | Definition: Populism can be defined as a thin-centered ideology
         | that pits a virtuous and homogeneous people against a set of 
         | elites and dangerous 'others' who are depicted as depriving
         | "the people" of their rights, values, prosperity, identity, and
         | voice. The emphasis on anti-elite/ anti-establishment rhetoric 
         | and the contrast between the "pure people" and the "corrupt 
         | elite" are thus indications of the degree to which a party is 
         | populist. Populist parties can be found across the left-right 
         | ideological spectrum.
         |
         | Sometimes, parties' levels of populism are hard to determine. 
         | These instances are detailed in ELECTION STUDY NOTES below.
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M6c.a-i.
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for FRANCE (2022), SLOVENIA (2022), 
         | TAIWAN (2024) and UNITED STATES (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5031_B
         |
         | This data refers to the Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS). 
         | Another member of this coalition, Social Democrats (SD), is 
         | coded under Party G.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5031_C
         |
         | This data refers to New Serbian Democracy (NSD), a leading 
         | member of the coalition For the Future of Montenegro. Another 
         | member of this coalition, Democratic People Party of Montenegro 
         | (DNP), is coded under Party H. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5031_D
         |
         | This data refers to United Reform Action (URA), a leading member 
         | of the coalition Aleksa and Dritan - Count Bravely!. A second  
         | member of this coalition, Democratic Montenegro/Democrats is  
         | coded under Party I.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5032_1     >>> FAIRNESS OF THE ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M08a. How impartial was the body that administered the election
               law?
         ..................................................................

             1. VERY IMPARTIAL
             2. MOSTLY IMPARTIAL
             3. NOT VERY IMPARTIAL
             4. NOT IMPARTIAL AT ALL

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5032_1
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M8a.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5032_2     >>> FORMAL COMPLAINTS AGAINST NATIONAL LEVEL RESULTS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M08b. Was there a formal complaint against the national level
               results?
         ..................................................................

             0. NO
             1. YES
             2. OTHER - SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5032_2
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M8b.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F5032_2
         |
         | "In connection with the elections to the Sejm of the Republic of 
         | Poland and the Senate of the Republic of Poland held on October 
         | 15, 2023, a total of 1,177 cases arising from the submission of 
         | protests against the validity of the elections were registered in 
         | the NSW register maintained at the Supreme Court for electoral 
         | matters. The Supreme Court, with regard to 14 electoral protests, 
         | expressed the opinion that the allegations were valid but 
         | concluded that they had no impact on the election results. 
         | In relation to 11 protests, the Court found the allegations to 
         | be unfounded. In two cases, the proceedings were discontinued. 
         | The remaining protests were left without further action due to 
         | failure to meet formal requirements, [...]" - translation of the
         | excerpt from the Resolution of the Supreme Court of January 11, 
         | 2024, on the validity of the elections to the Sejm of the 
         | Republic of Poland and the Senate of the Republic of Poland held
         | on October 15, 2023. 
         | https://www.sn.pl/sites/orzecznictwo/Orzeczenia3/I%20NSW%201237
         | -23.pdf (Date accessed: June 21, 2025).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022): F5032_2
         |
         | There was a formal complaint against the national-level results.
         | According to the Macro report, "the Constitutional Court ordered
         | the repetition of the election in the electoral district of 
         | Europe because 80% of the votes cast by Portuguese emigrants 
         | in European countries had originally been considered null."


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5032_3     >>> ELECTION IRREGULARITIES REPORTED
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M08c. Were there irregularities reported by international election
               observers?
         ..................................................................

             0. NO
             1. YES
             2. NO INTERNATIONAL ELECTION OBSERVERS

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5032_3
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M8c.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F5032_3
         |
         | "The joint observation mission from the OSCE Office for 
         | Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), the OSCE 
         | Parliamentary Assembly (OSCE PA) and Council of Europe's 
         | Parliamentary Assembly (PACE), found that the legal framework 
         | provided a sufficient basis to hold democratic elections. While 
         | recent legal amendments incorporated some previous 
         | recommendations made by ODIHR, their adoption occurred shortly 
         | before the elections and without meaningful public consultation.
         | [...] While the elections in Poland were competitive, we noted
         | the erosion of checks and balances to gain further control over
         | state institutions by the governing party, including the courts 
         | and the public media," said OSCE PA head of delegation Pere Joan
         | Pons. "This tilted the playing field, which meant the opposition 
         | did not have fully equal opportunities." 
         | Source: https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/poland/555072
         | (Date accessed: June 21, 2025).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5033_1     >>> ELECTION VIOLENCE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M09a. To what extent was there violence and voter or candidate
               intimidation during the election campaign and the election
               day?
         ..................................................................

             0. NO VIOLENCE AT ALL
             1. SPORADIC VIOLENCE ON THE PART OF THE GOVERNMENT
             2. SPORADIC VIOLENCE ON THE PART OF OPPOSITION GROUPS
             3. SPORADIC VIOLENCE ON ALL SIDES
             4. SIGNIFICANT VIOLENCE ON THE PART OF THE GOVERNMENT
             5. SIGNIFICANT VIOLENCE ON THE PART OF OPPOSITION GROUPS
             6. SIGNIFICANT VIOLENCE OF ALL SIDES

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5033_1
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M9a.
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for the UNITED STATES (2024). 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5033_2     >>> GEOGRAPHIC CONCENTRATION OF VIOLENCE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M09b. If there was violence, was it geographically concentrated or
               national?
         ..................................................................

             1. NO ELECTION VIOLENCE
             2. GEOGRAPHICALLY CONCENTRATED
             3. NATIONAL

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5033_2
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M9b.
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for the UNITED STATES (2024). 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5033_3     >>> POST-ELECTION VIOLENCE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M09c. To what extent was there violence following the election?
         ..................................................................

             0. NO VIOLENCE AT ALL
             1. SPORADIC VIOLENCE ON THE PART OF THE GOVERNMENT
             2. SPORADIC VIOLENCE ON THE PART OF OPPOSITION GROUPS
             3. SPORADIC VIOLENCE ON ALL SIDES
             4. SIGNIFICANT VIOLENCE ON THE PART OF THE GOVERNMENT
             5. SIGNIFICANT VIOLENCE ON THE PART OF OPPOSITION GROUPS
             6. SIGNIFICANT VIOLENCE OF ALL SIDES

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5033_3
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M9c.
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for the UNITED STATES (2024). 
     

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5033_4     >>> POST-ELECTION PROTEST
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M09d. To what extent was there protest following the election?
         ..................................................................

             0. NO PROTEST AT ALL
             1. SPORADIC PROTEST
             2. SIGNIFICANT PROTEST

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5033_4
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M9d.
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for the UNITED STATES (2024). 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5034_1     >>> ELECTORAL ALLIANCES PERMITTED IN ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

        Whether or not electoral alliances/coalitions are legally allowable.
         ..................................................................

             0. NO
             1. YES

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5034_1
         |
         | F5034_1 details whether or not electoral alliances/coalitions 
         | (involving joint lists/candidates) are legally allowable.
         | Definitions: A joint list refers to one on which candidates
         | of different parties run together. Apparentement refers to 
         | a legal agreement between two or more lists to pool their 
         | votes for the purposes of an initial seat allocation, with
         | seats initially allocated to the alliance then reallocated
         | to the lists in the alliance.
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M10a.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5034_1
         |
         | While electoral alliances are not allowed to form for the 
         | House of Representatives election (Lower House), they are 
         | permitted for Senate (Upper House) elections. The coding in
         | the data reflects the Lower House situation.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5034_2     >>> ELECTORAL ALLIANCES IN PRACTICE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M10b. Is this type of electoral coalition used in practice, even if
               not legally allowable?
         ..................................................................

             0. NO
             1. YES

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5034_2
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M10b.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F5034_2
         |
         | This dynamic varies over time and between elections. There have 
         | been instances in previous elections where electoral alliances 
         | formed (e.g., in 2013 by NEOS, PARTY D). However, no such 
         | alliance was formed in the 2024 election.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F5034_2
         |
         | Listing all alliances in detail is challenging because of the 
         | sheer number of lists and the fact that such alliances occur
         | mostly in smaller cantons and between minor parties. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5034_3     >>> DID ANY ELECTORAL ALLIANCES FORM?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M10c. (If yes to M10a or M10b) Did any electoral alliances form?
         ..................................................................

             0. NO
             1. YES [SEE CODEBOOK PART 3 FOR DETAILS OF ALLIANCES]

             7. NOT APPLICABLE [NO ALLIANCES PERMITTED]

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5034_3 
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M10c.
         |
         | Details of alliances and parties/coalitions and their numerical 
         | and alphabetical classifications for each election study are 
         | detailed in Part 3 of the CSES Codebook. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5035       >>> REQUIREMENTS FOR JOINT PARTY LISTS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether or not joint lists are subject to different regulations
         than single-party lists.
         ..................................................................

             0. NO, JOINT PARTIES ARE GOVERNED BY THE SAME RULES AS OTHER
                PARTIES             
             1. YES, JOINT PARTY LISTS MUST SATISFY HIGHER THRESHOLDS
             2. YES, JOINT PARTY LISTS MAY PRESENT DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF
                CANDIDATES
             3. YES, JOINT PARTY LISTS ARE SUBJECT TO OTHER REGULATIONS
                THAT ARE DIFFERENT FROM THE REGULATIONS GOVERNING
                INDEPENDENT PARTIES

             7. NOT APPLICABLE; NO JOINT PARTY LISTS ARE ALLOWED

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5035
         |
         | F5035 details whether joint lists - if permissible - are subject
         | to different regulations than single-party lists (e.g., in terms
         | of higher thresholds, different numbers of candidates that may 
         | appear on the list, etc.).
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M11.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F5035
         |
         | This information applies to the lower house Brazilian elections.
         | Joint party lists may present different numbers of candidates, 
         | depending on district magnitude.
         |
         | When district magnitude >=20: a political party can present
         | up to 1.5 candidates for each seat. When there is a joint list, 
         | a political party can present up to two candidates for each seat. 
         | 
         | When district magnitude <20: a political party can present 
         | up to two candidates for each seat. When there is a joint list,  
         | a political party can present up to 2.5 candidates for each seat.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F5035
         |
         | The threshold for individual parties is 5%, while for electoral
         | alliances it is 8% of the valid votes cast nationwide.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5035
         |
         | The threshold for political parties to obtain seats is 5% of the
         | valid votes. However, it is higher for electoral alliances 
         | comprising more parties: 
         |    - A threshold of 7% of valid votes for coalitions 
         |      of two or three parties. 
         |    - A threshold of 10% of valid votes for coalitions 
         |      of four parties or more.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5035
         |
         | Joint party lists are subject to other regulations that are 
         | different from the regulations governing independent parties, 
         | such as: differences in financing, or party subsidies after 
         | the elections.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5036_1     >>> THE POSSIBILITY OF APPARENTEMENT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M12a. Is there apparentement or linking of lists?
         ..................................................................

             0. NO
             1. YES

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5036_1
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M12a.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5036_2     >>> TYPES OF APPARENTEMENT AGREEMENTS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M12b. If apparentement is possible, what lists can participate in
               such agreements?
         ..................................................................

             0. NOT APPLICABLE: NO APPARENTEMENT     
             1. LISTS OF THE SAME PARTY IN THE SAME CONSTITUENCY
             2. LISTS OF THE SAME PARTY FROM DIFFERENT CONSTITUENCIES
             3. LISTS OF DIFFERENT PARTIES IN THE SAME CONSTITUENCY

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5036_2
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M12b.
         |
         | Please also refer to VARIABLE NOTES for variable F5036_1.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5037_1     >>> MULTI-PARTY ENDORSEMENTS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M13a. Can candidates run with the endorsement of more than one
               party?
         ..................................................................

             0. NO             
             1. YES
             2. OTHER [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             7. NOT APPLICABLE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5037_1
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M13a.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F5037_1 
         |       
         | In New Zealand, each candidate is officially nominated by a 
         | single party, and conventionally, only that party name appears on
         | the ballot. However, in practice, cooperative arrangements 
         | sometimes occur between allied parties and some parties may not
         | contest certain districts if they are allied with another party
         | contesting. Such understandings are usually informal and not
         | registered with the Electoral Commission. Parties can form a
         | joint list by registering as an alliance, but in these 
         | circumstances, the alliance name appears on the ballot paper. 
         | As informal arrangements effectively are de facto multiparty 
         | endorsements, CSES classifies New Zealand as "Yes". 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F5037_1
         |
         | In practice at the Federal level, a candidate is recognized by
         | the Federal Election Commission by its principal campaign 
         | committee. However, ballot access and affiliation designations 
         | are determined by state laws. Federal laws do not prohibit 
         | multiple endorsements, but there is not a formal mechanism for it
         | either. In most states, a candidate for a federal office appears
         | on the ballot only once, under one affiliation. In these states,
         | a candidate must choose one affiliation to appear on the ballot
         | for any office, including President, Senate, or House, even if 
         | supported by several affiliations. Nevertheless, in some states, 
         | (e.g., New York, Connecticut, Oregon), a candidate may have 
         | multiple party endorsements listed on a single ballot line 
         | (e.g., Oregon), or candidates can be listed multiple times under 
         | different affiliations (e.g., New York and Connecticut). 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5037_2     >>> MULTI-PARTY ENDORSEMENTS ON BALLOT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M13b. If candidates can run with the endorsement of more than one
               party, is this reflected on the ballot?
         ..................................................................

             0. NO
             1. NO PARTY ENDORSEMENTS ARE INDICATED ON THE BALLOT PAPER
             2. YES, CANDIDATE'S NAME APPEARS ONCE, TOGETHER WITH THE
                NAMES OF ALL SUPPORTING PARTIES
             3. YES, CANDIDATE'S NAME APPEARS AS MANY TIMES AS THERE ARE
                DIFFERENT PARTIES ENDORSING HIM/HER, EACH TIME WITH THE
                NAME OF THE ENDORSING PARTY
             4. YES, OTHER [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             7. NOT APPLICABLE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5037_2
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M13b.
         |
         | Please also refer to VARIABLE NOTES for variable F5037_1.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F5037_2
         |
         | In practice at the federal level, in most states, a candidate for 
         | a federal office appears on the ballot only once, under one 
         | affiliation. But in some states, (e.g., New York, Connecticut, 
         | Oregon), a candidate may have multiple party endorsements listed 
         | on a single ballot line (e.g., Oregon), or candidates can be 
         | listed multiple times under different affiliations (e.g., New 
         | York and Connecticut). 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5038_1     >>> N ELECTORAL TIERS - LOWER HOUSE 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M15a. For lower house elections, how many electoral tiers operate?
         ..................................................................

             1. ONE TIER
             2. TWO TIERS
             3. THREE TIERS
             4. OTHER - SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES

             7. NOT APPLICABLE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5038_1
         | 
         | This variable classifies how many electoral tiers a polity 
         | operates for lower house elections. Tiers are conventional in        
         | PR-list and Mixed Member Systems and are a means of allocating 
         | seats depending on different criteria. 
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M15a.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F5038_1
         |
         | Elections to the 183-seat Nationalrat are conducted under a 
         | three-tier system. At the regional level (Regionalwahlkreise), 92
         | basic mandates are distributed across 39 electoral districts. At
         | the state level (Landeswahlkreise), approximately 58 seats are
         | allocated within the nine Laender to improve proportionality
         | within each state. At the federal level (Bundeswahlkreis), the
         | remaining 32 seats are distributed to ensure that each party's
         | final share of seats corresponds to its nationwide vote share. 
         | Seat allocation proceeds sequentially through these three tiers.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5038_1
         |
         | The Danish Folketing has 179 members, 175 of whom are elected 
         | in mainland Denmark and the remaining four from the territories 
         | of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. In mainland Denmark, 135 
         | members are elected from 10 multi-member constituencies across 
         | three geographical regions, namely: Copenhagen, Northern Jutland
         | and Seeland-Southern Denmark. Additionally, 40 supplementary 
         | seats are distributed across these three geographical regions 
         | to achieve full proportionality. While voters do not directly 
         | cast a ballot for these supplementary seats, CSES classifies 
         | this as a separate tier. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5038_1
         |
         | National Assembly deputies are elected according to the 
         | proportional system, using Droop quotients in eight electoral 
         | constituencies. The nationwide threshold for entering the 
         | parliament is 4% of the total vote. The second tier is 
         | represented by those seats that remain unallocated on the bases
         | of election results in primary constituencies.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5038_1
         |
         | Taiwan uses a mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) system, and 
         | the total number of seats is 113. The seats are distributed 
         | via two segments (tiers). The first segment is represented 
         | by 73 seats, elected in single-member districts (SMD). 
         | The second segment is a nationwide district employing a 
         | proportional representation system. In addition, six seats are
         | reserved for aboriginal groups. These seats are elected by 
         | single non-transferable vote in two three-member constituencies
         | for lowland aborigines and highland aborigines, respectively.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5038_2     >>> MULTIPLE ELECTORAL TIERS - LOWER HOUSE - YES/NO 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
         
         Does the polity operate multiple tiers for lower house elections? 
         ..................................................................

               0. NO
               1. YES

               9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5038_2
         |
         | This variable classifies whether a polity for lower elections 
         | operates multiple electoral tiers or not. Tiers are conventional         
         | in PR-list and Mixed Member Systems and are a means of allocating
         | seats depending on different criteria. 
         |
         | Users are advised to consult ELECTION STUDY NOTES for variable
         | F5038_1 for more information on the nature of electoral tiers by
         | polity.  
         |         
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M15a & M15b.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5038_3     >>> ELECTORAL TIER - LOWER HOUSE - 1ST SEGMENT (TIER) - 
                CLASSIFICATION OF BASIS ON WHICH SEATS ARE ALLOCATED
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The first electoral tier for lower house elections is based on ... 
         ..................................................................

               0. ELECTORAL DISTRICTS - SINGLE MEMBER
               1. ELECTORAL DISTRICTS - MULTI MEMBER
               2. OTHER - SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES 

               9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5038_3
         |
         | This variable classifies on what basis seats in the first 
         | electoral tier in the lower house are allocated on. Tiers are      
         | conventional in PR-list and Mixed Member Systems and are a means
         | of allocating seats depending on different criteria. 
         | CSES has harmonized individual polity approaches to a broad
         | comparative classification standard based on responses from  
         | national Collaborators. Users are advised to consult ELECTION 
         | STUDY NOTES below for more information.  
         |         
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M15a & M15b.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5038_3
         |
         | Slovakia uses a proportional electoral system with a single 
         | nationwide constituency. The National Council's 150 seats are
         | allocated using the largest remainder method with Hagenbach-
         | Bischoff quota, a variant of the D'Hondt method. Party lists
         | are semi-closed, with voters being allowed to cast up to four 
         | preferential votes for candidates of their preferred party.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F5038_3
         |
         | There are 26 cantons in Switzerland which essentially function 
         | as electoral districts and primarily are multi-member electoral
         | districts (for example, the canton of Zurich had 36 seats in 
         | 2023; the canton of Geneva seven seats). However, a minority 
         | of cantons have only one seat (e.g., in 2023 the cantons of  
         | Glarus, Uri, Obwalden). 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5038_4     >>> ELECTORAL TIER - LOWER HOUSE - 2ND SEGMENT (TIER) - 
                CLASSIFICATION OF BASIS ON WHICH SEATS ARE ALLOCATED
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The second electoral tier for lower house elections is based on ...
         ..................................................................

               0. MIXED MEMBER - PARTY LIST VOTE: NATIONAL 
               1. MIXED MEMBER - PARTY LIST VOTE: REGIONAL/LOCAL DISTRICTS
                  OR SUBNATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC AREAS
               2. PR LIST - SUPPLEMENTARY SEATS TO ENSURE PROPORTIONALITY
               3. PR LIST - NATIONWIDE DISTRICT
               4. OTHER - SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES 

               7. NOT APPLICABLE

               9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5038_4
         |
         | This variable classifies on what basis seats in the second 
         | electoral tier in the lower house are allocated on. Tiers 
         | are conventional in PR-list and Mixed Member Systems and are 
         | a means of allocating seats depending on different criteria. 
         | CSES has harmonized individual polity approaches to a broad
         | comparative classification standard based on responses from  
         | national Collaborators. Users are advised to consult ELECTION 
         | STUDY NOTES below for more information. 
         | In the few instances where a polity operates three tiers, 
         | details of Tier 3 are listed below in the ELECTION STUDY NOTES. 
         |                          
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M15a & M15b.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F5038_4
         |
         | Austria has three tiers in total. Its second tier sees votes and
         | seats not allocated in the 39 local constituencies in tier 1
         | pooled in the nine state constituencies (Landeswahlkreise) and
         | redistributed to improve proportionality to the vote within each
         | of the nine lands. A total of 59 mandates are allocated at this
         | tier. A third tier at the Federal level (Bundeswahlkreis),
         | performs a correction function, where the remaining 32 mandates
         | are distributed so that parties' total seats match their 
         | nationwide vote shares. Thus, tier 2 is an intermediate 
         | aggregation mechanism, while tier 3 is the final national
         | proportionality correction.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F5038_4
         |
         | The Swedish Riksdag has 349 members, where 310 members are
         | elected from 29 multi-member constituencies. Additionally, 39
         | supplementary seats are distributed in order to achieve full
         | proportionality which are equivalent to a second tier and are 
         | treated as such by CSES. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5039_L     >>> LINKED ELECTORAL SEGMENTS (TIERS)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether countries with multiple segments (tiers) have linked 
         (connected) or unlinked (unconnected) segments (tiers).
         ..................................................................

             0. NO             
             1. YES
             2. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             7. NOT APPLICABLE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5039_L
         | 
         | Definition: Linkage occurs whenever (i) unused votes from one
         | electoral segment (tier) are used at another level or (ii) the
         | allocation of seats in one segment (tier) is conditional on the
         | seats received in another segment (tier).
         | The definition of F5039_L is taken from Nils-Christian Bormann
         | and Matt Golder's database about "Democratic Electoral Systems
         | Around the World, 1946-2020" (Version 4.1). Featured in 
         | Electoral Studies 78.  
         |         
         | Source of data: 
         | http://mattgolder.com/elections. (Date accessed: May 14, 2024). 
         |
         | F5039_L primarily concerns the Lower House election. However, if 
         | a particular study is focused on the Upper House or Presidential 
         | election, it may report results for these elections,
         | respectively.
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report and Publicly Available Sources.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): E5039_L
         |
         | The Austrian electoral tiers are linked because seat allocations
         | at tiers 2 (Land) and 3 (Federal) depend on the outcome of tier 
         | 1. Seats won in lower tiers are deducted from a party's total 
         | entitlement at higher tiers. Only parties surpassing the  
         | nationwide threshold of 4% or winning one seat in tier 1, are 
         | eligible for seats in tiers 2 and 3. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5039_D    >>> DEPENDENT FORMULA IN MIXED SYSTEMS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Whether the two electoral formulas used in a mixed system are 
         dependent or independent.
         ..................................................................

             0. INDEPENDENT
             1. INDEPENDENT/DEPENDENT
             2. DEPENDENT

             7. NOT APPLICABLE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5039_D
         |
         | Definition: A dependent mixed system is one in which the 
         | application of one formula is dependent on the outcome produced
         | by the other formula. An independent mixed system is one in which
         | the two electoral formulas are implemented independently of each 
         | other.
         | The definition of F5039_D is taken from Nils-Christian Bormann
         | and Matt Golder's database about "Democratic Electoral Systems
         | Around the World, 1946-2020" (Version 4.1). Featured in 
         | Electoral Studies 78.  
         |         
         | Source of data: 
         | http://mattgolder.com/elections. (Date accessed: May 14, 2024). 
         |
         | F5039_D primarily concerns the Lower House election. However, if 
         | a particular study is focused on the Upper House or Presidential
         | election, it may report results for these elections,
         | respectively.
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report and Publicly Available Sources.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5039_S     >>> SUBTYPES OF MIXED ELECTORAL SYSTEMS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Sub-types of mixed electoral systems.
         ..................................................................

