=========================================================================== COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ELECTORAL SYSTEMS (CSES) - MODULE 5 (2016-2021) CODEBOOK PART 6: STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS FULL RELEASE - JULY 25, 2023 CSES Secretariat www.cses.org =========================================================================== HOW TO CITE THE STUDY: The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (www.cses.org). CSES MODULE 5 FULL RELEASE [dataset and documentation]. July 25, 2023 version. doi:10.7804/cses.module5.2023-07-25 These materials are based on work supported by the American National Science Foundation (www.nsf.gov) under grant numbers SES-1420973 and SES-1760058, the GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, the University of Michigan, in-kind support of participating election studies, the many organizations that sponsor planning meetings and conferences, and the numerous organizations that fund national election studies by CSES Collaborators. Any opinions, findings and conclusions, or recommendations expressed in these materials are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding organizations. =========================================================================== NOTE TO USERS: We recommend that researchers become familiar with the CSES design, units of analysis, documentation, and dataset weights before beginning their investigations. For instance, while the set of respondents appearing within each election study represents their respective nations, the group of nations that appear within CSES is not a random sample of countries worldwide. Furthermore, while many election studies include 1,000 or so respondents, other election studies may consist of over 10,000 respondents. Some nations will have studies of more than one election in a CSES module, and occasionally there will be two independent studies of a single election. Last, some election studies include oversamples of specific subpopulations or would otherwise benefit from use of the included weight variables. We hope you find our website and documentation useful as you proceed with your work, and welcome any questions or suggestions you have. =========================================================================== TABLE OF CONTENTS =========================================================================== ))) OVERVIEW OF "CODEBOOK PART 6: STUDY DESIGNS AND WEIGHTS" ))) HOW TO NAVIGATE THE CSES MODULE 5 CODEBOOK ))) LIST OF TABLES IN CODEBOOK PART 6 ))) CSES MODULE 5: SUMMARY OF CSES MODULE 5 DATA >>> IDENTIFICATION, WEIGHT, AND STUDY ADMINISTRATION DATA >>> MODULE 5 QUESTIONNAIRE VERSION >>> POLITY WEIGHTS IN CSES >>> TYPE OF POLITY WEIGHTS BY ELECTION STUDY >>> DERIVATIVE WEIGHTS IN CSES ))) OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS BY POLITY & ELECTION YEAR >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - ALBANIA (2017) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - AUSTRALIA (2019) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - AUSTRIA (2017) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - BELGIUM-FLANDERS (2019) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - BELGIUM-WALLONIA (2019) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - BRAZIL (2018) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - CANADA (2019) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - CHILE (2017) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - COSTA RICA (2018) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - CZECHIA (2017) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - CZECHIA (2021) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - DENMARK (2019) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - EL SALVADOR (2019) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - FINLAND (2019) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - FRANCE (2017) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - GERMANY (2017) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - GERMANY (