             1. COEXISTENCE
             2. SUPERPOSITION
             3. FUSION
             4. CORRECTION
             5. CONDITIONAL
             6. [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             7. NOT APPLICABLE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5039_S
         |
         | The definition of F5039_S is taken from Nils-Christian Bormann
         | and Matt Golder's database about "Democratic Electoral Systems
         | Around the World, 1946-2020" (Version 4.1). Featured in 
         | Electoral Studies 78.  
         |         
         | Source of data: 
         | http://mattgolder.com/elections. (Date accessed: May 14, 2024). 
         |
         | COEXISTENCE: This is a system in which some districts use a
         | majoritarian formula, while others employ a proportional formula
         | in a single electoral segment (tier). Coexistence systems are
         | independent mixed systems.
         |
         | SUPERPOSITION: This is a system in which a majoritarian and
         | proportional formula are applied in independent electoral
         | districts.
         | 
         | FUSION: This is a system in which majoritarian and proportional
         | formulas are used in an independent manner within a single
         | district.
         | 
         | CORRECTION: This is a system in which seats distributed by
         | proportional representation in one set of districts are used to
         | correct the distortions created by the majoritarian formula in
         | another. Correction systems are a dependent form of mixed 
         | systems.
         | 
         | CONDITIONAL: This is a system in which the actual use or not of
         | one electoral formula depends on the outcome produced by the
         | other. Conditional systems are a dependent form of mixed systems.
         |
         | F5039_S primarily concerns the Lower House election. However, if 
         | a particular study is focused on the Upper House or Presidential
         | election, it may report results for these elections, 
         | respectively.
         |
         | Source of data: Publicly Available Sources.      


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5040     >>> NUMBER OF ELECTORAL DISTRICTS - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Number of electoral districts/constituencies in the first tier 
         for the lower house elections. 
         ..................................................................

             001.     [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]
             002-900. NUMBER OF ELECTORAL DISTRICTS

             999.     MISSING


         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F5040
         |
         | All 513 members of the Chamber of Deputies (federal deputies)
         | are elected from 27 multi-member constituencies corresponding 
         | to the states and Federal District, varying in size from eight 
         | to 70 seats. The Chamber elections are held using open list
         | proportional representation.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5040
         |         
         | Mainland Denmark is divided into three electoral provinces:  
         | Copenhagen, Sealand-Southern Denmark, and Northern Jutland. The 
         | three provinces are subdivided into a nationwide total of ten 
         | multi-member constituencies for mainland Denmark. There is an 
         | additional layer below these ten multi-member constituencies - 
         | classified as nomination districts which number 92, but which 
         | have no importance regarding seat allocation. Rather they 
         | influence candidate nomination and electoral administration. 
         |
         | Source: The Parliamentary Electoral System in Denmark, p. 4-5, 
         | available at: https://www.thedanishparliament.dk/
         | -/media/pdf/publikationer/english/the-parliamentary-system-of
         | -denmark_2011.ashx (Date accessed: October 14, 2021). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5040
         |
         | Montenegro has a single electoral constituency, with the country
         | operating as a nationwide district.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F5040
         |
         | Officially, there are 72 electoral constituencies at tier 1
         | (although this can alter if there are overhang seats - SEE  
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F5011_4 for more), 
         | made up of 65 constituencies representing the general population
         | and seven Maori constituencies. 
         | The latter provide special representation to New Zealand's Maori
         | community. Maori electorates were introduced in 1867 and operate
         | in the same way as general constituencies, but include Maori 
         | electors who have decided to place their name on the Maori 
         | electoral roll rather than the general electoral roll.
         | New Zealand adjusts the number and boundaries of its electorates 
         | after each census and electoral population review to ensure 
         | roughly equal population representation. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022 & 2024): F5040
         |
         | Portugal has 22 electoral districts in total: 18 in mainland 
         | Portugal plus four other constituencies covering the overseas 
         | (split into two, depending on whether they reside in Europe or
         | outside Europe) and two remaining districts for the overseas 
         | territories of Madeira and the Azores.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5040
         |
         | Slovakia has a single electoral constituency with the country
         | operating as a nationwide district. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5040
         |
         | The National Assembly is composed of deputies of the citizens of
         | Slovenia and comprises 90 deputies. Deputies are elected by 
         | universal, equal, direct and secret voting, in eight electoral 
         | units (constituencies, eleven deputies are elected in each 
         | electoral unit). 88 National Assembly deputies are elected 
         | according to the proportional system, using the Droop quotient. 
         | Two deputies of the Italian and Hungarian national communities
         | are elected according to the majority system.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F5040
         |
         | In the first tier, there are 29 multi-member districts, electing
         | 310 representatives in total.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5040
         |
         | Taiwan's Parliament (The Legislative Yuan) has 113 members. The
         | seats are distributed via two segments (tiers). The first segment
         | is represented by 73 seats, elected in single-member districts 
         | (SMD). The second segment is a nationwide district employing a 
         | proportional representation system. In addition, six seats are 
         | reserved for aboriginal groups.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5041     >>> AVERAGE DISTRICT MAGNITUDE - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Average district magnitude in the first tier for the lower house
         elections.
         ..................................................................

             001.00-900.00 NUMBER OF SEATS ELECTED PER DISTRICT

             999.          MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5041
         |
         | F5041 details the average district magnitude in the first tier,
         | calculated as the total number of seats allocated in the lowest
         | segment (tier) divided by the total number of districts in that
         | segment (tier).
         |         
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report and Publicly Available Sources.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F5041
         |
         | 92 mandates are allocated across 39 local constituencies to 
         | ensure local anchoring in representation. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5041
         |         
         | These data represent the average district magnitude of districts
         | in mainland Denmark only (175 seats in total; of which 135 
         | are contested at the lowest tier).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5042       >>>  ELECTORAL FORMULA - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The precise electoral formula used in the first electoral tier
         for lower house elections. 
         ..................................................................

             10. PLURALITY
             11.     PLURALITY - SINGLE MEMBER DISTRICTS
             12.     PLURALITY - MULTI MEMBER DISTRICTS

             20. MAJORITY
             21.     MAJORITY - RUN-OFF
             22.     MAJORITY - ALTERNATIVE

             30. PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION
             31.     PR - D'HONDT
             32.     PR - LARGEST REMAINDER - DROOP
             33.     PR - LARGEST REMAINDER - HARE
             34.     PR - MODIFIED STE-LAGUE

             98. OTHER [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             99. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5042
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report and Publicly Available Sources.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5042
         |
         | According to Parline: "Voters are required to express a
         | preference among all the candidates contesting the same seat.
         | A candidate is elected if he/she gains an absolute majority or
         | 50% + one vote. If none of the candidates in a division obtains
         | an absolute majority of the first preference votes, a second 
         | round of counting is held. At this point, the candidate with the
         | least number of votes is eliminated and the votes which he/she 
         | obtained in the first round are redistributed among the 
         | remaining candidates on the basis of the electors' second 
         | choices. This procedure is repeated until such time as one of 
         | the candidates obtains an absolute majority."

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5042
         |
         | Slovakia uses the Hagenbach-Bischoff method to distribute seats,
         | a variant of the D'Hondt system. An electoral quota is 
         | calculated by dividing the total number of valid votes won 
         | by lists eligible for seats by the number of seats on offer plus
         | one (i.e., 150+1=151). The number of votes polled by each party
         | that surpasses the threshold is divided by the quota 
         | (with any fractional remainder disregarded), and this gives 
         | the number of seats each party is entitled to. Any seats that 
         | remain unallocated after the application of this procedure 
         | are distributed according to the largest remainder method.
         | 
         | Source of data: http://www.electionresources.org/sk/
         | (Date accessed: February 09, 2017).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F5042
         |
         | Modified St-Lague method. "The permanent constituency seats 
         | are distributed on the basis of the total number of votes gained
         | by the political parties in each constituency. Comparative 
         | numbers are calculated for the parties that will take part in 
         | the distribution of seats. The first comparative number is 
         | obtained by dividing the parties' respective total number of 
         | votes by 1.4. The party which receives the highest comparative 
         | number is awarded the first seat in the constituency. That party
         | is then allocated a new comparative number, obtained by dividing
         | the party's votes by 3. The other parties keep their comparative
         | numbers until they are awarded a seat. When a party obtains its
         | second seat, its votes are divided by 5 to calculate the next
         | comparative number. For the third seat by 7 etc. This method of
         | calculation is referred to as the 'adjusted odd-number method'."
         | 
         | Source of data: Valmyndigheten, 
         | https://www.val.se/val-och-folkomrostningar/det-svenska-
         | valsystemet/rostrakning-och-valresultat/mandatfordelning.html     
         | (Date accessed: June 05, 2021).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5043       >>> NUMBER OF ELECTORAL DISTRICTS - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Number of electoral districts/constituencies in the second tier 
         for the lower house elections. 
         ..................................................................

             001-900. NUMBER OF ELECTORAL DISTRICTS

             997.     NOT APPLICABLE

             999.     MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5043
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report and Publicly Available Sources.
 
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5043
         |
         | There are 40 supplementary seats. Seats are allocated to 
         | qualifying parties in strict proportionality to the number of 
         | votes obtained by these parties. The basis of the calculation 
         | is the pure Hare quota. Seats that remain unallocated by the 
         | full quota are allocated based on the largest remainders. The
         | aggregate number of seats obtained by the party in all ten 
         | multi-member constituencies is deducted from the number of 
         | compensatory seats to which the party is entitled to - i.e., the 
         | difference represents the party's share of the 40 compensatory
         | seats. 
         |
         | Source: The Parliamentary Electoral System in Denmark, p. 7-8, 
         | available at: https://www.thedanishparliament.dk/
         | -/media/pdf/publikationer/english/the-parliamentary-system-of
         | -denmark_2011.ashx (Date accessed: October 14, 2021).   

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5043
         |
         | National Assembly deputies are elected according to the 
         | proportional system, using the Droop quotient in eight electoral 
         | constituencies. The nationwide threshold for entering the
         | parliament is 4% of the total vote. The second tier is 
         | represented by those seats that remain unallocated on the bases 
         | of election results in primary constituencies.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F5043
         |
         | There are 39 supplementary seats which are distributed to ensure
         | proportionality. These seats are allocated by a system of 
         | proportional representation based on the votes obtained
         | nationwide following the "adjusted odd-number method", SEE 
         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F5042.
         | 
         | Source of data: Valmyndigheten, 
         | https://www.val.se/servicelankar/other-languages/
         | english-engelska/electoral-system/distribution-of-seats.html 
         | (Date accessed: June 05, 2021).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5043
         |
         | Taiwan's Parliament (The Legislative Yuan) has 113 members. The
         | seats are distributed via two segments (tiers). The first segment
         | is represented by 73 seats, elected in single-member districts
         | (SMD). The second segment is a nationwide district employing a 
         | proportional representation system. In addition, six seats are 
         | reserved for aboriginal groups.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5044       >>> AVERAGE DISTRICT MAGNITUDE - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Average district magnitude in the second tier for the lower house
         elections
         ..................................................................

             001.00-900.00 NUMBER OF SEATS ELECTED PER DISTRICT

             997.          NOT APPLICABLE

             999.          MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5044
         |
         | F5044 details the average district magnitude in the second tier,
         | calculated as the total number of seats allocated in the second
         | segment (tier) divided by the total number of districts in that
         | segment (tier).
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report and Publicly Available Sources.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F5044
         |
         | 59 mandates are allocated across nine States (Laender) based on a
         | pooling of votes from the local constituencies with the purpose
         | to improve proportionality between votes and seats within each
         | state. The number of mandates at this level (59) is not fixed by
         | law but results from subtracting the 92 regional seats from the
         | total state entitlements set in the electoral law. It can vary 
         | over time, as the number of seats allocated to each Land depends 
         | on population size and electoral results.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5044
         |
         | The number of seats that belong to the second tier is not fixed. 
         | The second, nation-wide tier is represented by those seats 
         | that remain unallocated on the bases of election results in 
         | primary constituencies.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5045       >>>  ELECTORAL FORMULA - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The precise electoral formula used in the second electoral tier
         for lower house elections. 
         ..................................................................

             10. PLURALITY
             11.     PLURALITY - SINGLE MEMBER DISTRICTS
             12.     PLURALITY - MULTI MEMBER DISTRICTS

             20. MAJORITY
             21.     MAJORITY - RUN-OFF
             22.     MAJORITY - ALTERNATIVE

             30. PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION
             31.     PR - D'HONDT
             32.     PR - LARGEST REMAINDER - DROOP
             33.     PR - LARGEST REMAINDER - HARE
             34.     PR - MODIFIED STE-LAGUE

             97. NOT APPLICABLE

             98. OTHER [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             99. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5045
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report and Publicly Available Sources.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5046       >>> NUMBER OF ELECTORAL DISTRICTS - 3RD TIER - LOWER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Number of electoral districts/constituencies in the third tier 
         for the lower house elections.
         ..................................................................

             001-900. NUMBER OF ELECTORAL DISTRICTS

             997.     NOT APPLICABLE

             999.     MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5046
         |
         | The definition of F5046 is taken from Nils-Christian Bormann
         | and Matt Golder's database about "Democratic Electoral Systems
         | Around the World, 1946-2020" (Version 4.1). Featured in 
         | Electoral Studies 78.
         |         
         | Source of data: 
         | http://mattgolder.com/elections. (Date accessed: May 14, 2024). 
         | Original variable name: DISTRICTS3.
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report and Publicly Available Sources.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5047     >>> AVERAGE DISTRICT MAGNITUDE - 3RD TIER - LOWER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Average district magnitude in the third electoral segment (tier).
         ..................................................................

             001.00-900.00 NUMBER OF SEATS ELECTED PER DISTRICT

             997.          NOT APPLICABLE

             999.          MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5047
         |
         | F5047 details the average district magnitude in the third tier,
         | calculated as the total number of seats allocated in the third
         | segment (tier) divided by the total number of districts in that
         | segment (tier).
         |
         | The definition of F5047 is taken from Nils-Christian Bormann
         | and Matt Golder's database about "Democratic Electoral Systems
         | Around the World, 1946-2020" (Version 4.1). Featured in 
         | Electoral Studies 78.  
         |         
         | Source of data: 
         | http://mattgolder.com/elections. (Date accessed: May 14, 2024). 
         | Original variable name: AVEMAG3.
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report and Publicly Available Sources.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F5047
         |
         | 32 mandates are allocated across the nation at large to ensure 
         | proportionality between votes and seats at the national level. 
         | The number of seats allocated at tier 3 can vary between 
         | elections, as it is the allocation of residual mandates after 
         | allocations of seats at tiers 1 and 2, respectively. For the 
         | 2024 elections, 32 mandates were allocated at tier 3.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5048       >>>  ELECTORAL FORMULA - 3RD TIER - LOWER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The precise electoral formula used in the third electoral segment
         (tier) of the lower house.
         ..................................................................

             10. PLURALITY
             11.     PLURALITY - SINGLE MEMBER DISTRICTS
             12.     PLURALITY - MULTI MEMBER DISTRICTS

             20. MAJORITY
             21.     MAJORITY - RUN-OFF
             22.     MAJORITY - ALTERNATIVE

             30. PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION
             31.     PR - D'HONDT
             32.     PR - LARGEST REMAINDER - DROOP
             33.     PR - LARGEST REMAINDER - HARE
             34.     PR - MODIFIED STE-LAGUE

             97. NOT APPLICABLE

             98. OTHER [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             99. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5048
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report and Publicly Available Sources.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5049       >>> NUMBER OF SEATS ABOVE THE 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The number of seats allocated in electoral districts/constituencies
         above the first tier. 
         ..................................................................

             000-900. NUMBER OF SEATS ABOVE 1ST TIER

             998.     NOT ASCERTAINABLE 

             999.     MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5049
         |
         | F5049 may include seats allocated in several different upper
         | segments (tiers).
         |
         | For mixed-member proportional (MMP) systems, the theoretical 
         | value of the number of seats above tier 1, as conventionally 
         | specified by electoral law is classified by CSES. In elections 
         | where overhang or compensatory seats arise and adjust the size of 
         | the legislature ex-post election outcomes, the actual number of 
         | seats above the first tier differs from this theoretical value. 
         | As these variations are election-specific, do not reflect a 
         | change in the institutional tier structure and represent the 
         | electoral systems original design parameter, CSES records the 
         | theoretical tier size in the variable. Any deviations to this 
         | value are noted in ELECTION STUDY NOTES below. 
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report and Publicly Available Sources.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F5049
         |
         | The number of seats above the first tier for the 2024 elections 
         | was 91 - 59 allocated at tier 2 and 32 allocated at tier 3. This 
         | number can vary between elections as the number of seats 
         | allocated to each Land depends on population size and electoral 
         | results.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F5049
         |
         | The number of seats allocated in the second tier can change
         | depending on whether compensatory seats are allotted or not.
         | Without compensatory seats, the number of seats is 48, which is
         | the value the CSES data reflects. Three compensatory seats were 
         | allocated in tier 2 in the 2023 election. With these three 
         | compensatory seats included, the number of seats above the first
         | tier is 51.                         

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5049 & F5050
         | 
         | Slovenia uses a two-tier allocation procedure: seats are first 
         | allocated via Droop quota within eight constituencies, and any 
         | unallocated seats are subsequently allocated at the national 
         | level. However, the exact distribution of seats between the first 
         | (constituency-level) tier and the second (national) tier for 
         | 2022 cannot be ascertained from publicly available official 
         | sources with no breakdown of seats by tier available.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5049
         |
         | Taiwan's Parliament (The Legislative Yuan) has 113 members. 
         | The seats are distributed via two segments (tiers). The first 
         | segment is represented by 73 seats, elected in single-member
         | districts (SMD). The second segment is a nationwide district
         | employing a proportional representation system. In addition, 
         | six seats are reserved for aboriginal groups.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5050       >>>  PERCENTAGE OF SEATS ABOVE THE 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Percentage of seats allocated in electoral districts above the 
         first tier.
         ..................................................................

             000.00-100.00 PERCENTAGE OF SEATS ABOVE 1ST TIER 

             998.          NOT ASCERTAINABLE

             999.          MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5050
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report and Publicly Available Sources.
         |
         | For mixed-member proportional (MMP) systems, the theoretical 
         | value of the number of seats above tier 1, as conventionally 
         | specified by electoral law is classified by CSES. In elections 
         | where overhang or compensatory seats arise and adjust the size of 
         | the legislature ex-post election outcomes, the actual number of 
         | seats above the first tier differs from this theoretical value. 
         | As these variations are election-specific, do not reflect a 
         | change in the institutional tier structure and represent the 
         | electoral systems original design parameter, CSES records the 
         | theoretical tier size in the variable. Any deviations to this 
         | value are noted in ELECTION STUDY NOTES below. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F5050
         |
         | The percentage of seats allocated in the second tier can change
         | depending on whether compensatory seats are allotted or not.
         | Without compensatory seats, the percentage of seats is 40,
         | which is the value the CSES data reflects. Three compensatory  
         | seats were allocated in tier 2 in the 2023 election. With these  
         | three compensatory seats included, the percentage of seats above  
         | the first tier is 41.4% (51/123).    

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5049 & F5050
         | 
         | Slovenia uses a two-tier allocation procedure: seats are first 
         | allocated via Droop quota within eight constituencies, and any 
         | unallocated seats are subsequently allocated at the national 
         | level. However, the exact distribution of seats between the first 
         | (constituency-level) tier and the second (national) tier for 
         | 2022 cannot be ascertained from publicly available official 
         | sources with no breakdown of seats by tier available.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5051_1     >>> VOTES CAST - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
F5051_2     >>> VOTES CAST - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
F5051_3     >>> VOTES CAST - 1ST TIER - UPPER HOUSE
F5051_4     >>> VOTES CAST - 2ND TIER - UPPER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M15a. How many votes do voters cast or can cast?
         ..................................................................

             01-90. NUMBER OF VOTES

             91.    OTHER [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             97.    NOT APPLICABLE

             99.    MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5051_
         |               
         | In some polities, voters do not cast a separate or direct vote
         | for the second (or subsequent) tiers. Instead, seat allocation at 
         | these levels is derived from the votes cast in the first tier. 
         | These instances are conventionally accompanied by an ELECTION 
         | STUDY NOTE to explain how CSES classifies these systems. 
         | 
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M15a.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5051_1
         |
         | For lower house elections, Australia employs the Alternative 
         | Vote system. In this system, voters are required to list their
         | preferences for as many candidates as there are on the ballot. 
         | Thus, while the number of votes cast is one, the number of 
         | preferences expressed varies across electoral districts.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5051_3
         | 
         | For upper house elections, Australia employs a single-
         | transferable-vote form of proportional representation. In this
         | system each voter indicates the order of preference among all 
         | the candidates competing in her district, or alternatively, 
         | she can indicate support for a party ticket (which determines 
         | the order of preference of candidates within the party).
         |
         | For details: http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2015_B.htm
         | (Date accessed: December 10, 2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F5051_2
         |
         | The Austrian National Council has 183 members who are elected 
         | across three electoral tiers. Voters cast only one vote, which is 
         | first counted at tier 1 (local level - Regionalwahlkreise). At 
         | tier 2 and 3, there is no additional ballot but unallocated votes 
         | from the tier 1 are aggregated and redistributed within each Land 
         | to improve proportionality between vote share and seat share in 
         | the Land. In Tier 3, proportionality between vote share and seat 
         | share at the Federal level is ensured. While voters do not cast a 
         | ballot directly for this tier or Tier 3, it is widely 
         | acknowledged to constitute two separate tiers of the electoral 
         | system.
         | Although the second and third tiers do not correspond to a 
         | distinct ballot or separate vote, they play an integral and 
         | legally defined role in the aggregation and allocation of 
         | mandates between the regional and federal levels.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F5051_3
         |
         | Members of the Brazilian Senate (Senado Federal) are elected
         | for an eight-year term, and the chamber is composed of 81  
         | members, with each state in Brazil having three Senators each. 
         | Members are elected in alternative electoral cycles: two-thirds 
         | of the Senate seats (n=54) are contested in one election cycle 
         | while the remaining one-third are contested in the other. The 
         | 2022 elections saw one-third of the Senate seats contested. 
         | Accordingly, voters therefore had one vote in this election, as
         | one Senator was being elected per state.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5051_1 & F5051_2
         |
         | The Danish Folketing has 179 members, 175 of whom are elected
         | in mainland Denmark and the remaining four from the territories
         | of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. In mainland Denmark, 135 
         | members are elected from 10 multi-member constituencies across
         | three geographical regions, namely: Copenhagen, Northern Jutland, 
         | and Seeland-Southern Denmark. Additionally, 40 supplementary 
         | seats are distributed across these three geographical regions  
         | in order to achieve full proportionality. While voters do not 
         | cast a ballot directly for this tier, it is widely acknowledged
         | to constitute a separate tier of the electoral system.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F5051_1
         |
         | The French 2022 election study is devoted to the Presidential
         | election. Here, we present data concerning the Lower House
         | (National Assembly - Assemblee nationale) electoral system. 
         | The Upper House of the French parliament (the Senate - Senat) 
         | is indirectly elected.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F5051_1 & F5051_2
         |
         | In elections in New Zealand, each voter has two votes, one in
         | each segment: One vote ("first vote") for an individual candidate
         | in one of the electoral constituencies (tier 1), and another
         | vote ("second vote") for a national party-list drawn up by each
         | political party (tier 2).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5051_2
         |
         | National Assembly deputies are elected according to the 
         | proportional system, using the Droop quotient in eight electoral 
         | constituencies. The nationwide threshold for entering the
         | parliament is 4% of the total vote. The second tier is 
         | represented by those seats that remain unallocated on the bases 
         | of election results in primary constituencies.
         | Since voters cast a single vote only, this system is different
         | from systems with multiple tiers where voters vote separately
         | in different tiers. Hence, the system is coded as consisting of
         | a single tier in variables F5051-F5060.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5051_3
         |
         | Slovenia is considered to be a case of incomplete bicameralism.
         | The National Council could be regarded as the Upper House. It is
         | supposed to be representative of social, economic, professional
         | and local interest groups in Slovenia. However, since it is not
         | only indirectly elected, but also does not pass laws itself, 
         | variables F5051-F5060 that refer to the upper house are coded as 
         | 'Not applicable'.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F5051_1 & F5051_2
         |
         | The Swedish Riksdag has 349 members, where 310 members are
         | elected from 29 multi-member constituencies. Additionally, 
         | 39 supplementary seats are distributed in order to achieve full
         | proportionality, which are equivalent to a second tier. While 
         | voters do not cast a ballot directly for this tier, it is widely  
         | acknowledged to constitute a separate tier of the electoral 
         | system.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F5051_1 & F5051_3
         |
         | In Switzerland, voters have as many votes as the number of seats
         | in their canton, which serve as electoral districts (for the 2023 
         | elections cantons had between 1 and 36 seats). Voters can choose 
         | one of the parties on the party lists, or they can create their 
         | own list by filling an empty list on the ballot with the 
         | candidates they prefer. Additionally, they can modify the party
         | (e.g., add candidates from other parties instead of candidates
         | of the list, a system called panachage), delete candidates or 
         | vote twice for the same candidate (cumulation).
         | If a voter casts fewer votes than seats in the district, the 
         | remaining votes go to the party indicated on the list. If no 
         | party is indicated, the remaining votes are lost. Since all 
         | candidates belong to a party, if a voter casts a single vote for 
         | a candidate, that vote automatically counts for that candidate's 
         | party list.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5052_1     >>> VOTING PROCEDURE - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
F5052_2     >>> VOTING PROCEDURE - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
F5052_3     >>> VOTING PROCEDURE - 1ST TIER - UPPER HOUSE
F5052_4     >>> VOTING PROCEDURE - 2ND TIER - UPPER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M15b. Do they vote for candidates (not party lists) or party
               lists?
         ..................................................................

             0. CANDIDATES
             1. PARTY LISTS
             2. PARTY BLOC VOTING

             3. OTHER [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             7. NOT APPLICABLE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5052_
         |
         | Definition: Party bloc voting is used in multi-member districts
         | where voters cast a single party-centered vote for their party 
         | of choice; the party with the most votes wins all of the district
         | seats.
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M15b.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5052_1
         |
         | Voting is by the full preferential system (also known as 
         | instant-runoff system), where voters rank the candidates in order
         | order of preference rather than vote for a single candidate.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5052_3
         |
         | Senators are popularly elected under a single transferable vote
         | system, where voters have as many votes as there are candidates
         | in a district. Voters can also vote for an individual party 
         | ('group voting ticket').

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F5052_1
         |
         | Voters cast one vote at tier 1 and may also give a preferential
         | vote to individual candidates on the party lists. In theory, 
         | these preferential votes can reorder the list of the candidates 
         | but the required thresholds for altering the lists are high, 
         | somewhat limiting the openness of the list system. Furthermore, 
         | in Austria, voters only cast one ballot at tier 1. Compensatory 
         | seats at tiers 2 and 3, respectively, are allocated based on the 
         | ballots cast in tier 1. Thus, voters do not cast a separate 
         | ballot for tiers 2 or 3.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F5052_1
         |
         | For Federal deputy elections, each political party presents 
         | a list of candidates. Voters can vote for only one candidate 
         | or can vote for the party.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5052_1
         |
         | Voters can choose to endorse a party, a candidate on a party 
         | list, or an independent candidate. Parties can choose to have
         | either an open or a party-ranked list of candidates. If the 
         | list is open, votes that are cast for the party (the voter has 
         | not given a personal vote) are distributed between the 
         | candidates based on the number of personal votes. If the list 
         | is party ranked, a vote cast for the party will be given to the
         | candidate listed first on the list until he or she has received
         | enough votes to be elected, and so on. 
         | In Denmark, voters only cast one ballot at tier 1. Compensatory 
         | seats at tier 2 are allocated based on the ballots cast in 
         | tier 1. Thus, voters do not cast a separate ballot for tier 2. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5052_1
         | 
         | Voting is by proportional representation with open party lists
         | in a single nationwide constituency. Voters cast their ballot
         | for one party list, but they may also indicate up to four
         | preferential votes for individual candidates on that party's
         | list. These preferential votes can influence which candidates
         | from the party list are elected, provided the candidates receive
         | at least 3% of the party's total votes.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F5052_1
         |
         | In Sweden, voters only cast one ballot at tier 1. Compensatory 
         | seats at tier 2 are allocated based on the ballots cast in 
         | tier 1. Thus, voters do not cast a separate ballot for tiers 2
         | or 3. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F5052_1
         |
         | In Switzerland, voters have a great degree of choice as to 
         | whether they vote for a party list or a particular candidate with 
         | an open-list proportional representation system used for the 
         | National Council.  
         | They may use a pre-printed party list ballot paper. On this,
         | voters can change pre-printed lists by deleting, adding or 
         | repeating candidate names (split-ticket and cumulative voting, 
         | respectively). Alternatively, they can complete a blank ballot 
         | paper where the number of lines on the ballot paper corresponds 
         | to the number of seats in the canton, which can be filled in with 
         | the names of candidates contesting. If they complete a blank 
         | ballot paper, they can write a party name at the top and then add 
         | candidate names. Any empty lines on the ballot count only if a 
         | party name is written; otherwise, they are not counted. Rules may
         | vary slightly between cantons.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F5052_3
         |
         | Elections to the Council of State are governed by laws at canton 
         | level. Candidates are generally chosen by absolute majority vote. 
         | An exception is the canton of Jura, which uses a PR system to 
         | elect its two seats.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5053_1     >>> VOTING ROUNDS - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
F5053_2     >>> VOTING ROUNDS - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
F5053_3     >>> VOTING ROUNDS - 1ST TIER - UPPER HOUSE
F5053_4     >>> VOTING ROUNDS - 2ND TIER - UPPER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M15c. How many rounds of voting are there?
         ..................................................................

             01-90. NUMBER OF ROUNDS

             97.    NOT APPLICABLE

             99.    MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5053_
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M15c.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F5053_
         |
         | For the Presidential elections, there is only one round of 
         | voting. In most states, for Congressional elections (to the House
         | of Representatives and the Senate), there is also one round of 
         | voting. The exceptions are for House and Senate elections in 
         | Georgia and Louisiana.  
         |
         | In the state of Georgia, winning candidates for all congressional
         | offices must win 50% of the popular vote. Failure to do so
         | results in a run-off election with the two most popular
         | candidates in vote share from the original election advancing to
         | the run-off contest. 
         |
         | In the state of Louisiana, a "jungle primary" has been used since 
         | 1977. If one candidate obtains a majority of the vote, they win
         | the office they are seeking outright, the only "primary" where
         | a candidate can actually achieve this without a run-off.
         | When a candidate does not win a majority of the vote, the top 
         | two candidates in vote share, irrespective of party, go forward
         | to a run-off election, usually held one month later. 
         |
         | No Congressional or Senate elections in 2024 required a run-off.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5054_1     >>> PARTY LISTS - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
F5054_2     >>> PARTY LISTS - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
F5054_3     >>> PARTY LISTS - 1ST TIER - UPPER HOUSE
F5054_4     >>> PARTY LISTS - 2ND TIER - UPPER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M15d. If there are lists, are they closed, open, flexible, or is
               there party bloc voting?
         ..................................................................

             0. CLOSED (Order of candidates elected is determined by the
                party and voters are unable to express preference for a
                particular candidate)
             1. OPEN (Voters can indicate their preferred party and their
                favored candidate within that party)
             2. FLEXIBLE (Voters can allocate votes to candidates either
                within a single party list or across different party lists
                as they see fit)

             7. NOT APPLICABLE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5054_
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M15d.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5054_1
         | 
         | Slovak voters can vote for party lists of political parties.
         | Every voter has four preferential votes - voters can indicate 
         | their preferred party and their favored candidate within that 
         | party. However, these preferential votes are counted if they 
         | reach 3% of all votes for the party.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F5054_1
         |
         | The system combines elements of both closed and open lists: 
         | Parties determine the initial order of candidates, but voters may 
         | cast a preference vote which can alter this list order. As voter
         | preferences can influence which candidates are ultimately elected 
         | from a party list, the system operates in practice as an open 
         | list and is classified accordingly. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5055_1     >>> TRANSFERABLE VOTES - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
F5055_2     >>> TRANSFERABLE VOTES - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
F5055_3     >>> TRANSFERABLE VOTES - 1ST TIER - UPPER HOUSE
F5055_4     >>> TRANSFERABLE VOTES - 2ND TIER - UPPER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M16. Are the votes transferable?
         ..................................................................

             0. NO             
             1. YES

             7. NOT APPLICABLE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5055_
         |
         | Definition: In systems with preferential voting, a voter can
         | express a list of preferences. For example, votes can be cast 
         | by putting a '1' in the column next to the voter's preferred 
         | candidate, a '2' beside their second favorite candidate and 
         | so on. Votes are counted according to the first preferences and
         | any candidates who have achieved the predetermined quota are 
         | elected. To decide which of the remaining candidates are elected
         | the votes are transferred from candidates who have more than the
         | necessary number to achieve the quota and from the candidate with
         | the least number of votes. An example of this is the election in
         | Ireland in 2002.
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M16.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5056_1     >>> CUMULATED VOTES - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
F5056_2     >>> CUMULATED VOTES - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
F5056_3     >>> CUMULATED VOTES - 1ST TIER - UPPER HOUSE
F5056_4     >>> CUMULATED VOTES - 2ND TIER - UPPER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M17. If more than one vote can be cast, can they be cumulated?
         ..................................................................
             
             0. NO
             1. YES

             7. NOT APPLICABLE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5056_
         |
         | Definition: Cumulative voting refers to systems in which voters
         | are allowed to cast more than one vote for a single candidate.
         | 
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M17.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5057_1     >>> COMPULSORY VOTING - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
F5057_2     >>> COMPULSORY VOTING - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
F5057_3     >>> COMPULSORY VOTING - 1ST TIER - UPPER HOUSE
F5057_4     >>> COMPULSORY VOTING - 2ND TIER - UPPER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M18. Is voting compulsory?
         ..................................................................

             0. NO
             1. YES; STRICTLY ENFORCED SANCTIONS
             2. YES; WEAKLY ENFORCED SANCTIONS
             3. YES; WITHOUT SANCTION FOR VIOLATION

             7. NOT APPLICABLE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5057_
         |
         | Definition: Voting is compulsory if the law states that all those
         | who have the right to vote are obliged to exercise that right.
         |    
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M18.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F5057_1 & F5057_2
         |
         | Voting is compulsory for those aged 18-70 unless they are
         | illiterate. Voting is optional for the illiterate, those over
         | 70, and those aged 16-18. Those who do fail to vote must provide
         | a justification to the Brazilian Election Commission. 
         | The Electoral Code also defines the civil penalties that eligible
         | voters face for failing to vote. In addition to paying a fine of
         | 3.51 Brazilian reals (BRL) or 0.68 USD, eligible Brazilians who
         | fail to vote are barred from receiving a new or replacement
         | passport or public sector salaries, competing for public sector
         | jobs, registering at public universities, or running for public
         | office, among other penalties, until paying the fine.
         | Source: Superior Electoral Court Brazil (TSE). 2022. Practical 
         | Guide: 2022 Brazilian Elections.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F5057_1 F5057_3
         |
         | Voting is compulsory in the canton of Schaffhausen, the only 
         | Swiss canton where this rule still applies. Compulsory voting in 
         | Schaffhausen is a canton law dating back to the 19th century. 
         | While enforcement today is mild, registered voters who fail to 
         | vote without valid excuse are fined about 3 Swiss francs (CHF).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5058_1     >>> IS THERE PARTY THRESHOLD - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
F5058_2     >>> IS THERE PARTY THRESHOLD - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
F5058_3     >>> IS THERE PARTY THRESHOLD - 1ST TIER - UPPER HOUSE
F5058_4     >>> IS THERE PARTY THRESHOLD - 2ND TIER - UPPER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M20a. Are there legally mandated thresholds that a party must
               exceed before it is eligible to receive seats?
         ..................................................................

             0. NO             
             1. YES


             7. NOT APPLICABLE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5058_
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M20a.
         |
         | Further details on the size of the threshold(s), if applicable, 
         | are provided in ELECTION STUDY NOTES for variables F5059_ (Party
         | Threshold).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5058_2
         |
         | The electoral threshold in Denmark only applies to the 
         | compensatory seats (n=40 at second tier). Only parties receiving
         | at least 2% of the total vote are entitled to receive one of the
         | 40 seats to be allocated. Alternatively, parties winning a seat
         | directly in any of the ten multi-member constituencies or who 
         | obtain a number of votes corresponding at least to the provincial
         | votes/seat ratio in two of the three geographical regions (i.e.,
         | Copenhagen, Northern Jutland, and Seeland-Southern Denmark), are 
         | also entitled to compensatory seats. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F5058_1
         |
         | The threshold is 5% (8% for electoral alliances) of the valid 
         | votes cast nationwide.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5058_1
         |
         | The threshold for political parties to obtain seats is 5% of the
         | valid votes. However, it is higher for electoral alliances 
         | comprising more parties: 
         |    - A threshold of 7% of valid votes for coalitions 
         |      of two or three parties. 
         |    - A threshold of 10% of valid votes for coalitions 
         |      of four parties or more.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5059_1     >>> PARTY THRESHOLD - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
F5059_2     >>> PARTY THRESHOLD - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
F5059_3     >>> PARTY THRESHOLD - 1ST TIER - UPPER HOUSE
F5059_4     >>> PARTY THRESHOLD - 2ND TIER - UPPER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M20b. If YES in M20a, what is the threshold?
         ..................................................................

             00.00       THERE IS NO THRESHOLD

             0.10-95.00  A PARTY MUST RECEIVE THIS PERCENT (0.1% TO 95%) OF
                         THE POPULAR VOTE TO BE ELIGIBLE FOR SEATS

             96.00       OTHER THRESHOLD [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             97.00       NOT APPLICABLE

             99.00       MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5059_
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M20b.
         |
         | See also VARIABLE NOTES for F5058_.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F5059_1
         |
         | A party can win a seat at Tier 1 by reaching the Hare quota 
         | (total valid votes in the district divided by the number of seats 
         | in the district). It does not have to clear the 4% national 
         | threshold, which applies only at Tiers 2 and 3, respectively. 
         | Winning at least one mandate at Tier 1 (a Grundmandat) exempts a 
         | party from the 4% requirement altogether, although in practice no 
         | party has entered parliament solely through this exemption since 
         | World War II.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F5059_2
         |
         | Parties must win at least 4% of the national vote to be eligible 
         | for seat allocation at Tiers 2 and 3. However, a party that 
         | secures at least one mandate at Tier 1 (Grundmandat) is exempt 
         | from the 4% threshold requirement. In practice, no party has 
         | entered parliament solely via this Grundmandat exemption since 
         | World War II. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F5059_1
         |
         | The threshold is based on the Hare Quota. To win seats, a party 
         | must exceed the quota (total valid votes divided by the number 
         | of seats) in each electoral district. Each party is entitled to
         | as many seats as the number of times its vote reaches the quota.
         | Unallocated seats are apportioned according to the d'Hondt 
         | formula.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F5059_3
         |
         | The Senate is chosen by simple majority.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F5059_2
         |
         | New Zealand has a double threshold: Parties with more than 5% of 
         | the valid votes nationally on the basis of the party list votes
         | ("second vote", tier 2) or those who have won one of the 72
         | constituency seats (tier 1) are entitled to sit in parliament and 
         | may be eligible to receive a proportional share of the 48 list 
         | seats (or more if there are overhang seats) on the basis of their 
         | national vote share.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F5059_1
         |
         | The threshold is 5% (8% for electoral alliances) of the valid 
         | votes cast nationwide. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5059_1
         |
         | The threshold for political parties to obtain seats is 5% of the
         | valid votes. However, it is higher for electoral alliances 
         | comprising more parties: 
         |    - A threshold of 7% of valid votes for coalitions 
         |      of two or three parties. 
         |    - A threshold of 10% of valid votes for coalitions 
         |      of four parties or more. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F5059_1
         |
         | Sweden's electoral system applies two distinct thresholds for 
         | parliamentary representation and eligibility for seats at tier 1. 
         | A party must normally obtain at least 4% of the national vote to
         | qualify for seat allocation in the national adjustment tier
         | (Tier 2). However, a party that fails to meet this national 
         | threshold may still gain representation in a constituency (Tier 
         | 1) if it receives at least 12% of the valid votes in that
         | constituency.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F5059_2
         |
         | A party must normally obtain at least 4% of the national vote to
         | qualify for seat allocation in the national adjustment tier
         | (Tier 2). 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F5059_1
         |
         | On March 31, 2022, the Turkish parliament amended the election 
         | law, lowering the election threshold for political parties 
         | from 10% to 7% of valid votes.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F5059_3
         |
         | For elections to the United States Senate, in most states, there 
         | is no formal threshold to win the seat with the plurality rule -  
         | the candidate with the most votes wins, regardless of whether 
         | they achieve an absolute majority, emerging as winner. 
         | Two states, Georgia and Louisiana, apply majority requirements  
         | with run-off election provisions. If no candidate achieves a 
         | majority, the top two candidates proceed to a run-off election. 
         | In Louisiana, all candidates compete in a nonpartisan "jungle 
         | primary". If a candidate wins over 50% in this first round, they
         | are elected. Otherwise, the top two candidates - regardless of 
         | party - advance to a run-off.
         | In Maine and Alaska, the alternative vote (AV, sometimes referred 
         | to as ranked choice voting) electoral system is used, which 
         | produces a majority winner through distribution of lower 
         | preference votes. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5060_1     >>> UNIT FOR THE THRESHOLD - 1ST TIER - LOWER HOUSE
F5060_2     >>> UNIT FOR THE THRESHOLD - 2ND TIER - LOWER HOUSE
F5060_3     >>> UNIT FOR THE THRESHOLD - 1ST TIER - UPPER HOUSE
F5060_4     >>> UNIT FOR THE THRESHOLD - 2ND TIER - UPPER HOUSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         M20c. If YES in M21a, what is the unit for the threshold
               mentioned in M21b?
         ..................................................................

             0. PERCENT OF TOTAL VOTES
             1. PERCENT OF VALID VOTES
             2. PERCENT OF THE TOTAL ELECTORATE

             3. OTHER [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             7. NOT APPLICABLE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5060_
         |
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M20c.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F5060_2
         |
         | New Zealand has an alternative threshold: Parties with more than  
         | 5% of the total votes nationally on the basis of the party list 
         | votes ('party vote', tier 2) or those who have won one of the 72
         | constituency seats (tier 1) are entitled to sit in parliament  
         | and may be eligible to receive a proportional share of the 48  
         | list seats (or more if there are overhang seats) on the basis of 
         | their national vote share.  

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F5060_
         |
         | See ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F5059_ for more
         | information. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5061_1     >>> MOST SALIENT FACTORS IN ELECTION - 1ST
F5061_2     >>> MOST SALIENT FACTORS IN ELECTION - 2ND
F5061_3     >>> MOST SALIENT FACTORS IN ELECTION - 3RD
F5061_4     >>> MOST SALIENT FACTORS IN ELECTION - 4TH
F5061_5     >>> MOST SALIENT FACTORS IN ELECTION - 5TH
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The five most salient factors that affected the outcome of the 
         election, in the judgment of national Collaborators.
         ..................................................................

             001.-899. MOST SALIENT FACTORS CODES
                       [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             999. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5061_
         |
         | F5061_ detail the expert judgment of the national Collaborators
         | as to the five most important issues at the time of the election 
         | (e.g., major scandals; economic events; the presence of an
         | independent actor; specific issues).
         | Issues are listed in descending order of saliency (i.e., most 
         | important issues are listed first). 
         | Numerical allocation by CSES is random. Collaborators are asked 
         | to provide up to five salient issues. 
         | In some cases, Collaborators provide fewer issues. 
         |  
         | Source of data: CSES Macro Report M7.1-5.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRALIA (2022): F5061
         |
         | A detailed description of the most salient factors in the 
         | election as perceived by the collaborators were: 
         |   027. Cost of living
         |   028. Economic management
         |   029. Health
         |   030. Education
         |   031. Environment

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - AUSTRIA (2024): F5061
         |
         | A detailed description of the most salient factors in the 
         | election as perceived by the Collaborators were:
         |   065. Migration and asylum
         |   066. Inflation
         |   067. Healthcare
         |   068. Environmental protection & climate change  
         |   069. Security & crime

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - BRAZIL (2022): F5061
         |
         | A description of the most salient factors in the election is
         | included here:
         |
         |   011. The conduction of the pandemic by Jair Bolsonaro was a 
         |        major factor in his defeat. In a country that has a 
         |        specialized program for vaccination throughout the 
         |        country and a high rate of adherence to vaccines, 
         |        Bolsonaro chose to deny the seriousness of the COVID-19
         |        virus, encouraged people to return to their daily 
         |        activities and neglected the purchase of vaccines. Thus,
         |        in addition to the various statements contrary to 
         |        scientific guidelines, the President delayed the 
         |        country'svaccination. The pandemic caused 800,000 deaths
         |        in the country. The evaluation of his government was 
         |        particularly affected during the period. There is also 
         |        the impact of the pandemic on the country's economic 
         |        performance. The country did not do well in the first 
         |        year of Bolsonaro's government and, under the pandemic, 
         |        the economic rates only got worse. At the end of his 
         |        administration, the Bolsonaro government had the second 
         |        worst average annual GDP growth since Fernando Henrique
         |        Cardoso in 1995: 1.4%.
         |
         |   012. After being arrested and therefore prevented from 
         |        disputing the 2018 elections, former President Luis 
         |        Inacio Lula da Silva (Lula) had criminal convictions 
         |        against him annulled, teeing up a Presidential run 
         |        against current President Jair Bolsonaro in 2022. Lula, 
         |        who was leading the voter intention as early as 2018, 
         |        returned to prominence in the Presidential elections four
         |        years after his arrest. In a candidacy that brought 
         |        together several parties and experienced politicians, 
         |        Lula and the Workers' Party defined an alliance strategy
         |        with sectors of the center, and the candidacy of one of 
         |        the main leaders of the Social Democracy Party 
         |        constituted his candidacy as vice-President, softening 
         |        the still present image of Lula as a radical left 
         |        politician. Lula was joined by Geraldo Alckmin, his 
         |        former PSDB competitor, as vice-President.
         |
         |   013. Jair Bolsonaro's constant attacks on the Supreme Court 
         |        eroded the image of the then-President. Bolsonaro 
         |        frequently threatened Brazilian democracy, expressing his
         |        non-acceptance of the election result if defeated and 
         |        raising the possibility of a coup d'etat. Brazil was even
         |        considered by V-Dem to be one of the countries that most 
         |        advanced towards an autocracy under the Bolsonaro 
         |        government.
         |
         |   014. In this sense, Bolsonaro also encouraged distrust of the 
         |        fairness of the elections. Since his first victory as 
         |        President in 2018, the politician has accused fraud via
         |        electronic ballot boxes for the results. The dissemination
         |        of false information, such as this one about electronic 
         |        ballot boxes, was one of the incentives for the Supreme 
         |        Court to enter an alliance with WhatsApp to combat fake 
         |        news during Brazilian elections. The speeches clearly had
         |        consequences: the director of the Federal Highway Police 
         |        (PRF) commanded actions, mainly in the Northeast (the 
         |        Workers' Party's main electoral stronghold), so that 
         |        buses with voters did not arrive at the polling station. 
         |        After Lula's victory, hundreds of highways were closed by
         |        protests against the result of the polls. During the 
         |        election, Bolsonaro made serious threats to the Electoral
         |        Court and the minister of justice and called for popular 
         |        unrest. Many analyses compare Bolsonaro's attitudes with 
         |        Trump's attitudes in the USA. It is worth mentioning that
         |        on January 8, 2023, after Lula's victory, the buildings 
         |        of the National Congress, the Federal Supreme Court, and 
         |        the Executive Branch were invaded and vandalized, 
         |        demonstrating the serious threat to democracy from the 
         |        Bolsonaro bases.
         | 
         |   015. The "anti-establishment" movement, which basically brought
         |        new political actors to the elections, lost its strength. 
         |        The coalition elected with Lula was a strong response to 
         |        the movement that Bolsonaro is part of. The Workers' 
         |        Party candidacy attracted several political elites from 
         |        different ideological spectra to support Lula and thus 
         |        brought resistance to Jair Bolsonaro's candidacy, seen as
         |        a threat to the democratic regime.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - DENMARK (2022): F5061
         |
         | A detailed description of the most salient factors in the 
         | election as perceived by the collaborators were: 
         |   032. Health
         |   033. Economy
         |   034. Climate
         |   035. Inequality
         |   036. Immigration

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - FRANCE (2022): F5061
         |
         | A description of the most salient factors in the election is 
         | included here:
         |
         |   019. COVID-19 crisis management
         |   020. Attitude towards Russia's invasion of Ukraine
         |   021. Inflation
         |   022. Immigration
         |   023. Democracy (threats to democracy)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - MONTENEGRO (2023): F5061
         |
         | A description of the most salient factors in the election is
         | included here:
         |
         |   001. Increase of the salaries within Europe Now 2 Program
         |   002. Identity issues (Montenegro-Serb division).
         |   003. Long period with a government that received a vote of 
         |        no-confidence.
         |   004. Accelerating EU accession
         |   005. Unemployment

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NEW ZEALAND (2023): F5061
         |
         | A detailed description of the most salient factors in the 
         | election as perceived by the Collaborators were:
         |   070. Cost of living
         |   071. Economy
         |   072. Healthcare
         |   073. Crime 
         |   074. Education

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - NORTH MACEDONIA (2024): F5061
         |
         | A description of the most salient factors in the election is 
         | included here:
         |
         |   050. Position of parties towards the Macedonian-Bulgarian 
         |        identity dispute
         |   051. Corruption scandals of the previous government (2020-2024)
         |   052. Progress in the EU accession process  
         |   053. Economic situation
         |   054. Ethnic relations

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - POLAND (2023): F5061
         |
         | A description of the most salient factors in the election is
         | included here:
         |
         |   040. Erosion of Constitutional Democracy and Rule of Law.
         |        The campaign was framed as a struggle for the preservation
         |        of constitutional democracy in Poland, with the ruling 
         |        Law and Justice (PiS) party accused of undermining 
         |        democratic norms and the rule of law. Key violations, 
         |        including the undermining of judicial independence and 
         |        the politicization of key state institutions, were pivotal
         |        in mobilizing opposition support. Large-scale protests,
         |        notably the "Great March for Democracy" on June 4, 2023
         |        underscored widespread concerns about democratic 
         |        backsliding and influenced public opinion leading up to
         |        the elections.
         |
         |   041. Misuse of State Resources and Media Bias.
         |        The PiS party's use of state resources for campaigning 
         |        was a major issue. The party's control over state media
         |        led to accusations of biased media coverage, which favored
         |        PiS messaging and undermined opposition platforms. The 
         |        overlap between government-led information campaigns and
         |        PiS's electoral messaging skewed the playing field, 
         |        granting PiS an undue advantage. This influenced voter
         |        perception, particularly in rural areas and among older
         |        voters who were less likely to engage with independent
         |        media.
         |
         |   042. Polarizing Campaign and Divisive Rhetoric.
         |        The electoral campaign in 2023 was notably polarized, with
         |        heightened emotional and ideological divisions between 
         |        the ruling PiS party and the opposition. Issues such as
         |        abortion rights, LGBTQ+ rights, and media freedoms were
         |        key flashpoints. The PiS's rhetoric targeted opposition
         |        leaders and framed the election as a fight for the 
         |        nation's moral and cultural values. This divisive approach
         |        both motivated PiS supporters and galvanized opposition
         |        groups, particularly younger and more liberal voters. The
         |        LGBTIQ-free zones and the abortion ruling served as  
         |        rallying points for protests and as significant issues
         |        during the campaign.
         |
         |   043. Economic Challenges and Social Inequality.
         |        While the PiS implemented a range of social welfare 
         |        programs, the economic situation in Poland, especially
         |        rising inflation and its disproportionate impact on 
         |        certain demographic groups (e.g., pensioners and rural
         |        populations), contributed to significant discontent. The
         |        inflation rate had reached a peak of 18.4%, which impacted
         |        the purchasing power of Polish citizens. 
         |        Moreover, growing social inequality, including pension
         |        disparities, became a key issue for those negatively 
         |        affected by economic policies. Despite economic growth,
         |        the inability to address these disparities led to the 
         |        perception that the government was not adequately 
         |        supporting vulnerable populations.
         |
         |   044. Geopolitical Context and Refugee Crisis.
         |        The geopolitical context, particularly Poland's role as 
         |        a frontline state in the Ukraine war and its support for
         |        Ukrainian refugees, was a significant issue during the 
         |        election. Poland hosted millions of Ukrainian refugees,
         |        which influenced domestic policies and public sentiment. 
         |        The PiS government's handling of this crisis, including 
         |        its decision to accept refugees, was both praised and 
         |        criticized. While some saw this as a humanitarian success, 
         |        others viewed it as a strain on Poland's resources. 
         |        Additionally, PiS's continued confrontations with the 
         |        European Union over issues related to the rule of law and 
         |        democratic standards negatively impacted Poland's 
         |        international standing.

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2022): F5061
         |
         | A description of the most salient factors in the election is
         | included here:
         |
         |   024. Government formation and stability (State budget approval)
         |   025. Public services
         |   026. Public health (COVID-19)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - PORTUGAL (2024): F5061
         |
         | A description of the most salient factors in the election is
         | included here:
         |
         |   037. Government formation and stability
         |   038. Public services
         |   039. Justice

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVAKIA (2023): F5061
         |
         | A detailed description of the most salient factors in the
         | election as perceived by the Collaborators were:
         |   060. Political Stability. 
         |   061. War in Ukraine & geopolitical situation of Slovakia. 
         |   062. Political corruption; abuse of power. Justice.  
         |   063. Social issues: social benefits, standard of living & 
         |        employment.           
         |   064. Socio-cultural issues: reproductive rights, sexual  
         |        minority rights. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SLOVENIA (2022): F5061
         |
         | A description of the most salient factors in the election is
         | included here:
         |
         |   055. Backsliding of democracy
         |   056. Economic development
         |   057. Migration
         |   058. Second World War
         |   059. Ukrainian crises

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWEDEN (2022): F5061
         |
         | A detailed description of the most salient factors in the
         | election as perceived by the Collaborators were:
         |   075. Healthcare. 
         |   076. Law & Order.  
         |   077. Immigration & Refugees. 
         |   078. Education.          
         |   079. Environment. 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - SWITZERLAND (2023): F5061
         |
         | A detailed description of the most salient factors in the
         | election as perceived by the Collaborators were:
         |   080. Migration and asylum
         |   081. Climate change, environmental protection, & energy policy
         |   082. Healthcare
         |   083. Cost of living 
         |   084. Social security, especially old-age pensions 

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5061
         |
         | A description of the most salient factors in the election is
         | included here:
         |
         |   045. Party identification
         |   046. Personal traits and capability of the candidates 
         |   047. Cross-Strait issues
         |   048. Economic issues
         |   049. Vice Presidential candidate

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TURKIYE (2023): F5061
         |
         | A description of the most salient factors in the election is
         | included here:
         |
         |   006. The economy (especially inflation)
         |   007. Syrian refugees
         |   008. Debate over presidential vs. parliamentary regime
         |   009. Earthquake preparedness
         |   010. Ethnic tensions (Kurdish issue in Turkiye)

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - UNITED STATES (2024): F5061
         |
         | A detailed description of the most salient factors in the
         | election as perceived by the Collaborators were:
         |   085. Economy & Cost of Living.
         |   086. Democracy, Institutions, & Election Integrity 
         |   087. Abortion. 
         |   088. Immigration & Border Security.   
         |   089. Capacity and suitability of the candidates for office of 
         |        of President. 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5063_1      >>>   PARTY FUNDING: DIRECT PUBLIC FUNDING
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Do parties receive direct public funding?
         ..................................................................
         
             0. NO             
             1. YES
             2. OTHER [SEE ELECTION STUDY NOTES]

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5063_1
         |
         | Source of data: ACE Electoral Knowledge Network (n.d.). Party 
         | Funding. Available at: 
         | https://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDTable?view=country&question
         | =PC012 (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5063_2     >>>   PARTY FUNDING: INDIRECT PUBLIC FUNDING
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Do parties receive indirect public funding?
         ..................................................................
         
             0. NO             
             1. YES

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5063_2
         |
         | Source of data: ACE Electoral Knowledge Network (n.d.). Party 
         | Funding. Available at: 
         | https://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDTable?view=country&question
         | =PC012 (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5064_1     >>> DIRECT DEMOCRACY: REFERENDUM MANDATORY
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

         Direct democracy: Are there any Legal Provisions for Mandatory 
                           Referendums at the national level?
         ..................................................................
         
             0. NO             
             1. YES

             5. NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5064_1
         |
         | Source of data: ACE Electoral Knowledge Network 
         | https://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDTable?view=country&question
         | =DD003 (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).  


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5064_2     >>> DIRECT DEMOCRACY: REFERENDUM OPTIONAL
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

         Direct democracy: Are there any Legal Provisions for Optional 
                           Referendums at the National Level?
         ..................................................................
         
             0. NO             
             1. YES

             5. NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5064_2
         |
         | Source of data: ACE Electoral Knowledge Network 
         | https://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDTable?view=country&question
         | =DD004 (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).  


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5064_3     >>> DIRECT DEMOCRACY: REFERENDUMS BY CITIZEN INITIATIVE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

         Direct democracy: Are there any Legal Provisions for Citizen's 
                           Initiatives at National Level?
         ..................................................................
         
             0. NO             
             1. YES

             5. NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE

             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5064_3
         |
         | Source of data: ACE Electoral Knowledge Network 
         | https://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDTable?view=country&question
         | =DD005 (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).        


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5064_4    >>> DIRECT DEMOCRACY: REFERENDUM RESULT BINDING OR CONSULTATIVE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

         Direct democracy: Are the results of referenda always binding, 
                           never binding or sometimes binding?
         ..................................................................

             0. NEVER BINDING
             1. SOMETIMES BINDING
             2. ALWAYS BINDING

             5. NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE

             7. NOT APPLICABLE
             9. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5064_4
         |
         | Source of data: ACE Electoral Knowledge Network 
         | https://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDTable?view=country&question
         | =DD129 (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5068_1     >>> V-Dem ELECTORAL DEMOCRACY INDEX - TIME T
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         V-Dem's Electoral Democracy Index in the year of the election. 
         ..................................................................

             0-1.00    V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index Score

             9.00      MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5068_1
         |
         | F5068_1 details the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project's
         | Electoral Democracy Index in a polity in the election year.
         | This is a composite index comprising expert responses on several
         | indicators related to electoral democracy. 
         |          
         | V-Dem classifies: "The electoral principle of democracy seeks to 
         | embody the core value of making rulers responsive to citizens, 
         | achieved through electoral competition for the electorate's 
         | approval under circumstances when suffrage is extensive; 
         | political and civil society organizations can operate freely; 
         | elections are clean and not marred by fraud or systematic 
         | irregularities; and elections affect the composition of the 
         | chief executive of the country. In between elections, there is 
         | freedom of expression and an independent media capable of 
         | presenting alternative views on matters of political relevance."
         |           
         | The variable is an interval-level variable running from 0 
         | (Low levels of Electoral Democracy) to 1 (High levels of 
         | Electoral Democracy) and is called "v2x_polyarchy" in the V-Dem 
         | dataset - available from https://v-dem.net/ (Date accessed: 
         | December 10, 2024).
         | 
         | More details of the specifics of the Electoral Democracy Index 
         | from V-Dem are available in the Codebook - Source of data: 
         | Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, 
         | Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Fabio Angiolillo, 
         | Michael Bernhard, Cecilia Borella, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, 
         | Linnea Fox, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerlow, Adam Glynn, Ana 
         | Good God, Sandra Grahn, Allen Hicken, Katrin Kinzelbach, Kyle L. 
         | Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Anja Neundorf, Pamela
         | Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Oskar Ryden, Johannes von Romer, 
         | Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey 
         | Staton, Aksel Sundstrom, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting 
         | Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt, (2024) "V-Dem Codebook v14" 
         | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem); (Date accessed: June 06, 2024). 
         |       
         | CSES collects the most up-to-date data for each polity available 
         | at the time the data is being processed by the CSES Secretariat. 
         | However, aggregate-level macro data from V-Dem can be updated
         | retroactively as revised estimates become available. 
         | The CSES policy is to provide users with estimates of data
         | at the time the data is processed. CSES does not retroactively
         | update these estimates as to do so might impede replication.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for NORTH MACEDONIA (2024), PORTUGAL (2024)
         | and TAIWAN (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5069_1     >>> V-Dem LIBERAL DEMOCRACY INDEX - TIME T
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         V-Dem's Liberal Democracy Index in the year of the election. 
         ..................................................................

             0-1.00    V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index Score

             9.00      MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5069_1
         |
         | F5069_1 details the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project's
         | Liberal Democracy Index in a polity in the election year.
         | This is a composite index comprising expert responses on several
         | indicators related to liberal democracy. 
         |          
         | V-Dem classifies: "The liberal principle of democracy emphasizes 
         | the importance of protecting individual and minority rights 
         | against the tyranny of the state and the tyranny of the majority. 
         | The liberal model takes a 'negative' view of political power 
         | insofar as it judges the quality of democracy by the limits 
         | placed on government. This is achieved by constitutionally 
         | protected civil liberties, strong rule of law, an independent 
         | judiciary, and effective checks and balances that, together,
         | limit the exercise of executive power. To make this a measure of
         | liberal democracy, the index also takes the level of electoral 
         | democracy into account."
         |           
         | The variable is an interval-level variable running from 0 
         | (Low levels of Liberal Democracy) to 1 (High levels of Liberal
         | Democracy) and is called "v2x_libdem" in the V-Dem dataset - 
         | available from https://v-dem.net/ (Date accessed: December 10, 
         | 2024).
         | 
         | More details of the specifics of the Electoral Democracy Index 
         | from V-Dem are available in the Codebook - Source of data: 
         | Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, 
         | Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Fabio Angiolillo, 
         | Michael Bernhard, Cecilia Borella, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, 
         | Linnea Fox, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerlow, Adam Glynn, Ana 
         | Good God, Sandra Grahn, Allen Hicken, Katrin Kinzelbach, Kyle L. 
         | Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Anja Neundorf, Pamela
         | Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Oskar Ryden, Johannes von Romer, 
         | Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey 
         | Staton, Aksel Sundstrom, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting 
         | Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt, (2024) "V-Dem Codebook v14" 
         | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem); (Date accessed: June 06, 2024). 
         |       
         | CSES collects the most up-to-date data for each polity available 
         | at the time the data is being processed by the CSES Secretariat. 
         | However, aggregate-level macro data from V-Dem can be updated
         | retroactively as revised estimates become available. 
         | The CSES policy is to provide users with estimates of data
         | at the time the data is processed. CSES does not retroactively
         | update these estimates as to do so might impede replication.
         |
         | Data are unavailable for NORTH MACEDONIA (2024), PORTUGAL (2024) 
         | and TAIWAN (2024). 


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5070_1     >>> FREEDOM HOUSE RATING - TIME T
F5070_2     >>> FREEDOM HOUSE RATING - TIME T-1
F5070_3     >>> FREEDOM HOUSE RATING - TIME T-2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Freedom House's rating at three time periods (average of the 
         "Political Rights" and "Civil Liberties" scores).
         ..................................................................

             1.00-7.00 FREEDOM SCORE

             9.00      MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5070_
         |
         | F5070_ detail Freedom House's rating of freedom in a country at 
         | three time periods: the election year (time T), one year before 
         | election (T-1), and two years before election (T-2).
         | Each country and territory is assigned a numerical rating, on a
         | scale of 1 to 7. A rating of 1 indicates the highest degree of
         | freedom and 7 the least amount of freedom. CSES reports the  
         | average of the "Political Rights" and "Civil Liberties" scores.
         |
         | Source of data: Freedom House's annual publications "Freedom in 
         | the World" (https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world;
         | (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).
         |
         | Until 2003, countries whose combined average ratings for
         | Political Rights and for Civil Liberties fell between 1.0 and
         | 2.5 were designated "Free"; between 3.0 and 5.5 "Partly Free",
         | and between 5.5 and 7.0 "Not Free". Beginning with the ratings
         | for 2003, countries whose combined average ratings fall between
         | 3.0 and 5.0 are "Partly Free", and those between 5.5 and 7.0 are
         | "Not Free".
         |
         | More information about Freedom House's methodology is available 
         | at: https://freedomhouse.org/ (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).
         | 
         | CSES collects the most up-to-date data for each polity available 
         | at the time the data is being processed by the CSES Secretariat. 
         | However, aggregate-level macro data from Freedom House can be
         | updated retroactively as revised estimates become available. 
         | The CSES policy is to provide users with estimates of data
         | at the time the data is processed. CSES does not retroactively
         | update these estimates as to do so might impede replication.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5071_1     >>> DEMOCRACY-AUTOCRACY - POLITY IV RATING - 2018
F5071_2     >>> DEMOCRACY-AUTOCRACY - POLITY IV RATING - 2017
F5071_3     >>> DEMOCRACY-AUTOCRACY - POLITY IV RATING - 2016
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The POLITY IV ratings of institutionalized democracy versus 
         autocracy in a country at three time periods.
         ..................................................................

             10. DEMOCRATIC
             09.
             08.
             07.
             06.
             05.
             04.
             03.
             02.
             01.
             00.
            -01.
            -02.
            -03.
            -04.
            -05.
            -06.
            -07.
            -08.
            -09.
            -10. AUTOCRATIC

            -66. INTERRUPTION PERIODS
            -77. INTERREGNUM PERIODS
            -88. TRANSITION PERIODS

             99. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5071_
         |
         | F5071_ detail POLITY IV ratings of institutionalized democracy 
         | versus autocracy in a country, at the latest three time periods 
         | for which data is available, namely 2016, 2017, and 2018. 
         |
         | F5071_ reports the original variable POLITY - Combined Polity 
         | Score. The variable is constructed by subtracting the autocracy 
         | score from the democracy score; the resulting scale ranges from 
         | +10 (strongly democratic) to -10 (strongly autocratic).
         |
         | Source of data: POLITY IV Project: 
         | Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2017, 
         | Monty G. Marshall and Keith Jaggers, George Mason University and
         | Colorado State University
         | (http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm; Date accessed:
         | April 30, 2020).
         |
         | The Polity IV Dataset Users' Manual:
         | (http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscr/p4manualv2017.pdf).
         | (Date accessed: April 05, 2019).
         |
         | The Polity IV annual time-series dataset:
         | (www.systemicpeace.org/inscr/p4v2017.xls; Date accessed: April
         | 30, 2020).
         |       
         | CSES collects the most up-to-date data for each polity available 
         | at the time the data is being processed by the CSES Secretariat. 
         | However, aggregate-level macro data from the Polity project can 
         | be updated retroactively as revised estimates become available. 
         | The CSES policy is to provide users with estimates of data
         | at the time the data is processed. CSES does not retroactively
         | update these estimates as to do so might impede replication.
         |
         | Data for F5071_ are unavailable for MONTENEGRO (2023).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5072_1     >>> POPULATION, TOTAL (WORLD BANK) - TIME T
F5072_2     >>> POPULATION, TOTAL (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-1
F5072_3     >>> POPULATION, TOTAL (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         World Bank estimates of the total population size, at three time 
         periods.
         ..................................................................

         320,000-1,400,000,000.    POPULATION SIZE

                 9,999,999,999.    MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5072_
         | 
         | F5072_ detail World Bank estimates of the total population size,
         | at three time periods: the election year (time T), one year
         | before election (T-1), and two years before election (T-2).
         |    
         | Definition: Total population is based on the de facto definition
         | of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal 
         | status or citizenship - except for refugees not permanently 
         | settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered 
         | part of the population of their country of origin.
         |
         | Source of data: World Bank World Development Indicators Open 
         | Database: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL
         | (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).   
         |     
         | Users are advised that there is normally a two or three-year   
         | time lag between these estimates becoming available. 
         | Consequently, data may not be available at the time of coding.      
         | In circumstances where this occurs, the polity will be listed 
         | as DATA UNAVAILABLE in the VARIABLE NOTES below.
         |        
         | CSES collects the most up-to-date data for each polity available 
         | at the time the data is being processed by the CSES Secretariat. 
         | However, aggregate-level macro data from the World Bank is often 
         | updated retroactively as revised estimates become available. 
         | These revised estimates are usually because of improved data 
         | collection, or more evidence becoming available to allow for a 
         | more robust estimates to be made, or changes in methodology. 
         | For more, see the advice of the World Bank at: 
         | https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/114939
         | -how-are-revisions-managed     
         | (Date accessed: April 09, 2019).
         | 
         | The CSES policy is to provide users with estimates of data 
         | at the time the data is processed. CSES does not retroactively 
         | update these estimates as to do so might impede replication.
         | 
         | Data for F5072_1 are unavailable for MONTENEGRO (2023), NORTH 
         | MACEDONIA (2024), POLAND (2023), PORTUGAL (2024), and TURKIYE 
         | (2023).
         | Data for F5072_2 are unavailable for NORTH MACEDONIA (2024), 
         | PORTUGAL (2024), and TAIWAN (2024).
         | Data for F5072_3 are unavailable for TAIWAN (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5072_1
         |
         | The source of these data is the CIA World Factbook
         | https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/taiwan/
         | (Date accessed: July 19, 2025).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5073      >>> GINI COEFFICIENT OF EQUALIZED DISPOSABLE INCOME - 
               (YEAR CLOSEST TO ELECTION YEAR AVAILABLE)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

         The Gini coefficient of equalized disposable income in the year of
         election or the year closest to election at time of processing.
         ..................................................................

              0.00-100.00 GINI COEFFICIENT
              
              999.        MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5073
         |
         | Definition: F5073 details the World Bank estimate of the 
         | distribution of income among individuals or households within an 
         | economy and the extent to which it deviates from a perfectly
         | equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative 
         | percentages of total income received against the cumulative 
         | number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or 
         | household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz 
         | curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality. Thus a Gini 
         | index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 
         | implies perfect inequality.
         |
         | Source of data: World Bank World Development Indicators Open 
         | Database: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/
         | (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).  
         |     
         | Users are advised that there is normally a two or three-year   
         | time lag between these estimates becoming available. 
         | Consequently, data may not be available at the time of coding.      
         | In circumstances where this occurs, the polity will be listed 
         | as DATA UNAVAILABLE in the VARIABLE NOTES below.
         |       
         | CSES collects the most up-to-date data for each polity available 
         | at the time the data is being processed by the CSES Secretariat. 
         | However, aggregate-level macro data from the World Bank is often
         | updated retroactively as revised estimates become available. 
         | These revised estimates are usually because of improved data 
         | collection, or more evidence becoming available to allow for a 
         | more robust estimates to be made, or changes in methodology. 
         | For more, see the advice of the World Bank at: 
         | https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/114939
         | -how-are-revisions-managed   
         | (Date accessed: April 09, 2019).
         |
         | The time lag for this variable becoming available is often many
         | years. CSES, where possible, has a policy of providing users
         | with the data in the year of the election - the default approach. 
         | However, at the time of processing, GINI coefficient data is 
         | often unavailable and this can remain the case for several years. 
         | To avoid excessive missing values for multiple studies, CSES 
         | provides the GINI coefficient estimate for the year closest to 
         | the election available at the time of data processing. The 
         | specific years the GINI data refers to for all studies are listed
         | in the below table.
         |
         | The CSES policy is to provide users with estimates of data
         | at the time the data is processed. CSES does not retroactively
         | update these estimates as to do so might impede replication.
         |
         | The following table gives an overview of the year in which the
         | GINI coefficient reported in the data refers to.
         |
         | +++ TABLE: GINI COEFFICIENT YEAR OF CALCULATION BY ELECTION STUDY
         | 
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)     Year of GINI coefficient reported in data
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)              2018 
         | AUSTRIA (2024)                2022         
         | BRAZIL (2022)                 2022 
         | DENMARK (2022)                2021         
         | FRANCE (2022)                 2021
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)             2021
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)        2019 
         | POLAND (2023)                 2021
         | PORTUGAL (2022)               2021 
         | PORTUGAL (2024)               2021 
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)               2022
         | SLOVENIA (2022)               2021
         | SWEDEN (2022)                 2022  
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)            2021   
         | TAIWAN (2024)                 2023
         | TURKIYE (2023)                2021
         | UNITED STATES (2024)          2021  
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | 
         | Data for F5073 are unavailable for NEW ZEALAND (2023).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5073
         |
         | The source of these data is the CIA World Factbook
         | https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/taiwan/
         | (Date accessed: July 19, 2025).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5074_1     >>> GDP GROWTH - ANNUAL % (WORLD BANK) - TIME T
F5074_2     >>> GDP GROWTH - ANNUAL % (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-1
F5074_3     >>> GDP GROWTH - ANNUAL % (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         World Bank estimate of the annual GDP growth at three time periods. 
         ..................................................................

         -20.00 to +25.00.    PERCENT ANNUAL GROWTH

                       99.    MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5074_
         |
         | F5074_ report World Bank estimates of the annual GDP growth, at 
         | three time periods: the election year (time T), one year before 
         | election (T-1), and two years before election (T-2).
         |
         | Definition: F5074_ details the World Bank estimate of the annual
         | percentage growth rate of GDP at market prices based on constant
         | local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2015 U.S. 
         | dollars. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident 
         | producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any
         | subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is 
         | calculated without making deductions for depreciation of 
         | fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural 
         | resources.
         |
         | Source of data: World Bank World Development Indicators Open 
         | Database: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG
         | (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).
         |     
         | Users are advised that there is normally a two or three-year   
         | time lag between these estimates becoming available. 
         | Consequently, data may not be available at the time of coding.      
         | In circumstances where this occurs, the polity will be listed 
         | as DATA UNAVAILABLE in the VARIABLE NOTES below.
         |              
         | CSES collects the most up-to-date data for each polity available 
         | at the time the data is being processed by the CSES Secretariat. 
         | However, aggregate-level macro data from the World Bank is often
         | updated retroactively as revised estimates become available. 
         | These revised estimates are usually because of improved data 
         | collection, or more evidence becoming available to allow for a 
         | more robust estimates to be made, or changes in methodology. 
         | For more, see the advice of the World Bank at: 
         | https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/114939
         | -how-are-revisions-managed     
         | (Date accessed: April 09, 2019).
         | 
         | The CSES policy is to provide users with estimates of data
         | at the time the data is processed. CSES does not retroactively 
         | update these estimates as to do so might impede replication.
         | 
         | Data for F5074_1 are unavailable for MONTENEGRO (2023), NORTH 
         | MACEDONIA (2024), POLAND (2023), PORTUGAL (2024), TAIWAN (2024)
         | and TURKIYE (2023).
         | Data for F5074_2 are unavailable for NORTH MACEDONIA (2024) and
         | PORTUGAL (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5074_2 & F5074_3
         |
         | The source of these data is the CIA World Factbook
         | https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/taiwan/
         | (Date accessed: July 19, 2025).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5075_1     >>> GDP PER CAPITA, PPP (WORLD BANK) - TIME T
F5075_2     >>> GDP PER CAPITA, PPP (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-1
F5075_3     >>> GDP PER CAPITA, PPP (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         World Bank estimate of the GDP per capita at three time periods.
         ..................................................................

             00000.00-899999.00 GDP PER CAPITA

             999999.            MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5075_
         |
         | F5075_ detail World Bank estimates of the GDP per capita at three
         | time periods: the election year (time T), one year before 
         | election (T-1), and two years before election (T-2).
         |
         | Definition: F5075_ detail the World Bank estimate of GDP per 
         | capita, i.e., the gross domestic product at purchaser prices 
         | divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of the gross value
         | added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product
         | taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the
         | products. It is calculated without deductions for depreciation
         | of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural
         | resources. PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to
         | international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An
         | international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as a
         | U.S. dollar has in the United States.
         |
         | Source of data: World Bank World Development Indicators Open 
         | Database: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD
         | (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).   
         |     
         | Users are advised that there is normally a two or three-year   
         | time lag between these estimates becoming available. 
         | Consequently, data may not be available at the time of coding.      
         | In circumstances where this occurs, the polity will be listed 
         | as DATA UNAVAILABLE in the VARIABLE NOTES below.
         |     
         | CSES collects the most up-to-date data for each polity available 
         | at the time the data is being processed by the CSES Secretariat.
         | However, aggregate-level macro data from the World Bank is often
         | updated retroactively as revised estimates become available. 
         | These revised estimates are usually because of improved data 
         | collection, or more evidence becoming available to allow for a
         | more robust estimates to be made, or changes in methodology. 
         | For more, see the advice of the World Bank at: 
         | https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/114939
         | -how-are-revisions-managed     
         | (Date accessed: April 09, 2019).
         | 
         | The CSES policy is to provide users with estimates of data
         | at the time the data is processed. CSES does not retroactively 
         | update these estimates as to do so might impede replication. 
         | 
         | Data for F5075_1 are unavailable for MONTENEGRO (2023), NORTH 
         | MACEDONIA (2024), POLAND (2023), PORTUGAL (2024), TAIWAN (2024)
         | and TURKIYE (2023).
         | Data for F5075_2 are unavailable for NORTH MACEDONIA (2024) and
         | PORTUGAL (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5075_2 & F5075_3
         |
         | The source of these data is the CIA World Factbook
         | https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/taiwan/
         | (Date accessed: July 19, 2025).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5076_1     >>> INFLATION, GDP DEFLATOR (ANNUAL %) (WORLD BANK) - TIME T
F5076_2     >>> INFLATION, GDP DEFLATOR (ANNUAL %) (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-1
F5076_3     >>> INFLATION, GDP DEFLATOR (ANNUAL %) (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         World Bank estimate of Inflation at three time periods.
         ..................................................................

             -100.00-10000.00 INFLATION (ANNUAL %)

             99999.           MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5076_
         |
         | F5076_ detail World Bank estimates of inflation at three time
         | periods: the election year (time T), one year before election
         | (T-1), and two years before election (T-2).
         |
         | Definition: Inflation as measured by the annual growth rate of
         | the GDP implicit deflator shows the rate of price change in the
         | economy as a whole. The GDP implicit deflator is the ratio of GDP
         | in current local currency to GDP in constant local currency.
         |
         | Source of data: World Bank World Development Indicators Open 
         | Database: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG
         | (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).   
         |     
         | Users are advised that there is normally a two or three-year   
         | time lag between these estimates becoming available. 
         | Consequently, data may not be available at the time of coding.      
         | In circumstances where this occurs, the polity will be listed 
         | as DATA UNAVAILABLE in the VARIABLE NOTES below.
         |        
         | CSES collects the most up-to-date data for each polity available 
         | at the time the data is being processed by the CSES Secretariat. 
         | However, aggregate-level macro data from the World Bank is often
         | updated retroactively as revised estimates become available. 
         | These revised estimates are usually because of improved data 
         | collection, or more evidence becoming available to allow for a 
         | more robust estimates to be made, or changes in methodology. 
         | For more, see the advice of the World Bank at: 
         | https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/114939
         | -how-are-revisions-managed     
         | (Date accessed: April 09, 2019).
         | 
         | The CSES policy is to provide users with estimates of data
         | at the time the data is processed. CSES does not retroactively 
         | update these estimates as to do so might impede replication.
         | 
         | Data for F5076_1 are unavailable for MONTENEGRO (2023), NORTH 
         | MACEDONIA (2024), POLAND (2023), PORTUGAL (2024) and TURKIYE
         | (2023).
         | Data for F5076_2 are unavailable for NORTH MACEDONIA (2024) and
         | PORTUGAL (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5076_1-F5076_3
         |
         | The source of these data is the CIA World Factbook
         | https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/taiwan/
         | (Date accessed: July 19, 2025).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5077_1     >>> CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DEBT, TOTAL (% GDP) - TIME T
F5077_2     >>> CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DEBT, TOTAL (% GDP) - TIME T-1
F5077_3     >>> CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DEBT, TOTAL (% GDP) - TIME T-2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         World Bank estimates of the Central government debt, total 
         (% of GDP), at three time periods.
         ..................................................................

              00.00-220.00 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DEBT, TOTAL (% GDP)

              999.         MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5077_
         |
         | F5077_ detail World Bank estimates of the Central government 
         | debt, total (% of GDP) at three time periods: the election year
         | (time T), one year before election (T-1), and two years before 
         | election (T-2).
         |
         | Definition: F5077_ detail the World Bank estimate of Central 
         | government debt. Debt is the entire stock of direct government
         | fixed-term contractual obligations to others outstanding on a
         | particular date. It includes domestic and foreign liabilities
         | such as currency and money deposits, securities other than
         | shares, and loans. It is the gross amount of government
         | liabilities reduced by the amount of equity and financial
         | derivatives held by the government. Because debt is a stock
         | rather than a flow, it is measured as of a given date, usually 
         | the last day of the fiscal year. 
         |
         | Source of data: World Bank World Development Indicators Open 
         | Database: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS
         | (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).   
         |     
         | Users are advised that there is normally a two or three-year   
         | time lag between these estimates becoming available. 
         | Consequently, data may not be available at the time of coding.      
         | In circumstances where this occurs, the polity will be listed 
         | as DATA UNAVAILABLE in the VARIABLE NOTES below.
         |       
         | CSES collects the most up-to-date data for each polity available 
         | at the time the data is being processed by the CSES Secretariat. 
         | However, aggregate-level macro data from the World Bank is often 
         | updated retroactively as revised estimates become available. 
         | These revised estimates are usually because of improved data 
         | collection, or more evidence becoming available to allow for a 
         | more robust estimates to be made, or changes in methodology. 
         | For more, see the advice of the World Bank at: 
         | https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/114939
         | -how-are-revisions-managed     
         | (Date accessed: April 09, 2019).
         | 
         | The CSES policy is to provide users with estimates of data
         | at the time the data is processed. CSES does not retroactively 
         | update these estimates as to do so might impede replication. 
         | 
         | Data for F5077_ are unavailable for DENMARK (2022), MONTENEGRO
         | (2023), NORTH MACEDONIA (2024), POLAND (2023), PORTUGAL 
         | (2022 & 2024), SLOVENIA (2022) and TAIWAN (2024). 
         | Data for F5077_1 are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024), 
         | FRANCE (2022), NEW ZEALAND (2023), SLOVAKIA (2023), TURKIYE 
         | (2023) and UNITED STATES (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5078_1     >>> UNEMPLOYMENT, TOTAL (WORLD BANK) - TIME T
F5078_2     >>> UNEMPLOYMENT, TOTAL (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-1
F5078_3     >>> UNEMPLOYMENT, TOTAL (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

          World Bank estimates of the unemployment rate (% of total labor 
          force) at three time periods.
          .................................................................

              00.00-100.00 UNEMPLOYMENT RATE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE)

              999.         MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5078_
         | 
         | F5078_ details the World Bank estimate of the total unemployment
         | rate (% of total labor force) at three time periods: the election
         | year (time T), one year before election (T-1), and two years 
         | before election (T-2).
         |
         | Definition: Unemployment is the share of the labor force without 
         | work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of 
         | labor force and unemployment may differ by country.
         |                
         | Source of data: World Bank World Development Indicators Open 
         | Database: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS
         | (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).   
         |     
         | Users are advised that there is normally a two or three-year   
         | time lag between these estimates becoming available. 
         | Consequently, data may not be available at the time of coding.      
         | In circumstances where this occurs, the polity will be listed 
         | as DATA UNAVAILABLE in the VARIABLE NOTES below.
         |       
         | CSES collects the most up-to-date data for each polity available 
         | at the time the data is being processed by the CSES Secretariat.
         | However, aggregate-level macro data from the World Bank is often
         | updated retroactively as revised estimates become available. 
         | These revised estimates are usually because of improved data 
         | collection, or more evidence becoming available to allow for a 
         | more robust estimates to be made, or changes in methodology. 
         | For more, see the advice of the World Bank at: 
         | https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/114939
         | -how-are-revisions-managed     
         | (Date accessed: April 09, 2019).
         | 
         | The CSES policy is to provide users with estimates of data
         | at the time the data is processed. CSES does not retroactively
         | update these estimates as to do so might impede replication.
         |
         | Data for F5078_1 are unavailable for NORTH MACEDONIA (2024) and 
         | PORTUGAL (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5078_1-F5078_3
         |
         | The source of these data is the CIA World Factbook
         | https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/taiwan/
         | (Date accessed: July 19, 2025).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5079_1     >>> UNEMPLOYMENT, TOTAL FOR PEOPLE AGED 15-24 YEARS 
                (WORLD BANK) - TIME T
F5079_2     >>> UNEMPLOYMENT, TOTAL FOR PEOPLE AGED 15-24 YEARS 
                (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-1
F5079_3     >>> UNEMPLOYMENT, TOTAL FOR PEOPLE AGED 15-24 YEARS 
                (WORLD BANK) - TIME T-2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

          World Bank estimates of the unemployment rate (% of total labor 
          force), at three time periods.
         ..................................................................

              00.00-100.00 UNEMPLOYMENT RATE OF PEOPLE AGED 15-24 YEARS
                           (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE)

              999.         MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5079_
         |
         | F5079_ details the World Bank estimate of the unemployment
         | rate (% of total labor force) for people aged 15-24 years at 
         | three time periods: the election year (time T), one year before 
         | election (T-1), and two years before election (T-2).
         |
         | Definition: Unemployment is the share of the labor force without 
         | work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of 
         | labor force and unemployment may differ by country.
         |           
         | Source of data: World Bank World Development Indicators Open 
         | Database: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.1524.ZS
         | (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).   
         |     
         | Users are advised that there is normally a two or three-year   
         | time lag between these estimates becoming available. 
         | Consequently, data may not be available at the time of coding.      
         | In circumstances where this occurs, the polity will be listed 
         | as DATA UNAVAILABLE in the VARIABLE NOTES below.
         |       
         | CSES collects the most up-to-date data for each polity available 
         | at the time the data is being processed by the CSES Secretariat.
         | However, aggregate-level macro data from the World Bank is often
         | updated retroactively as revised estimates become available. 
         | These revised estimates are usually because of improved data 
         | collection, or more evidence becoming available to allow for a
         | more robust estimates to be made, or changes in methodology. 
         | For more, see the advice of the World Bank at: 
         | https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/114939
         | -how-are-revisions-managed     
         | (Date accessed: April 09, 2019).
         | 
         | The CSES policy is to provide users with estimates of data
         | at the time the data is processed. CSES does not retroactively 
         | update these estimates as to do so might impede replication.
         |
         | Data for F5079_ are unavailable for TAIWAN (2024).
         | Data for F5079_1 are unavailable for NORTH MACEDONIA (2024) and
         | PORTUGAL (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5080_1     >>> HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (UNPD) - TIME T
F5080_2     >>> HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (UNPD) - TIME T-1
F5080_3     >>> HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (UNPD) - TIME T-2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         UNDP Human Development Index (HDI) at three time periods.
         ..................................................................

             00.00-1.00    HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX

             999.          MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5080_
         |
         | F5080_ detail the UNDP Human Development Index (HDI) at three 
         | time periods: the election year (time T), one year before 
         | election (T-1), and two years before election (T-2).
         |
         | Definition: F5080_ details the UNDP Human Development Index 
         | (HDI), which is a composite index measuring the average 
         | achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human 
         | development: a long and healthy life; access to knowledge; and a
         | decent standard of living. These basic dimensions are measured by
         | life expectancy at birth, adult literacy and combined gross 
         | enrolment in primary, secondary and tertiary level education, and
         | gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in Purchasing Power 
         | Parity US dollars (PPP US$), respectively.
         |
         | Source of data: United Nations Human Development Database: 
         | https://hdr.undp.org/data-center
         | (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).  
         |     
         | Users are advised that there is normally a two or three-year   
         | time lag between these estimates becoming available. 
         | Consequently, data may not be available at the time of coding.      
         | In circumstances where this occurs, the polity will be listed 
         | as DATA UNAVAILABLE in the VARIABLE NOTES below.
         | 
         | Data for F5080_ are unavailable for TAIWAN (2024).
         | Data for F5080_1 are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024), MONTENEGRO 
         | (2023), NORTH MACEDONIA (2024), POLAND (2023), PORTUGAL (2024), 
         | and TURKIYE (2023).
         | Data for F5080_2 are unavailable for NORTH MACEDONIA (2024) and 
         | PORTUGAL (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5081      >>> TI CORRUPTION PERCEPTION INDEX
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         The Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI).
         ..................................................................

              00.-100. TI CORRUPTION PERCEPTION INDEX

              999.        MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5081
         |
         | Definition: F5081 details the Transparency International 
         | Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), that aggregates data from
         | several sources providing perceptions of business people and
         | country experts of the level of corruption in the public sector.
         | The Index measures the perceived levels of public sector 
         | corruption in countries worldwide, scoring them from 0 (highly 
         | corrupt) to 100 (very clean).
         |         
         | Source of data: Transparency International - available at:
         | https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/
         | (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).        
         |     
         | Users are advised that there is normally a two or three-year   
         | time lag between these estimates becoming available. 
         | Consequently, data may not be available at the time of coding.      
         | In circumstances where this occurs, the polity will be listed 
         | as DATA UNAVAILABLE in the VARIABLE NOTES below.
         | 
         | Data for F5081 are unavailable for BRAZIL (2022), FRANCE (2022), 
         | MONTENEGRO (2023), PORTUGAL (2022), and TURKIYE (2023).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5082_1     >>> CONTROL OF CORRUPTION INDEX - TIME T
F5082_1se   >>> CONTROL OF CORRUPTION INDEX - TIME T ST. ERROR
F5082_2     >>> CONTROL OF CORRUPTION INDEX - TIME T-1
F5082_2se   >>> CONTROL OF CORRUPTION INDEX - TIME T-1 ST. ERROR
F5082_3     >>> CONTROL OF CORRUPTION INDEX - TIME T-2
F5082_3se   >>> CONTROL OF CORRUPTION INDEX - TIME T-2 ST. ERROR
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         World Bank Control of Corruption Index in the given year (F5082_)
         and the standard errors (F5082_se) associated with these estimates.
         ..................................................................
         
             -001.-100. CONTROL OF CORRUPTION INDEX

              999.      MISSING           


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5082_
         |
         | F5082_ detail the World Bank Control of Corruption Index at three
         | time periods: the election year (time T), one year before 
         | election (T-1), and two years before election (T-2). 
         | These data are available in two forms. The first is the estimate
         | in the given year (F5082_1, F5082_2, and F5082_3) and the 
         | standard errors (F5082_1se, F5082_2se, and F5082_3se) associated
         | with these estimates.
         |
         | Definition: Control of Corruption captures perceptions of the 
         | extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, 
         | including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as 
         | "capture" of the state by elites and private interests. 
         |
         | Standard error indicates the precision of the estimate of 
         | governance. Larger values of the standard error indicate less 
         | precise estimates. A 90 percent confidence interval for the 
         | governance estimate is given by the estimate +/- 1.64 times the 
         | standard error.  
         |                  
         | Source of data and definitions: World Bank World Development 
         | Indicators Open Database:  
         | https://databank.worldbank.org/source/worldwide-governance-
         | indicators
         | (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).
         | 
         | Data for F5082_1_ are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024), MONTENEGRO
         | (2023), NORTH MACEDONIA (2024), POLAND (2023), PORTUGAL (2024), 
         | TAIWAN (2024), TURKIYE (2023), and UNITED STATES (2024).
         | Data for F5082_2_ are unavailable for NORTH MACEDONIA (2024),
         | PORTUGAL (2024), and TAIWAN (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5083_1    >>> QOG EXPERT JUDGEMENT OF PUBLIC SECTOR: FIRMS PROVIDE 
               KICKBACKS TO PUBLIC SERVANTS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         QOG expert judgment of public sector: Firms that provide the most
         favorable kickbacks to senior officials are awarded public 
         procurement contracts in favor of forms making the lowest bid. 
         ..................................................................

             01. HARDLY EVER
             02.
             03.
             04.
             05.
             06.
             07. ALMOST ALWAYS

             09. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5083_1
         |          
         | Source of data:
         | Nistotskaya, M., S. Dahlberg, C. Dahlstrom, A. Sundstrom, S.
         | Axelsson, C. M. Dalli, & N. Alvarado Pachon. (2021). 
         | The Quality of Government Expert Survey 2020 Dataset: Wave III.
         | University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute. 
         | DOI: 10.18157/qoges2020
         |
         | Data are unavailable for MONTENEGRO (2023).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5083_2    >>> QOG EXPERT JUDGEMENT OF PUBLIC SECTOR: PUBLIC SECTOR
               EMPLOYEES AND HOW THEY TREAT SOCIETY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         QOG expert judgment of public sector: When deciding to implement
         policies in individual cases, public sector employees treat some 
         groups in society unfairly.
         ..................................................................

             01. HARDLY EVER
             02.
             03.
             04.
             05.
             06.
             07. ALMOST ALWAYS

             09. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5083_2  
         |               
         | Source of data:
         | Nistotskaya, M., S. Dahlberg, C. Dahlstrom, A. Sundstrom, S.
         | Axelsson, C. M. Dalli, & N. Alvarado Pachon. (2021). 
         | The Quality of Government Expert Survey 2020 Dataset: Wave III.
         | University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute. 
         | DOI: 10.18157/qoges2020


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5083_3    >>> QOG EXPERT JUDGEMENT OF PUBLIC SECTOR: TREAT CASES
               IMPARTIALLY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         QOG expert judgment of public sector: Generally speaking, how 
         often would you say that public sector employees today, in our 
         chose country, act impartially when deciding how to implement a
         policy in an individual case?
         ..................................................................

             01. HARDLY EVER
             02.
             03.
             04.
             05.
             06.
             07. ALMOST ALWAYS

             09. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5083_3   
         |                  
         | Source of data:
         | Nistotskaya, M., S. Dahlberg, C. Dahlstrom, A. Sundstrom, S.
         | Axelsson, C. M. Dalli, & N. Alvarado Pachon. (2021). 
         | The Quality of Government Expert Survey 2020 Dataset: Wave III.
         | University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute. 
         | DOI: 10.18157/qoges2020


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5083_4    >>> QOG EXPERT JUDGEMENT OF PUBLIC SECTOR: STRIVE TO FOLLOW
               RULES
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         QOG expert judgment of public sector: Public sector employees
         strive to follow rules.
         ..................................................................

             01. HARDLY EVER
             02.
             03.
             04.
             05.
             06.
             07. ALMOST ALWAYS

             09. MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5083_4    
         |               
         | Source of data:
         | Nistotskaya, M., S. Dahlberg, C. Dahlstrom, A. Sundstrom, S.
         | Axelsson, C. M. Dalli, & N. Alvarado Pachon. (2021). 
         | The Quality of Government Expert Survey 2020 Dataset: Wave III.
         | University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute. 
         | DOI: 10.18157/qoges2020


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5084_1    >>> PERCENTAGE OF INDIVIDUALS USING THE INTERNET - YEAR OF 
               ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Percentage of individuals using the Internet in the year of 
         election.
         ..................................................................

              00.00-100.00 PERCENTAGE OF INDIVIDUALS USING THE INTERNET

              999.00       MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5084_1
         |
         | Source of data: World Bank World Development Indicators Open 
         | Database: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS
         | (Date accessed: June 11, 2024).  
         |     
         | Users are advised that there is normally a two or three-year   
         | time lag between these estimates becoming available. 
         | Consequently, data may not be available at the time of coding.      
         | In circumstances where this occurs, the polity will be listed 
         | as DATA UNAVAILABLE in the VARIABLE NOTES below.       
         |       
         | CSES collects the most up-to-date data for each polity available 
         | at the time the data is being processed by the CSES Secretariat.
         | However, aggregate-level macro data from the World Bank is 
         | often updated retroactively as revised estimates become  
         | available. These revised estimates are usually because of 
         | improved data collection, or more evidence becoming available to 
         | allow for more robust estimates to be made, or changes in 
         | methodology. 
         | 
         | The CSES policy is to provide users with estimates of data
         | at the time the data is processed. CSES does not retroactively 
         | update these estimates as to do so might impede replication. 
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRALIA (2022), MONTENEGRO (2023), 
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024), POLAND (2023), PORTUGAL (2024), TAIWAN
         | (2024), TURKIYE (2023) and UNITED STATES (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5084_2    >>> FIXED BROADBAND SUBSCRIPTIONS PER 100 INHABITANTS - YEAR OF 
               ELECTION 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Fixed Broadband Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants in year of 
         election.
         ..................................................................

              00.-800.00   FIXED BROADBAND SUBSCRIPTIONS PER 100

              999.00       MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5084_2
         |
         | Source of data: World Bank World Development Indicators Open 
         | Database: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.BBND.P2
         | (Date accessed: June 11, 2024).  
         |     
         | Users are advised that there is normally a two or three-year   
         | time lag between these estimates becoming available. 
         | Consequently, data may not be available at the time of coding.      
         | In circumstances where this occurs, the polity will be listed 
         | as DATA UNAVAILABLE in the VARIABLE NOTES below.       
         |       
         | CSES collects the most up-to-date data for each polity available 
         | at the time the data is being processed by the CSES Secretariat.
         | However, aggregate-level macro data from the World Bank is 
         | often updated retroactively as revised estimates become  
         | available. These revised estimates are usually because of 
         | improved data collection, or more evidence becoming available to 
         | allow for more robust estimates to be made, or changes in 
         | methodology. 
         | 
         | The CSES policy is to provide users with estimates of data
         | at the time the data is processed. CSES does not retroactively 
         | update these estimates as to do so might impede replication. 
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024), MONTENEGRO (2023), 
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024), POLAND (2023), PORTUGAL (2024), 
         | TAIWAN (2024), TURKIYE (2023), and UNITED STATES (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5085_1    >>> PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION COVERED BY 4G MOBILE NETWORK - YEAR 
               OF ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Percentage of Population covered by 4G Mobile Network in year of 
         election. 
         ..................................................................

              0-100        PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION COVERED BY 4G 

              999.         MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5085_1
         |
         | Source of data: World Bank World Development Indicators Open 
         | Database: https://prosperitydata360.worldbank.org/en/indicator/
         | ITU+DDD+32 (Date accessed: June 11, 2024).  
         |     
         | Users are advised that there is normally a two or three-year   
         | time lag between these estimates becoming available. 
         | Consequently, data may not be available at the time of coding.      
         | In circumstances where this occurs, the polity will be listed 
         | as DATA UNAVAILABLE in the VARIABLE NOTES below.       
         |       
         | CSES collects the most up-to-date data for each polity available 
         | at the time the data is being processed by the CSES Secretariat.
         | However, aggregate-level macro data from the World Bank is often
         | updated retroactively as revised estimates become available.
         | These revised estimates are usually because of improved data 
         | collection, or more evidence becoming available to allow for
         | more robust estimates to be made, or changes in methodology. 
         | 
         | The CSES policy is to provide users with estimates of data
         | at the time the data is processed. CSES does not retroactively 
         | update these estimates as to do so might impede replication.
         | 
         | Data for F5085_1 are unavailable for MONTENEGRO (2023), NORTH 
         | MACEDONIA (2024), POLAND (2023), PORTUGAL (2024), TAIWAN (2024)
         | and TURKIYE (2023).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5085_2    >>> MOBILE PHONE SUBSCRIPTIONS PER 100 INHABITANTS - YEAR OF 
               ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Number of mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in 
         year of election. 
         ..................................................................

              00.00-800.00 MOBILE PHONE SUBSCRIPTIONS PER 100 INHABITANTS

              999.         MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5085_2
         |
         | Source of data: World Bank World Development Indicators Open 
         | Database: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.CEL.SETS.P2
         | (Date accessed: June 11, 2024).  
         |     
         | Users are advised that there is normally a two or three-year   
         | time lag between these estimates becoming available. 
         | Consequently, data may not be available at the time of coding.      
         | In circumstances where this occurs, the polity will be listed 
         | as DATA UNAVAILABLE in the VARIABLE NOTES below.       
         |       
         | CSES collects the most up-to-date data for each polity available 
         | at the time the data is being processed by the CSES Secretariat.
         | However, aggregate-level macro data from the World Bank is often 
         | updated retroactively as revised estimates become available.
         | These revised estimates are usually because of improved data 
         | collection, or more evidence becoming available to allow for
         | more robust estimates to be made, or changes in methodology. 
         | 
         | The CSES policy is to provide users with estimates of data
         | at the time the data is processed. CSES does not retroactively 
         | update these estimates as to do so might impede replication. 
         | 
         | Data for F5085_2 are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024), 
         | MONTENEGRO (2023), NORTH  MACEDONIA (2024), POLAND (2023), 
         | PORTUGAL (2024), TAIWAN (2024), TURKIYE (2023) and UNITED STATES
         | (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5086      >>> FIXED TELEPHONE LINES PER 100 INHABITANTS - YEAR OF ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Number of Fixed-telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in
         year of election. 
         ..................................................................

              00.00-100.00 FIXED TELEPHONE LINES PER 100 INHABITANTS

              999.         MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5086
         |
         | Source of data: World Bank World Development Indicators Open 
         | Database: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.MLT.MAIN.P2
         | (Date accessed: June 11, 2024).  
         |     
         | Users are advised that there is normally a two or three-year   
         | time lag between these estimates becoming available. 
         | Consequently, data may not be available at the time of coding.      
         | In circumstances where this occurs, the polity will be listed 
         | as DATA UNAVAILABLE in the VARIABLE NOTES below.       
         |       
         | CSES collects the most up-to-date data for each polity available 
         | at the time the data is being processed by the CSES Secretariat.
         | However, aggregate-level macro data from the World Bank is often
         | updated retroactively as revised estimates become available. 
         | These revised estimates are usually because of improved data 
         | collection, or more evidence becoming available to allow for
         | more robust estimates to be made, or changes in methodology. 
         | 
         | The CSES policy is to provide users with estimates of data
         | at the time the data is processed. CSES does not retroactively 
         | update these estimates as to do so might impede replication. 
         | 
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024), MONTENEGRO (2023), NORTH 
         | MACEDONIA (2024), POLAND (2023), PORTUGAL (2024), TAIWAN (2024),
         | TURKIYE (2023) and UNITED STATES (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5087_1     >>> EXPENDITURE ON HEALTHCARE (% GDP) - TIME T
F5087_2     >>> EXPENDITURE ON HEALTHCARE (% GDP) - TIME T-1
F5087_3     >>> EXPENDITURE ON HEALTHCARE (% GDP) - TIME T-2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         World Bank estimates of Government Expenditure on Healthcare, total 
         (% of GDP), at three time periods.
         ..................................................................

              00.00-100.00  EXPENDITURE ON HEALTHCARE, TOTAL (% GDP)

              999.          MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5087_
         |
         | F5087_ detail World Bank estimates of the Government Expenditure 
         | on Healthcare, total (% of GDP) at three time periods: the 
         | election year (time T), one year before election (T-1), and two 
         | years before election (T-2).
         |
         | Source of data: World Bank World Development Indicators Open 
         | Database: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS
         | (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).   
         |     
         | Users are advised that there is normally a two or three-year   
         | time lag between these estimates becoming available. 
         | Consequently, data may not be available at the time of coding.      
         | In circumstances where this occurs, the polity will be listed 
         | as DATA UNAVAILABLE in the VARIABLE NOTES below.
         |       
         | CSES collects the most up-to-date data for each polity available 
         | at the time the data is being processed by the CSES Secretariat. 
         | However, aggregate-level macro data from the World Bank is often 
         | updated retroactively as revised estimates become available. 
         | These revised estimates are usually because of improved data 
         | collection, or more evidence becoming available to allow for a 
         | more robust estimates to be made, or changes in methodology. 
         | For more, see the advice of the World Bank at: 
         | https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/114939
         | -how-are-revisions-managed     
         | (Date accessed: April 09, 2019).
         | 
         | The CSES policy is to provide users with estimates of data
         | at the time the data is processed. CSES does not retroactively 
         | update these estimates as to do so might impede replication. 
         | 
         | Data for F5087_ are unavailable for NORTH MACEDONIA (2024),  
         | SWITZERLAND (2023), & TAIWAN (2024).
         | Data for F5087_1 are unavailable for AUSTRALIA (2022), AUSTRIA 
         | (2024), BRAZIL (2022), FRANCE (2022), NEW ZEALAND (2023), 
         | POLAND (2023), SLOVAKIA (2023), and SWITZERLAND (2023).   
         | Data for F5087_1 and F5087_2 are unavailable for MONTENEGRO 
         | (2023), PORTUGAL (2024), TURKIYE (2023) and UNITED STATES (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5088_1     >>> LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH TOTAL YEARS - ALL IN YEAR OF 
                ELECTION 
F5088_2     >>> LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH TOTAL YEARS - MALES IN YEAR OF 
                ELECTION
F5088_3     >>> LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH TOTAL YEARS - FEMALES IN YEAR OF 
                ELECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Life Expectancy (in Years) for all citizens, male citizens, and 
         female citizens in year of election.
         ..................................................................

              00.00-100    LIFE EXPECTANCY IN YEARS

              999.         MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5088_
         |
         | F5088_ detail Life Expectancy estimates from the World Bank  
         | for all citizens, male citizens, and female citizens.  
         |
         | Source of data: World Bank World Development Indicators Open 
         | Database: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.
         | IN (Date accessed: June 07, 2024) & https://api.worldbank.org/
         | v2/en/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.FE.IN & https://api.worldbank.org/v2/
         | en/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN. 
         |     
         | Users are advised that there is normally a two or three-year   
         | time lag between these estimates becoming available. 
         | Consequently, data may not be available at the time of coding.      
         | In circumstances where this occurs, the polity will be listed 
         | as DATA UNAVAILABLE in the VARIABLE NOTES below.
         |       
         | CSES collects the most up-to-date data for each polity available 
         | at the time the data is being processed by the CSES Secretariat. 
         | However, aggregate-level macro data from the World Bank is often 
         | updated retroactively as revised estimates become available. 
         | These revised estimates are usually because of improved data 
         | collection, or more evidence becoming available to allow for a 
         | more robust estimates to be made, or changes in methodology. 
         | For more, see the advice of the World Bank at: 
         | https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/114939
         | -how-are-revisions-managed     
         | (Date accessed: April 09, 2019).
         | 
         | The CSES policy is to provide users with estimates of data
         | at the time the data is processed. CSES does not retroactively 
         | update these estimates as to do so might impede replication. 
         | 
         | Data for F5088_ are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024), MONTENEGRO 
         | (2023), NORTH MACEDONIA (2024), POLAND (2023), PORTUGAL (2024), 
         | TURKIYE (2023), and UNITED STATES (2024).

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5088_1-F5088_3
         |
         | The source of these data is the CIA World Factbook
         | https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/taiwan/
         | (Date accessed: July 19, 2025).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5089_1     >>> COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N INFECTIONS - TIME T 
F5089_2     >>> COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N INFECTIONS - TIME T-1
F5089_3     >>> COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N INFECTIONS - TIME T-2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Number of COVID-19 cases reported to World Health Organization 
        (WHO) (cumulative total) at three time points. 
         ..................................................................

            0-900,000,000.  N COVID-19 cases reported to WHO (Cumulative 
                            total)

              999,999,997.  NOT APPLICABLE

              999,999,999.  MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5089_
         |
         | F5089_ details the cumulative N of COVID-19 cases reported to the   
         | WHO at a weekend. F5089_ measures this at three time points:  
         | the number of cumulative infections reported at the week ending  
         | the week before the election (Time T); the number of cumulative 
         | infections reported in a polity at the weekend one year before 
         | the election date (Time T-1); and the number of cumulative 
         | infections reported in a polity at the weekend two years before 
         | the election date (Time T-2). 
         |
         | Definition: A pandemic is an epidemic of infectious disease that 
         | has spread across a large region or multiple or worldwide and 
         | affecting a substantial number of individuals.   
         | At the time of writing, COVID-19 was first discovered in November
         | 2019. However, it is possible human-to-human transmission of the
         | disease was occurring before this discovery. On January 11, 2020
         | the World Health Organization (WHO) was notified by Chinese
         | authorities of a virus outbreak in Wuhan, China. On January 30,
         | 2020, the World Health Organization classified COVID-19 as a 
         | Public Health Emergency of Concern before eventually declaring 
         | the Health situation as a pandemic on March 11, 2020.
         |         
         | Definition from WHO:
         | "From the 31 December 2019 to the 21 March 2020, the WHO  
         | collected the numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths  
         | through official communications under the International Health 
         | Regulations (IHR, 2005), complemented by monitoring the official 
         | ministries of health websites and social media accounts. 
         | Since 22 March 2020, global data is compiled through WHO 
         | region-specific dashboards, and/or aggregate count data reported 
         | to WHO headquarters.
         | Counts primarily reflect laboratory-confirmed cases and deaths, 
         | based upon WHO case definitions; although some departures may 
         | exist due to local adaptations. Counts include both domestic and 
         | repatriated cases. Case detection, definitions, testing 
         | strategies, reporting practice, and lag times differ between 
         | countries, territories, and areas. These factors, amongst others, 
         | influence the counts presented with variable under or 
         | overestimation of true case and death counts, and variable delays 
         | to reflecting these data at a global level."
         |
         | Source of data: World Health Organization (2023) 
         | WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard available at: https://data.
         | who.int/dashboards/covid19/data (Date accessed: June 07, 2024)
         |
         | Data for F5089_ are unavailable for TAIWAN (2024).
         |
         | +++ TABLE: DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T OBTAINED (F5089_1)
         |
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Date on which estimate reported
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)        May 22, 2022
         | AUSTRIA (2024)          September 29, 2024         
         | BRAZIL (2022)           October 2, 2022
         | DENMARK (2022)          October 30, 2022
         | FRANCE (2022)           April 10, 2022
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)       June 11, 2023
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)      October 15, 2023
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)  April 21, 2024
         | POLAND (2023)           October 15, 2023
         | PORTUGAL (2022)         January 30, 2022
         | PORTUGAL (2024)         March 10, 2024
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)         September 24, 2023
         | SLOVENIA (2022)         April 24, 2022
         | SWEDEN (2022)           September 11, 2022
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)      October 22, 2023         
         | TURKIYE (2023)          May 14, 2023
         | UNITED STATES (2024)    November 3, 2024
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         |
         | +++ TABLE: DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-1 OBTAINED (F5089_2)
         |
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Date on which estimate reported
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)        May 23, 2021
         | AUSTRIA (2024)          September 24, 2023         
         | BRAZIL (2022)           September 26, 2021
         | DENMARK (2022)          October 31, 2021
         | FRANCE (2022)           April 4, 2021
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)       June 12, 2022
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)      October 16, 2022
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)  April 23, 2023
         | POLAND (2023)           October 16, 2022
         | PORTUGAL (2022)         January 24, 2021
         | PORTUGAL (2024)         March 12, 2023
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)         September 25, 2022
         | SLOVENIA (2022)         April 25, 2021
         | SWEDEN (2022)           September 5, 2021
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)      October 22, 2022         
         | TURKIYE (2023)          May 15, 2022
         | UNITED STATES (2024)    November 5, 2023
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         |
         | +++ TABLE: DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-2 OBTAINED (F5089_3)
         |
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Date on which estimate reported
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)        May 17, 2020
         | AUSTRIA (2024)          September 25, 2022
         | BRAZIL (2022)           September 27, 2020
         | DENMARK (2022)          November 1, 2020
         | FRANCE (2022)           April 5, 2020
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)       June 13, 2021
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)      October 17, 2021
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)  April 24, 2022
         | POLAND (2023)           October 17, 2021
         | PORTUGAL (2022)         January 26, 2020
         | PORTUGAL (2024)         March 13, 2022
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)         September 26, 2021
         | SLOVENIA (2022)         April 26, 2020
         | SWEDEN (2022)           September 6, 2020
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)      October 21, 2021
         | TURKIYE (2023)          May 16, 2021
         | UNITED STATES (2024)    November 6, 2022         
         | -------------------------------------------------------------


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5090_1     >>> COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N INFECTIONS PER MILLION - 
                TIME T 
F5090_2     >>> COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N INFECTIONS PER MILLION -
                TIME T-1
F5090_3     >>> COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N INFECTIONS PER MILLION -
                TIME T-2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Number of COVID-19 cases reported to World Health Organization 
         (WHO) (cumulative total) per million at three time points. 
         ..................................................................

              0-900,000.  N COVID-19 cases reported to WHO (Cumulative 
                            total) per million

                999,997.  NOT APPLICABLE

                999,999.  MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5090_
         |
         | F5090_ details the cumulative N of COVID-19 cases per million of 
         | population reported to the WHO at a weekend. F5090_ measures 
         | this at three time points: the number of cumulative infections 
         | per million reported at the week ending the week before the  
         | election (Time T); the number of cumulative infections per   
         | million reported in a polity at the weekend one year before the 
         | election date (Time T-1); and the number of cumulative infections
         | per million reported in a polity at the weekend two years before 
         | the election date (Time T-2). 
         |
         | Definition: A pandemic is an epidemic of infectious disease that 
         | has spread across a large region or multiple or worldwide and 
         | affecting a substantial number of individuals.   
         | At the time of writing, COVID-19 was first discovered in November
         | 2019. However, it is possible human-to-human transmission of the
         | disease was occurring before this discovery. On January 11, 2020
         | the World Health Organization (WHO) was notified by Chinese
         | authorities of a virus outbreak in Wuhan, China. On January 30,
         | 2020, the World Health Organization classified COVID-19 as a 
         | Public Health Emergency of Concern before eventually declaring 
         | the Health situation as a pandemic on March 11, 2020.
         |         
         | Definition from WHO:
         | "From the 31 December 2019 to the 21 March 2020, the WHO  
         | collected the numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths  
         | through official communications under the International Health 
         | Regulations (IHR, 2005), complemented by monitoring the official 
         | ministries of health websites and social media accounts. 
         | Since 22 March 2020, global data is compiled through WHO 
         | region-specific dashboards, and/or aggregate count data reported 
         | to WHO headquarters.
         | Counts primarily reflect laboratory-confirmed cases and deaths, 
         | based upon WHO case definitions; although some departures may 
         | exist due to local adaptations. Counts include both domestic and 
         | repatriated cases. Case detection, definitions, testing 
         | strategies, reporting practice, and lag times differ between 
         | countries, territories, and areas. These factors, amongst others, 
         | influence the counts presented with variable under or 
         | overestimation of true case and death counts, and variable delays 
         | to reflecting these data at a global level."
         |
         | Source of data: Mathieu, E.,  Ritchie, H., Rodes-Guirao, L., 
         | Appel, C.,  Gavrilov, D., Giattino, C., Hasell, J., Macdonald, 
         | B., Dattani, S., Beltekian, D., Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Roser, M.,
         | Our World In Data (2024) database available at: https://covid.
         | ourworldindata.org & https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data/blob/
         | master/public/data/README.md (Date accessed: June 07, 2024).
         |
         | Data for F5090_ are unavailable for TAIWAN (2024).
         |
         | +++ TABLE: DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T OBTAINED (F5090_1)
         |
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Date on which estimate reported
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRIA (2024)          September 29, 2024
         | BRAZIL (2022)           October 2, 2022
         | FRANCE (2022)           April 10, 2022
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)       June 11, 2023
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)      October 15, 2023
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)  April 24, 2024
         | POLAND (2023)           October 15, 2023
         | PORTUGAL (2022)         January 30, 2022
         | PORTUGAL (2024)         March 10, 2024
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)         September 24, 2023
         | SLOVENIA (2022)         April 24, 2022
         | SWEDEN (2022)           September 11, 2022
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)      October 22, 2023
         | TURKIYE (2023)          May 14, 2023
         | UNITED STATES (2024)    November 3, 2024
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         |
         | +++ TABLE: DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-1 OBTAINED (F5090_2)
         |
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Date on which estimate reported
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRIA (2024)          September 24, 2023 
         | BRAZIL (2022)           October 2, 2021
         | FRANCE (2022)           April 10, 2021
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)       June 11, 2022
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)      October 16, 2022 
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)  May 7, 2023
         | POLAND (2023)           October 15, 2022
         | PORTUGAL (2022)         January 29, 2021
         | PORTUGAL (2024)         March 10, 2023
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)         September 25, 2022
         | SLOVENIA (2022)         April 24, 2021
         | SWEDEN (2022)           September 5, 2021
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)      October 22, 2022
         | TURKIYE (2023)          May 14, 2022
         | UNITED STATES (2024)    November 5, 2023
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         |
         | +++ TABLE: DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-2 OBTAINED (F5090_3)
         |
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Date on which estimate reported
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRIA (2024)          September 25, 2022
         | BRAZIL (2022)           October 2, 2020
         | FRANCE (2022)           April 10, 2020
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)       June 11, 2021
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)      October 17, 2021
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)  April 3, 2022
         | POLAND (2023)           October 15, 2021
         | PORTUGAL (2022)         January 26, 2020
         | PORTUGAL (2024)         March 11, 2022
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)         September 26, 2021
         | SLOVENIA (2022)         April 24, 2020
         | SWEDEN (2022)           September 6, 2020
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)      October 21, 2021
         | TURKIYE (2023)          May 14, 2021
         | UNITED STATES (2024)    November 6, 2022
         | -------------------------------------------------------------


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5091_1     >>> COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N DEATHS - TIME T 
F5091_2     >>> COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N DEATHS - TIME T-1
F5091_3     >>> COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N DEATHS - TIME T-2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Number of COVID-19 deaths reported to World Health Organization 
        (WHO) (cumulative total) at three time points. 
         ..................................................................

            0-9,000,000.  N COVID-19 deaths reported to WHO (Cumulative 
                          total)

              9,999,997.  NOT APPLICABLE

              9,999,999.  MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5091_
         |
         | F5091_ details the cumulative N of COVID-19 deaths reported to    
         | the WHO at a weekend. F5091_ measures this at three time points:  
         | the number of cumulative deaths reported at the week ending  
         | the week before the election (Time T); the number of cumulative 
         | deaths reported in a polity at the weekend one year before 
         | the election date (Time T-1); and the number of cumulative 
         | deaths reported in a polity at the weekend two years before 
         | the election date (Time T-2). 
         |
         | Definition: A pandemic is an epidemic of infectious disease that 
         | has spread across a large region or multiple or worldwide and 
         | affecting a substantial number of individuals.   
         | At the time of writing, COVID-19 was first discovered in November
         | 2019. However, it is possible human-to-human transmission of the
         | disease was occurring before this discovery. On January 11, 2020
         | the World Health Organization (WHO) was notified by Chinese
         | authorities of a virus outbreak in Wuhan, China. On January 30,
         | 2020, the World Health Organization classified COVID-19 as a 
         | Public Health Emergency of Concern before eventually declaring 
         | the Health situation as a pandemic on March 11, 2020.
         |         
         | Definition from WHO:
         | "From the 31 December 2019 to the 21 March 2020, the WHO  
         | collected the numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths  
         | through official communications under the International Health 
         | Regulations (IHR, 2005), complemented by monitoring the official 
         | ministries of health websites and social media accounts. 
         | Since 22 March 2020, global data is compiled through WHO 
         | region-specific dashboards, and/or aggregate count data reported 
         | to WHO headquarters.
         | Counts primarily reflect laboratory-confirmed cases and deaths, 
         | based upon WHO case definitions; although some departures may 
         | exist due to local adaptations. Counts include both domestic and 
         | repatriated cases. Case detection, definitions, testing 
         | strategies, reporting practice, and lag times differ between 
         | countries, territories, and areas. These factors, amongst others, 
         | influence the counts presented with variable under or 
         | overestimation of true case and death counts, and variable delays 
         | to reflecting these data at a global level."
         |
         | Source of data: World Health Organization (2023) 
         | WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard available at: https://data.
         | who.int/dashboards/covid19/data (Date accessed: June 07, 2024).
         |
         | Data for F5091_ are unavailable for TAIWAN (2024).
         |
         | +++ TABLE: DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T OBTAINED (F5091_1)
         |
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Date on which estimate reported
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)        May 22, 2022
         | AUSTRIA (2024)          September 29, 2024
         | BRAZIL (2022)           October 2, 2022
         | DENMARK (2022)          October 30, 2022
         | FRANCE (2022)           April 10, 2022
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)       June 11, 2023
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)      October 15, 2023
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)  April 21, 2024
         | POLAND (2023)           October 15, 2023
         | PORTUGAL (2022)         January 30, 2022
         | PORTUGAL (2024)         March 10, 2024
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)         September 24, 2023
         | SLOVENIA (2022)         April 24, 2022
         | SWEDEN (2022)           September 11, 2022
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)      October 22, 2023
         | TURKIYE (2023)          May 14, 2023
         | UNITED STATES (2024)    November 3, 2024  
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         |
         | +++ TABLE: DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-1 OBTAINED (F5091_2)
         |
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Date on which estimate reported
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)        May 23, 2021
         | AUSTRIA (2024)          September 24, 2023
         | BRAZIL (2022)           September 26, 2021
         | DENMARK (2022)          October 31, 2021
         | FRANCE (2022)           April 4, 2021
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)       June 12, 2022
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)      October 16, 2022
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)  April 23, 2023
         | POLAND (2023)           October 16, 2022
         | PORTUGAL (2022)         January 24, 2021
         | PORTUGAL (2024)         March 12, 2023
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)         September 25, 2022
         | SLOVENIA (2022)         April 25, 2021
         | SWEDEN (2022)           September 5, 2021
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)      October 22, 2022
         | TURKIYE (2023)          May 15, 2022
         | UNITED STATES (2024)    November 5, 2023
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         |
         | +++ TABLE: DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-2 OBTAINED (F5091_3)
         |
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Date on which estimate reported
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)        May 17, 2020
         | AUSTRIA (2024)          September 25, 2022
         | BRAZIL (2022)           September 27, 2020
         | DENMARK (2022)          November 1, 2020
         | FRANCE (2022)           April 5, 2020
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)       June 13, 2021
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)      October 17, 2021
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)  April 23, 2022
         | POLAND (2023)           October 17, 2021
         | PORTUGAL (2022)         January 26, 2020
         | PORTUGAL (2024)         March 13, 2022
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)         September 26, 2021
         | SLOVENIA (2022)         April 26, 2020
         | SWEDEN (2022)           September 6, 2020
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)      October 21, 2021
         | TURKIYE (2023)          May 16, 2021
         | UNITED STATES (2024)    November 6, 2022
         | -------------------------------------------------------------


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5092_1     >>> COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N DEATHS PER MILLION -
                TIME T 
F5092_2     >>> COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N DEATHS PER MILLION -
                TIME T-1
F5092_3     >>> COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N DEATHS PER MILLION -
                TIME T-2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Number of COVID-19 deaths reported to World Health Organization 
        (WHO) (cumulative total) per million at three time points. 
         ..................................................................

              0-9000.  N COVID-19 cases reported to WHO (Cumulative 
                            total) per million

                9997.  NOT APPLICABLE

                9999.  MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5092_
         |
         | F5092_ details the cumulative N of COVID-19 deaths per million of 
         | population reported to the WHO at a weekend. F5092_ measures 
         | this at three time points: the number of cumulative deaths 
         | per million reported at the week ending the week before the  
         | election (Time T); the number of cumulative deaths per   
         | million reported in a polity at the weekend one year before the 
         | election date (Time T-1); and the number of cumulative deaths
         | per million reported in a polity at the weekend two years before 
         | the election date (Time T-2). 
         |
         | Definition: A pandemic is an epidemic of infectious disease that 
         | has spread across a large region or multiple or worldwide and 
         | affecting a substantial number of individuals.   
         | At the time of writing, COVID-19 was first discovered in November
         | 2019. However, it is possible human-to-human transmission of the
         | disease was occurring before this discovery. On January 11, 2020
         | the World Health Organization (WHO) was notified by Chinese
         | authorities of a virus outbreak in Wuhan, China. On January 30,
         | 2020, the World Health Organization classified COVID-19 as a 
         | Public Health Emergency of Concern before eventually declaring 
         | the Health situation as a pandemic on March 11, 2020.
         |         
         | Definition from WHO:
         | "From the 31 December 2019 to the 21 March 2020, the WHO  
         | collected the numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths  
         | through official communications under the International Health 
         | Regulations (IHR, 2005), complemented by monitoring the official 
         | ministries of health websites and social media accounts. 
         | Since 22 March 2020, global data is compiled through WHO 
         | region-specific dashboards, and/or aggregate count data reported 
         | to WHO headquarters.
         | Counts primarily reflect laboratory-confirmed cases and deaths, 
         | based upon WHO case definitions; although some departures may 
         | exist due to local adaptations. Counts include both domestic and 
         | repatriated cases. Case detection, definitions, testing 
         | strategies, reporting practice, and lag times differ between 
         | countries, territories, and areas. These factors, amongst others, 
         | influence the counts presented with variable under or 
         | overestimation of true case and death counts, and variable delays 
         | to reflecting these data at a global level."
         |
         | Source of data: Mathieu, E.,  Ritchie, H., Rodes-Guirao, L., 
         | Appel, C.,  Gavrilov, D., Giattino, C., Hasell, J., Macdonald, 
         | B., Dattani, S., Beltekian, D., Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Roser, M.,
         | Our World In Data (2024) database available at: https://covid.
         | ourworldindata.org & https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data/blob/
         | master/public/data/README.md (Date accessed: June 07, 2024).
         |
         | Data for F5092_ are unavailable for TAIWAN (2024).
         |
         | +++ TABLE: DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T OBTAINED (F5092_1)
         |
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Date on which estimate reported
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRIA (2024)          September 29, 2024
         | BRAZIL (2022)           October 2, 2022
         | FRANCE (2022)           April 10, 2022
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)       June 11, 2023
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)      October 15, 2023
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)  April 24, 2024
         | POLAND (2023)           October 15, 2023
         | PORTUGAL (2022)         January 30, 2022
         | PORTUGAL (2024)         March 10, 2024
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)         September 24, 2023
         | SLOVENIA (2022)         April 24, 2022
         | SWEDEN (2022)           September 11, 2022
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)      October 22, 2023
         | TURKIYE (2023)          May 14, 2023
         | UNITED STATES (2024)    November 3, 2024
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         |
         | +++ TABLE: DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-1 OBTAINED (F5092_2)
         |
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Date on which estimate reported
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRIA (2024)          September 24, 2023
         | BRAZIL (2022)           October 2, 2021
         | FRANCE (2022)           April 10, 2021
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)       June 11, 2022
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)      October 16, 2022
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)  May 7, 2023
         | POLAND (2023)           October 15, 2022
         | PORTUGAL (2022)         January 29, 2021
         | PORTUGAL (2024)         March 10, 2023
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)         September 25, 2022
         | SLOVENIA (2022)         April 24, 2021
         | SWEDEN (2022)           September 5, 2021
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)      October 22, 2022
         | TURKIYE (2023)          May 14, 2022
         | UNITED STATES (2024)    November 5, 2023
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         |
         | +++ TABLE: DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-2 OBTAINED (F5092_3)
         |
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Date on which estimate reported
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRIA (2024)          September 25, 2022
         | BRAZIL (2022)           October 2, 2020
         | FRANCE (2022)           April 10, 2020
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)       June 11, 2021
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)      October 17, 2021
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)  April 3, 2022
         | POLAND (2023)           October 15, 2021
         | PORTUGAL (2022)         January 26, 2020
         | PORTUGAL (2024)         March 11, 2022
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)         September 26, 2021
         | SLOVENIA (2022)         April 24, 2020
         | SWEDEN (2022)           September 6, 2020
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)      October 21, 2021
         | TURKIYE (2023)          May 14, 2021
         | UNITED STATES (2024)    November 6, 2022
         | -------------------------------------------------------------

     
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5093_1     >>> COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N TOTAL VACCINE DOSES 
                                   ADMINISTERED - TIME T
F5093_2     >>> COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N TOTAL VACCINE DOSES 
                                   ADMINISTERED - TIME T-1
F5093_3     >>> COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N TOTAL VACCINE DOSES 
                                   ADMINISTERED - TIME T-2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Number of COVID-19 vaccinations (cumulative total) reported
         at three time points. 
         ..................................................................

            0-9,000,000,000.  N COVID-19 VACCINATIONS (CUMULATIVE TOTAL)

              9,999,999,997.  NOT APPLICABLE: VACCINE NOT WIDELY AVAILABLE

              9,999,999,999.  MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5093_
         |
         | F5093_ details the cumulative N of COVID-19 vaccinations reported 
         | to the weekend. F5093_ measures this at three time points:  
         | the number of cumulative vaccinations reported at the week ending  
         | the week before the election (Time T); the number of cumulative 
         | vaccinations reported in a polity at the weekend one year before 
         | the election date (Time T-1); and the number of cumulative 
         | vaccinations reported in a polity at the weekend two years  
         | before the election date (Time T-2). 
         |
         | The genetic sequence underlying the COVID-19 virus was published
         | in January 2020, spurring a series of endeavors to develop a 
         | vaccination to address the severe symptoms of the virus. 
         | Throughout 2020, several different polities and entities 
         | endeavored to create vaccines. On December 2, 2020, the United 
         | Kingdom's Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency temporarily
         | approved a COVID-19 vaccine, becoming the first polity to approve
         | and distribute a vaccine. This was quickly followed by European
         | Union and United States regulatory authorities, with vaccines 
         | becoming theoretically available to much of the world's 
         | population from 2021 onwards. However, the availability 
         | timeline varied considerably by polity. Consequently, for the 
         | years 2020 and before, CSES classified this variable as 
         | "NOT APPLICABLE: VACCINE NOT WIDELY AVAILABLE".         
         |
         | Definition: A pandemic is an epidemic of infectious disease that 
         | has spread across a large region or multiple or worldwide and 
         | affecting a substantial number of individuals.   
         | At the time of writing, COVID-19 was first discovered in November
         | 2019. However, it is possible human-to-human transmission of the
         | disease was occurring before this discovery. On January 11, 2020
         | the World Health Organization (WHO) was notified by Chinese
         | authorities of a virus outbreak in Wuhan, China. On January 30,
         | 2020, the World Health Organization classified COVID-19 as a 
         | Public Health Emergency of Concern before eventually declaring 
         | the Health situation as a pandemic on March 11, 2020.
         |         
         | Definition from WHO:
         | "From the 31 December 2019 to the 21 March 2020, the WHO  
         | collected the numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths  
         | through official communications under the International Health 
         | Regulations (IHR, 2005), complemented by monitoring the official 
         | ministries of health websites and social media accounts. 
         | Since 22 March 2020, global data is compiled through WHO 
         | region-specific dashboards, and/or aggregate count data reported 
         | to WHO headquarters.
         | Counts primarily reflect laboratory-confirmed cases and deaths, 
         | based upon WHO case definitions; although some departures may 
         | exist due to local adaptations. Counts include both domestic and 
         | repatriated cases. Case detection, definitions, testing 
         | strategies, reporting practice, and lag times differ between 
         | countries, territories, and areas. These factors, amongst others, 
         | influence the counts presented with variable under or 
         | overestimation of true case and death counts, and variable delays 
         | to reflecting these data at a global level."
         |
         | Source of data: Mathieu, E.,  Ritchie, H., Rodes-Guirao, L., 
         | Appel, C.,  Gavrilov, D., Giattino, C., Hasell, J., Macdonald, 
         | B., Dattani, S., Beltekian, D., Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Roser, M.,
         | Our World In Data (2024) database available at: https://covid.
         | ourworldindata.org & https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data/blob/
         | master/public/data/README.md (Date accessed: June 07, 2024) 
         | & 
         | Mathieu, E., Ritchie, H., Ortiz-Ospina, E. et al. "A global 
         | database of COVID-19 vaccinations" in Nature Human Behavior 
         | (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01122-8
         | 
         | Data for F5093_1 are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024), BRAZIL 
         | (2022), MONTENEGRO (2023), NEW ZEALAND (2023), NORTH MACEDONIA
         | (2024), SLOVAKIA (2023), SWITZERLAND (2023), TAIWAN (2024),
         | TURKIYE (2023) and UNITED STATES (2024).
         | Data for F5093_2 are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024), SLOVAKIA 
         | (2023), and  UNITED STATES (2024).
         | Data for F5093_3 are unavailable for SLOVENIA (2022) and SWEDEN
         | (2022).
         |
         | +++ TABLE: DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T OBTAINED (F5093_1)
         |
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Date on which estimate reported
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)        May 22, 2022
         | DENMARK (2022)          October 29, 2022
         | FRANCE (2022)           April 10, 2022
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)  April 24, 2024
         | POLAND (2023)           October 15, 2023
         | PORTUGAL (2022)         January 30, 2022
         | PORTUGAL (2024)         September 29, 2023
         | SLOVENIA (2022)         April 24, 2022
         | SWEDEN (2022)           September 11, 2022
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         |
         | +++ TABLE: DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-1 OBTAINED (F5093_2)
         |
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Date on which estimate reported
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)        May 23, 2021
         | BRAZIL (2022)           October 2, 2021
         | DENMARK (2022)          October 29, 2021
         | FRANCE (2022)           April 10, 2021
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)       June 11, 2022
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)      October 16, 2022
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)  May 7, 2023
         | POLAND (2023)           October 15, 2022
         | PORTUGAL (2022)         January 29, 2021
         | PORTUGAL (2024)         March 10, 2023
         | SLOVENIA (2022)         April 24, 2021
         | SWEDEN (2022)           September 5, 2021
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)      October 16, 2022
         | TAIWAN (2024)           December 29, 2022
         | TURKIYE (2023)          May 14, 2022
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         |
         | +++ TABLE: DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-2 OBTAINED (F5093_3)
         |
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Date on which estimate reported
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRIA (2024)          September 30, 2022
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)       June 11, 2021
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)      October 17, 2021
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)  April 3, 2022
         | POLAND (2023)           October 15, 2021
         | PORTUGAL (2024)         March 11, 2022
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)         September 26, 2021
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)      October 17, 2021
         | TAIWAN (2024)           January 14, 2022
         | TURKIYE (2023)          May 14, 2021
         | UNITED STATES (2024)    November 5, 2022
         | -------------------------------------------------------------

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5093_1 
         |
         | The last report of the F5093_1 variable for Taiwan was on 
         | 9/29/2023, and it reported 28314797 total number of COVID-19 
         | vaccination doses administered.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5094_1     >>> COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N VACCINATIONS PER 100 - 
                TIME T
F5094_2     >>> COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N VACCINATIONS PER 100 -
                TIME T-1
F5094_3     >>> COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CUMULATIVE N VACCINATIONS PER 100 -
                TIME T-2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Number of COVID-19 vaccinations (cumulative total) per 100 reported
         at three time points. 
         ..................................................................

              0-900.  N COVID-19 VACCINATIONS PER 100 

                997.  NOT APPLICABLE: VACCINE NOT WIDELY AVAILABLE

                999.  MISSING


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5094_
         |
         | F5094_ details the cumulative N of COVID-19 vaccinations per 100  
         | reported to the weekend. F5094_ measures at three time points:  
         | the number of cumulative vaccinations per 100 reported at the  
         | week ending the week before the election (Time T); the number of 
         | cumulative vaccinations per 100 reported in a polity at the week 
         | end one year before the election date (Time T-1); and the number  
         | of cumulative vaccinations per 100 reported in a polity at the  
         | weekend two years before the election date (Time T-2).
         |
         | The genetic sequence underlying the COVID-19 virus was published
         | in January 2020, spurring a series of endeavors to develop a 
         | vaccination to address the severe symptoms of the virus. 
         | Throughout 2020, several different polities and entities 
         | endeavored to create vaccines. On December 2, 2020, the United 
         | Kingdom's Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency temporarily
         | approved a COVID-19 vaccine, becoming the first polity to approve
         | and distribute a vaccine. This was quickly followed by European
         | Union and United States regulatory authorities, with vaccines 
         | becoming theoretically available to much of the world's 
         | population from 2021 onwards. However, the availability 
         | timeline varied considerably by polity. Consequently, for the 
         | years 2020 and before, CSES classified this variable as 
         | "NOT APPLICABLE: VACCINE NOT WIDELY AVAILABLE."    
         |         
         | Definition: A pandemic is an epidemic of infectious disease that 
         | has spread across a large region or multiple or worldwide and 
         | affecting a substantial number of individuals.   
         | At the time of writing, COVID-19 was first discovered in November
         | 2019. However, it is possible human-to-human transmission of the
         | disease was occurring before this discovery. On January 11, 2020
         | the World Health Organization (WHO) was notified by Chinese
         | authorities of a virus outbreak in Wuhan, China. On January 30,
         | 2020, the World Health Organization classified COVID-19 as a 
         | Public Health Emergency of Concern before eventually declaring 
         | the Health situation as a pandemic on March 11, 2020.
         |         
         | Definition from WHO:
         | "From the 31 December 2019 to the 21 March 2020, the WHO  
         | collected the numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths  
         | through official communications under the International Health 
         | Regulations (IHR, 2005), complemented by monitoring the official 
         | ministries of health websites and social media accounts. 
         | Since 22 March 2020, global data is compiled through WHO 
         | region-specific dashboards, and/or aggregate count data reported 
         | to WHO headquarters.
         | Counts primarily reflect laboratory-confirmed cases and deaths, 
         | based upon WHO case definitions; although some departures may 
         | exist due to local adaptations. Counts include both domestic and 
         | repatriated cases. Case detection, definitions, testing 
         | strategies, reporting practice, and lag times differ between 
         | countries, territories, and areas. These factors, amongst others, 
         | influence the counts presented with variable under or 
         | overestimation of true case and death counts, and variable delays 
         | to reflecting these data at a global level."
         |
         | Source of data: Mathieu, E.,  Ritchie, H., Rodes-Guirao, L., 
         | Appel, C.,  Gavrilov, D., Giattino, C., Hasell, J., Macdonald, 
         | B., Dattani, S., Beltekian, D., Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Roser, M.,
         | Our World In Data (2024) database available at: https://covid.
         | ourworldindata.org & https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data/blob/
         | master/public/data/README.md (Date accessed: June 07, 2024) 
         | & 
         | Mathieu, E., Ritchie, H., Ortiz-Ospina, E. et al. "A global 
         | database of COVID-19 vaccinations" in Nature Human Behavior 
         | (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01122-8         
         | 
         | Data for F5094_1 are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024), BRAZIL 
         | (2022), MONTENEGRO (2023), NEW ZEALAND (2023), NORTH MACEDONIA 
         | (2024), SLOVAKIA (2023), SWITZERLAND (2023), TAIWAN (2024), 
         | TURKIYE (2023), and UNITED STATES (2024).
         | Data for F5094_2 are unavailable for AUSTRIA (2024), SLOVAKIA 
         | (2023), and UNITED STATES (2024).
         | Data for F5094_3 are unavailable for SLOVENIA (2022) and SWEDEN 
         | (2022).
         |
         | +++ TABLE: DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T OBTAINED (F5094_1)
         |
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Date on which estimate reported
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)        May 22, 2022
         | DENMARK (2022)          October 29, 2022
         | FRANCE (2022)           April 10, 2022
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)  April 24, 2024
         | POLAND (2023)           October 15, 2023
         | PORTUGAL (2022)         January 28, 2022
         | PORTUGAL (2024)         September 29, 2023
         | SLOVENIA (2022)         April 24, 2022
         | SWEDEN (2022)           September 11, 2022
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         |
         | +++ TABLE: DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-1 OBTAINED (F5094_2)
         |
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Date on which estimate reported
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRALIA (2022)        May 23, 2021
         | BRAZIL (2022)           October 2, 2021
         | DENMARK (2022)          October 29, 2021
         | FRANCE (2022)           April 10, 2021
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)       June 11, 2022
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)      October 16, 2022
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)  May 7, 2023
         | POLAND (2023)           October 15, 2022
         | PORTUGAL (2022)         January 29, 2021
         | PORTUGAL (2024)         March 10, 2023
         | SLOVENIA (2022)         April 24, 2021
         | SWEDEN (2022)           September 5, 2021
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)      October 16, 2022
         | TAIWAN (2024)           December 29, 2022
         | TURKIYE (2023)          May 14, 2022
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         |
         | +++ TABLE: DATE ON WHICH ESTIMATE FOR T-2 OBTAINED (F5094_3)
         |
         | POLITY (ELEC YEAR)      Date on which estimate reported
         | -------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRIA (2024)          September 30, 2022
         | MONTENEGRO (2023)       June 11, 2021
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023)      October 17, 2021
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024)  April 3, 2022
         | POLAND (2023)           October 15, 2021
         | PORTUGAL (2024)         March 11, 2022
         | SLOVAKIA (2023)         September 26, 2021
         | SWITZERLAND (2023)      October 17, 2021
         | TAIWAN (2024)           January 14, 2022
         | TURKIYE (2023)          May 14, 2021
         | UNITED STATES (2024)    November 5, 2022
         | -------------------------------------------------------------

         | ELECTION STUDY NOTES - TAIWAN (2024): F5094_1 
         |
         | The last report of the F5094_1 variable for Taiwan was on 
         | 9/29/2023, and it reported 275.68 Total number of COVID-19 
         | vaccination doses administered per 100 people in the total 
         | population.


    IV. MACRO DATA: ADDITIONAL DATA BRIDGING VARIABLES

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5200_A     >>> MANIFESTO RESEARCH ON POLITICAL REPRESENTATION 
                (MARPOR/CMP) IDENTIFIER - PARTY A
F5200_B     >>> MANIFESTO RESEARCH ON POLITICAL REPRESENTATION 
                (MARPOR/CMP) IDENTIFIER - PARTY B
F5200_C     >>> MANIFESTO RESEARCH ON POLITICAL REPRESENTATION 
                (MARPOR/CMP) IDENTIFIER - PARTY C
F5200_D     >>> MANIFESTO RESEARCH ON POLITICAL REPRESENTATION 
                (MARPOR/CMP) IDENTIFIER - PARTY D
F5200_E     >>> MANIFESTO RESEARCH ON POLITICAL REPRESENTATION 
                (MARPOR/CMP) IDENTIFIER - PARTY E
F5200_F     >>> MANIFESTO RESEARCH ON POLITICAL REPRESENTATION 
                (MARPOR/CMP) IDENTIFIER - PARTY F
F5200_G     >>> MANIFESTO RESEARCH ON POLITICAL REPRESENTATION 
                (MARPOR/CMP) IDENTIFIER - PARTY G
F5200_H     >>> MANIFESTO RESEARCH ON POLITICAL REPRESENTATION 
                (MARPOR/CMP) IDENTIFIER - PARTY H
F5200_I     >>> MANIFESTO RESEARCH ON POLITICAL REPRESENTATION 
                (MARPOR/CMP) IDENTIFIER - PARTY I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         MARPOR/CMP numeric party identifier for PARTY [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I].
         ..................................................................

             11110-171611. MARPOR/CMP PARTY IDENTIFIER

             999999.       NOT AVAILABLE IN MANIFESTO RESEARCH ON POLITICAL 
                           REPRESENTATION (MARPOR/CMP) DATASET


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5200_
         |
         | POTENTIAL PARTY/COALITION LEVEL BRIDGING IDENTIFIER
         |
         | F5200_ detail the party identification codes from the Manifesto 
         | Research on Political Representation (MARPOR/CMP) project. Codes 
         | are provided for parties that are assigned an alphabetical code
         | (A-I) by the CSES and for polities for which MARPOR/CMP 
         | identifiers are available.
         |
         | The complete list of PARTIES A-I and their MARPOR/CMP codes are 
         | detailed in Part 3 of the Codebook.    
         |
         | The MARPOR/CMP party codes were retrieved from the Manifesto 
         | Project Dataset (version 2025a):
         |
         | Lehmann, P., Franzmann, S., Al-Gaddooa, D., Burst, T., Ivanusch,
         | C., Regel, S., Riethmueller, F., Volkens, A., Wessels, B., 
         | Zehnter, L. (2025): The Manifesto Data Collection. Manifesto 
         | Project (MRG /CMP/MARPOR). Version 2025a. Berlin: 
         | Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin fuer Sozialforschung (WZB), 
         | Goettingen: Institut fuer Demokratieforschung (IfDem). 
         | DOI: 10.25522/manifesto.mpds.2025a
         |
         | Data for F5200_ are unavailable for BRAZIL (2022) and TAIWAN
         | (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5201_A     >>> PARLIAMENTS AND GOVERNMENT DATABASE (PARLGOV) 
                IDENTIFIER - PARTY A
F5201_B     >>> PARLIAMENTS AND GOVERNMENT DATABASE (PARLGOV) 
                IDENTIFIER - PARTY B
F5201_C     >>> PARLIAMENTS AND GOVERNMENT DATABASE (PARLGOV) 
                IDENTIFIER - PARTY C
F5201_D     >>> PARLIAMENTS AND GOVERNMENT DATABASE (PARLGOV) 
                IDENTIFIER - PARTY D
F5201_E     >>> PARLIAMENTS AND GOVERNMENT DATABASE (PARLGOV) 
                IDENTIFIER - PARTY E
F5201_F     >>> PARLIAMENTS AND GOVERNMENT DATABASE (PARLGOV) 
                IDENTIFIER - PARTY F
F5201_G     >>> PARLIAMENTS AND GOVERNMENT DATABASE (PARLGOV) 
                IDENTIFIER - PARTY G
F5201_H     >>> PARLIAMENTS AND GOVERNMENT DATABASE (PARLGOV) 
                IDENTIFIER - PARTY H
F5201_I     >>> PARLIAMENTS AND GOVERNMENT DATABASE (PARLGOV) 
                IDENTIFIER - PARTY I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
         
         ParlGov numeric party identifier for PARTY [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I].
         ..................................................................
 
             0002-2808. PARLGOV PARTY IDENTIFIER

             9999.      NOT AVAILABLE IN PARLIAMENTS AND GOVERNMENT
                        DATABASE (PARLGOV)


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5201_
         |
         | POTENTIAL PARTY/COALITION LEVEL BRIDGING IDENTIFIER
         |  
         | F5201_ detail the party identification codes from the Parliaments
         | and Government Database (ParlGov) project. Codes are provided for
         | parties that are assigned an alphabetical code (A-I) by the CSES
         | and for polities, for which ParlGov identifiers are available.
         | The complete list of PARTIES A-I and their ParlGov codes are 
         | detailed in Part 3 of the CSES MODULE 6 Codebook.     
         | 
         | The ParlGov party codes were retrieved from the projects' 
         | website, available at: https://www.parlgov.org/#data
         | (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).
         |
         | Data are unavailable for BRAZIL (2022), MONTENEGRO (2023), 
         | NORTH MACEDONIA (2024), TAIWAN (2024), and UNITED STATES (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5202_A     >>> CHAPEL HILL EXPERT SURVEY (CHES) IDENTIFIER - PARTY A
F5202_B     >>> CHAPEL HILL EXPERT SURVEY (CHES) IDENTIFIER - PARTY B
F5202_C     >>> CHAPEL HILL EXPERT SURVEY (CHES) IDENTIFIER - PARTY C
F5202_D     >>> CHAPEL HILL EXPERT SURVEY (CHES) IDENTIFIER - PARTY D
F5202_E     >>> CHAPEL HILL EXPERT SURVEY (CHES) IDENTIFIER - PARTY E
F5202_F     >>> CHAPEL HILL EXPERT SURVEY (CHES) IDENTIFIER - PARTY F
F5202_G     >>> CHAPEL HILL EXPERT SURVEY (CHES) IDENTIFIER - PARTY G 
F5202_H     >>> CHAPEL HILL EXPERT SURVEY (CHES) IDENTIFIER - PARTY H
F5202_I     >>> CHAPEL HILL EXPERT SURVEY (CHES) IDENTIFIER - PARTY I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         CHES numeric party identifier for PARTY [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I].
         ..................................................................

             102-6007.  CHES PARTY/COALITION IDENTIFIER
                         
             9999.      NOT AVAILABLE IN CHAPEL HILL EXPERT SURVEY (CHES)
                        DATABASE


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5202_A-I
         |
         | POTENTIAL PARTY/COALITION LEVEL BRIDGING IDENTIFIER
         |
         | E5202_ detail the party identification codes from the Chapel Hill
         | Expert Survey Database (CHES) project. Codes are provided for 
         | parties that are assigned an alphabetical code (A-I) by the CSES
         | and for polities, for which CHES identifiers are available.
         |
         | The complete list of PARTIES A-I and their CHES codes are 
         | detailed in Part 3 of the CSES MODULE 6 Codebook.
         |
         | The Chapel Hill expert surveys estimate party positioning on
         | European integration, ideology and policy issues for national
         | parties in a variety of European countries. The first survey was
         | conducted in 1999, with subsequent waves in 2002, 2006, 2010,
         | 2014, and 2019. Questions on parties' general position on
         | European integration, several EU policies, general left/right,
         | economic left/right, and social left/right are common to all
         | surveys.
         |
         | The CHES party codes were retrieved from the project website,
         | available at: https://www.chesdata.eu/
         | (Date accessed: December 02, 2025).
         |
         | Data are unavailable for AUSTRALIA (2022), NEW ZEALAND (2023), 
         | TAIWAN (2024), and UNITED STATES (2024).


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F5203_A     >>> PARTY FACTS IDENTIFIER - PARTY A
F5203_B     >>> PARTY FACTS IDENTIFIER - PARTY B
F5203_C     >>> PARTY FACTS IDENTIFIER - PARTY C
F5203_D     >>> PARTY FACTS IDENTIFIER - PARTY D
F5203_E     >>> PARTY FACTS IDENTIFIER - PARTY E
F5203_F     >>> PARTY FACTS IDENTIFIER - PARTY F
F5203_G     >>> PARTY FACTS IDENTIFIER - PARTY G 
F5203_H     >>> PARTY FACTS IDENTIFIER - PARTY H
F5203_I     >>> PARTY FACTS IDENTIFIER - PARTY I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Party Facts numeric party identifier for PARTY [A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I].
         ..................................................................

             0003-9089.  PARTY FACTS PARTY/COALITION IDENTIFIER

             9999.       NOT AVAILABLE IN PARTY FACTS PROJECT


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F5203_A-I
         |
         | POTENTIAL PARTY/COALITION LEVEL BRIDGING IDENTIFIER
         |
         | F5203_ detail the party identification codes from the Party Facts
         | project. Codes are provided for parties that are assigned an 
         | alphabetical code (A-I) by the CSES and for polities for which 
         | Party Facts identifiers are available.
         |
         | The complete list of PARTIES A-I and their Party Facts codes
         | are detailed in Part 3 of the CSES MODULE 6 Codebook. 
         |
         | Party Facts links datasets on political parties and provides an
         | online platform about parties and their history as recorded in
         | social science datasets.
         | Political scientists have accumulated a large amount of data on
         | political parties. With this information, we can trace the
         | dynamics of party competition across countries and time. However,
         | the many existing datasets with crucial information about
         | political parties are difficult to link. Party Facts establishes
         | an infrastructure that supports political scientists in linking
         | parties across datasets.    
         |
         | The Party Facts codes were retrieved from the project website,
         | available at:
         | https://partyfacts.herokuapp.com/download/
         | (Date accessed: April 03, 2024).


===========================================================================
))) CSES MODULE 6 VARIABLES: DATA BRIDGING WITH CSES PRODUCTS
===========================================================================

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F6000_PR_1  >>> IMD BRIDGING VARIABLE: CURRENT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: 
                VOTE CHOICE - 1ST ROUND
F6000_PR_2  >>> IMD BRIDGING VARIABLE: CURRENT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: 
                VOTE CHOICE - 2ND ROUND
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondent's vote choice for President in the first/second round 
         of election, based on numeric party codes from the CSES Integrated 
         Module Dataset (CSES IMD).
         ..................................................................

             0000001-9000000. [SEE CSES IMD CODEBOOK PART 3 FOR HARMONIZED 
                              PARTY /COALITION NUMERICAL CODES]


             9999980. CSES IMD NUMERIC PARTY CODE NOT ASSIGNED YET

             9999988. NONE OF THE CANDIDATES
             9999989. INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE
             9999990. OTHER LEFT-WING CANDIDATE (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)
             9999991. OTHER RIGHT-WING CANDIDATE (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)
             9999992. OTHER CANDIDATE (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)

             9999993. INVALID/ BLANK BALLOT

             9999995. NOT APPLICABLE: NO ROLE OF PRESIDENT
             9999996. NOT APPLICABLE: NO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION/ 
                      NO SECOND ROUND

             9999997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
             9999998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

             9999999. MISSING/ABSTAINED (DID NOT VOTE)


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F6000_PR_ 
         |
         | POTENTIAL CSES PRODUCT BRIDGING IDENTIFIER
         |
         | F6000_ detail respondents' vote choice in the current election -
         | if applicable and respondents cast a ballot - based on 
         | harmonized numeric identification codes applied in the CSES 
         | Integrated Module Dataset (IMD), a CSES data product including
         | data from all four completed CSES Modules. 
         |
         | By coding vote choice according to IMD standards, F6000_ 
         | variables thus ease appending the current version of CSES
         | MODULE 6 to the CSES IMD and thereby facilitate longitudinal
         | comparative research. 
         |
         | In CSES IMD, each party/coalition receives a unique numerical 
         | identifier that is consistent across modules. This seven-digit 
         | numerical identifier, on which coding for F6000_ is based, 
         | contains information on the polity and a unique numerical value 
         | to distinguish the party/coalition. Hence, numerical party/
         | coalition codes are harmonized across Modules within CSES IMD.  
         | For more detailed information on how CSES codes parties/
         | coalitions, please see Part 3 of the CSES IMD Codebook.
         |
         | The harmonized and consistent codes for parties/coalitions are 
         | detailed in Part 3 of the CSES IMD Codebook. Users can search for 
         | the following term: "CSES IMD HARMONIZED PARTY/COALITION 
         | NUMERICAL CODES". 
         |
         | The corresponding variables to F6000_ in the CSES IMD are: 
         | F6000_PR_1:   IMD3002_PR_1
         | F6000_PR_2:   IMD3002_PR_2
         | F6000_LH_PL:  IMD3002_LH_PL
         | F6000_LH_DC:  IMD3002_LH_DC
         |   
         | Codes are provided in F6000_PR_ for parties that are assigned a 
         | harmonized IMD numeric party code by the CSES and for polities  
         | which are at least represented once in the CSES IMD. 
         | Parties that are not represented in the IMD and have thus not 
         | been assigned an IMD numeric party code yet are coded "999980.
         | IMD NUMERIC PARTY CODE NOT ASSIGNED YET" in F6000_PR_ and are 
         | listed in the table below. 
         |
         | +++ TABLE: PARTIES INCLUDED IN F3011_PR_ FOR WHICH IMD NUMERIC
         |            PARTY CODES HAVE NOT BEEN ASSIGNED YET 
         |
         | CSES MODULE 6 NUMERICAL CODE          CSES MODULE 6 ALPHABETICAL
         | AND PARTY/COALITION NAME              PARTY CODE (IF APPLICABLE)
         |-----------------------------------------------------------------
         | BRAZIL (2022):
         | 076005. Brazil Union (UNIAO)                           PARTY E
         | 076008. Popular Unity (UP)
         |
         | FRANCE (2022):
         | 250004. Reconquest                                     PARTY D
         |
         | MONTENEGRO (2023):
         | 499001. Movement Europe Now!                           PARTY A
         | 499019. United Montenegro (UCG)
         |
         | TURKIYE (2023):
         | 792004. Homeland Party                                 PARTY D
         |-----------------------------------------------------------------
         |
         | Users are advised that appending the CSES MODULE 6 dataset to 
         | CSES IMD requires renaming F6000_ variables in accordance with
         | IMD naming conventions first. 
         | In what follows, we provide example syntax on how appending 
         | can be achieved in STATA: 
         |
         | ** // RENAMING F1003_1 ID VARIABLE AND F6000_ VARIABLES ACCORDING 
         | **    TO IMD STANDARDS
         |
         | rename F1003_1 IMD1005
         | rename F6000_PR_1 IMD3002_PR_1
         | rename F6000_PR_2 IMD3002_PR_2
         | rename F6000_LH_PL IMD3002_LH_PL
         | rename F6000_LH_DC IMD3002_LH_DC
         |
         | ** // SAVING MODULE 6 DATASET
         | save "cses6.dta", replace
         |
         | ** // APPENDING CSES MODULE 6 DATASET TO CSES IMD
         | use "cses_imd.dta", clear
         | append using "cses6.dta"
         | 
         | ** // END OF EXAMPLE CODE 
         |
         | Further, users should note that upon appending the CSES MODULE 6
         | dataset to IMD, code "9999980. CSES IMD NUMERIC PARTY CODE NOT
         | ASSIGNED YET" will not be labeled yet, as this code was newly
         | introduced in F6000_ and has hence not been envisaged for IMD.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F6000_LH_PL >>> IMD BRIDGING VARIABLE: CURRENT LOWER HOUSE ELECTION: 
                VOTE CHOICE: PARTY LIST
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondent's vote choice for party list in the current Lower House 
         elections, based on numeric party codes from the CSES Integrated 
         Module Dataset (CSES IMD).
         ..................................................................

         0000001-9000000. [SEE CSES IMD CODEBOOK PART 3 FOR HARMONIZED 
                           PARTY /COALITION NUMERICAL CODES]


                 9999980. CSES IMD NUMERIC PARTY CODE NOT ASSIGNED YET

                 9999988. NONE OF THE CANDIDATES/PARTIES
                 9999989. INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE 
                 9999990. OTHER LEFT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY 
                          (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)
                 9999991. OTHER RIGHT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY
                          (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)
                 9999992. OTHER CANDIDATE/PARTY (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)

                 9999993. INVALID/ BLANK BALLOT
                 9999995. NOT APPLICABLE: NOT A LIST SYSTEM
                 9999996. NOT APPLICABLE: NO LOWER HOUSE ELECTION

                 9999997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
                 9999998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

                 9999999. MISSING/ABSTAINED (DID NOT VOTE)


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F6000_LH_PL 
         |
         | POTENTIAL CSES PRODUCT BRIDGING IDENTIFIER
         |
         | F6000_ detail respondents' vote choice in the current election -
         | if applicable and respondents cast a ballot - based on 
         | harmonized numeric identification codes applied in the
         | CSES Integrated Module Dataset (IMD), a CSES data product 
         | including data from all four completed CSES Modules. 
         |
         | By coding vote choice according to IMD standards, F6000_ 
         | variables thus ease appending the current version of CSES
         | MODULE 6 to the CSES IMD and thereby facilitate longitudinal
         | comparative research. 
         |
         | In CSES IMD, each party/coalition receives a unique numerical 
         | identifier that is consistent across modules. This seven-digit 
         | numerical identifier, on which coding for F6000_ is based, 
         | contains information on the polity and a unique numerical value 
         | to distinguish the party/coalition. Hence, numerical party/
         | coalition codes are harmonized across Modules within CSES IMD.  
         | For more detailed information on how CSES codes parties/
         | coalitions, please see Part 3 of the CSES IMD Codebook.
         |
         | The harmonized and consistent codes for parties/coalitions are 
         | detailed in Part 3 of the CSES IMD Codebook. Users can search for 
         | the following term: "CSES IMD HARMONIZED PARTY/COALITION 
         | NUMERICAL CODES". 
         |
         | The corresponding variables to F6000_ in the CSES IMD are: 
         | F6000_PR_1:   IMD3002_PR_1
         | F6000_PR_2:   IMD3002_PR_2
         | F6000_LH_PL:  IMD3002_LH_PL
         | F6000_LH_DC:  IMD3002_LH_DC
         |   
         | Codes are provided in F6000_LH_PL for parties that are assigned  
         | a harmonized IMD numeric party code by the CSES and for polities  
         | which are at least represented once in the CSES IMD. 
         | Parties that are not represented in the IMD and have thus not 
         | been assigned an IMD numeric party code yet are coded "999980.
         | IMD NUMERIC PARTY CODE NOT ASSIGNED YET" in F6000_LH_PL and are 
         | listed in the table below. 
         |
         | +++ TABLE: PARTIES INCLUDED IN F3011_LH_PL FOR WHICH IMD NUMERIC
         |            PARTY CODES HAVE NOT BEEN ASSIGNED YET 
         |
         | CSES MODULE 6 NUMERICAL CODE         CSES MODULE 6 ALPHABETICAL
         | AND PARTY/COALITION NAME             PARTY CODE (IF APPLICABLE)
         |-----------------------------------------------------------------
         | AUSTRIA (2024):
         | 040007. The Beer Party (BIER)                          PARTY G
         | 040008. Madeleine Petrovic List (KMG)                         
         | 040009. Change
         | 040010. MFG Austria - People Freedom Fundamental Rights (MFG)        
         | 040011. Gaza List: Voices against the Genocide (GAZA)
         |
         | BRAZIL (2022):
         | 076005. Brazil Union (UNIAO)                           PARTY E
         |
         | DENMARK (2022): 
         | 208003. Moderates (M)                                  PARTY C
         | 208005. Denmark Democrats - Inger Stojberg             PARTY E
         | 208013. Independent Greens (FG)
         |
         | MONTENEGRO (2023):
         | 499001. Movement Europe Now!                           PARTY A
         | 499002. Together! (DPS-SD-DUA-LP)
         | 499003. For the Future of Montenegro (NSD-DNP-RP)
         | 499004. Aleksa and Dritan - Count Bravely! (Demokrate-URA) 
         | 499006. SNP - DEMOS Alliance
         | 499008. Justice for All!
         | 499009. Reversal for a Safe Montenegro
         | 499010. Albanian Alliance
         | 499011. People's Coalition
         | 499014. Yes we can
         |
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023):
         | 554008. New Zealand Loyal Party (NZL)                  PARTY H
         | 554009. NewZeal 
         | 554011. DemocracyNZ
         | 554012. Animal Justice Party Aotearoa New Zealand (AJP)
         | 554014. Leighton Baker Party
         |
         | POLAND (2023):
         | 616003. Third Way (TD)
         | 616010. There is One Poland (PJJ)
         |
         | SLOVAKIA (2023):
         | 703003. Voice - Social Democracy (Hlas-SD)             PARTY C
         | 703008. Movement REPUBLIKA (HR)                        PARTY H
         | 703009. Hungarian Alliance (MSSA)                      PARTY I
         | 703010. Democrats    
         | 703013. Communist Party of Slovakia (KSS)    
         | 703015. Hungarian Forum (MF)    
         | 703016. MySlovensko
         | 703017. Justice
         |
         | SLOVENIA (2022):
         | 705001. Freedom Movement (GS)                          PARTY A   
         | 705005. The Left                                       PARTY E
         | 705006. List of Marjan Sarec (LMS)                     PARTY F
         | 705007. Let's Connect Slovenia (PoS)                   PARTY G
         | 705008. Resni.ca                                       PARTY H
         | 705009. Party of Alenka Bratusek (SAB)                 PARTY I
         | 705010. Healthy Society Movement (ZD)
         | 705011. Our Future and Good State (SNP + DD)
         | 705012. Pirate Party (Pirati)
         | 705013. Our Country
         | 705015. VESNA - Green Party (VESNA)
         | 705017. List of Boris Popovic - Let's Digitize Slovenia (LBP)
         |
         | SWITZERLAND (2023):
         | 756004. The Center (DM/LC)                             PARTY D   
         |
         | TAIWAN (2024):
         | 158005. Taiwan Obasang Political Equality Party
         | 158012. Judicial Reform Party
         |
         | TURKIYE (2023):
         | 792004. Homeland Party                                 PARTY D
         | 792012. Party of Greens and the Left Future (YSP)      PARTY H
         | 792013. New Welfare Party (YRP)                        PARTY I
         | 792014. Victory Party (ZP)
         | 792015. Workers' Party of Turkiye (TIP)
         |-----------------------------------------------------------------
         |
         | Users are advised that appending the CSES MODULE 6 dataset to 
         | CSES IMD requires renaming F6000_ variables in accordance with
         | IMD naming conventions first. 
         | In what follows, we provide example syntax on how appending 
         | can be achieved in STATA: 
         |
         | ** // RENAMING F1003_1 ID VARIABLE AND F6000_ VARIABLES ACCORDING 
         | **    TO IMD STANDARDS
         |
         | rename F1003_1 IMD1005
         | rename F6000_PR_1 IMD3002_PR_1
         | rename F6000_PR_2 IMD3002_PR_2
         | rename F6000_LH_PL IMD3002_LH_PL
         | rename F6000_LH_DC IMD3002_LH_DC
         |
         | ** // SAVING MODULE 6 DATASET
         | save "cses6.dta", replace
         |
         | ** // APPENDING CSES MODULE 6 DATASET TO CSES IMD
         | use "cses_imd.dta", clear
         | append using "cses6.dta"
         |
         | ** // END OF EXAMPLE CODE
         |
         | Further, users should note that upon appending the CSES MODULE 6
         | dataset to IMD, code "9999980. CSES IMD NUMERIC PARTY CODE NOT
         | ASSIGNED YET" will not be labeled yet, as this code was newly
         | introduced in F6000_ and has hence not been envisaged for IMD.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
F6000_LH_DC >>> IMD BRIDGING VARIABLE: CURRENT LOWER HOUSE ELECTION: 
                VOTE CHOICE: DISTRICT CANDIDATE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Respondent's vote choice for district candidate in the current 
         Lower House elections, based on numeric party codes from the CSES 
         Integrated Module Dataset (CSES IMD).
         ..................................................................

         0000001-9000000. [SEE CSES IMD CODEBOOK PART 3 FOR HARMONIZED 
                           PARTY /COALITION NUMERICAL CODES]


                 9999980. CSES IMD NUMERIC PARTY CODE NOT ASSIGNED YET
                    
                 9999988. NONE OF THE CANDIDATES/PARTIES
                 9999989. INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE 
                 9999990. OTHER LEFT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY 
                          (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)
                 9999991. OTHER RIGHT-WING CANDIDATE/PARTY
                          (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)
                 9999992. OTHER CANDIDATE/PARTY (NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED)

                 9999993. INVALID/ BLANK BALLOT
                 9999995. NOT APPLICABLE: NO DISTRICT CANDIDATE VOTE
                 9999996. NOT APPLICABLE: NO LOWER HOUSE ELECTION

                 9999997. VOLUNTEERED: REFUSED
                 9999998. VOLUNTEERED: DON'T KNOW

                 9999999. MISSING/ABSTAINED (DID NOT VOTE)


         | VARIABLE NOTES: F6000_LH_DC
         |
         | POTENTIAL CSES PRODUCT BRIDGING IDENTIFIER
         |
         | F6000_ detail respondents' vote choice in the current election -
         | if applicable and respondents cast a ballot - based on 
         | harmonized numeric identification codes applied in the CSES 
         | Integrated Module Dataset (IMD), a CSES data product including
         | data from all four completed CSES Modules. 
         |
         | By coding vote choice according to IMD standards, F6000_ 
         | variables thus ease appending the current version of CSES
         | MODULE 6 to the CSES IMD and thereby facilitate longitudinal
         | comparative research. 
         |
         | In CSES IMD, each party/coalition receives a unique numerical 
         | identifier that is consistent across modules. This seven-digit 
         | numerical identifier, on which coding for F6000_ is based, 
         | contains information on the polity and a unique numerical value 
         | to distinguish the party/coalition. Hence, numerical party/
         | coalition codes are harmonized across Modules within CSES IMD.  
         | For more detailed information on how CSES codes 
         | parties/coalitions, please see Part 3 of the CSES IMD Codebook.
         |
         | The harmonized and consistent codes for parties/coalitions are 
         | detailed in Part 3 of the CSES IMD Codebook. Users can search for 
         | the following term: "CSES IMD HARMONIZED PARTY/COALITION 
         | NUMERICAL CODES". 
         |
         | The corresponding variables to F6000_ in the CSES IMD are: 
         | F6000_PR_1:   IMD3002_PR_1
         | F6000_PR_2:   IMD3002_PR_2
         | F6000_LH_PL:  IMD3002_LH_PL
         | F6000_LH_DC:  IMD3002_LH_DC
         |   
         | Codes are provided in F6000_LH_DC for parties that are assigned  
         | a harmonized IMD numeric party code by the CSES and for polities  
         | which are at least represented once in the CSES IMD.
         | Parties that are not represented in the IMD and have thus not 
         | been assigned an IMD numeric party code yet are coded "999980.
         | IMD NUMERIC PARTY CODE NOT ASSIGNED YET" in F6000_LH_PL and are 
         | listed in the table below. 
         |
         | +++ TABLE: PARTIES INCLUDED IN F3011_LH_DC FOR WHICH IMD NUMERIC
         |            PARTY CODES HAVE NOT BEEN ASSIGNED YET 
         |
         | CSES MODULE 6 NUMERICAL CODE         CSES MODULE 6 ALPHABETICAL
         | AND PARTY/COALITION NAME             PARTY CODE (IF APPLICABLE)
         |-----------------------------------------------------------------
         | NEW ZEALAND (2023):
         | 554008. New Zealand Loyal Party (NZL)                  PARTY H
         | 554011. DemocracyNZ
         | 554012. Animal Justice Party Aotearoa New Zealand (AJP)
         | 554015. New Nation Party (NNP)
         |
         | TAIWAN (2024):
         | 158005. Taiwan Obasang Political Equality Party
         | 158009. MiLinguall Party
         | 158012. Judicial Reform Party
         | 158013. Institutional Island of Saving the World
         |-----------------------------------------------------------------
         |  
         | Users are advised that appending the CSES MODULE 6 dataset to 
         | CSES IMD requires renaming F6000_ variables in accordance with
         | IMD naming conventions first. 
         | In what follows, we provide example syntax on how appending 
         | can be achieved in STATA: 
         |
         | ** // RENAMING F1003_1 ID VARIABLE AND F6000_ VARIABLES ACCORDING 
         | **    TO IMD STANDARDS
         |
         | rename F1003_1 IMD1005
         | rename F6000_PR_1 IMD3002_PR_1
         | rename F6000_PR_2 IMD3002_PR_2
         | rename F6000_LH_PL IMD3002_LH_PL
         | rename F6000_LH_DC IMD3002_LH_DC
         |
         | ** // SAVING MODULE 6 DATASET
         | save "cses6.dta", replace
         |
         | ** // APPENDING CSES MODULE 6 DATASET TO CSES IMD
         | use "cses_imd.dta", clear
         | append using "cses6.dta"
         |
         | ** // END OF EXAMPLE CODE


//END OF FILE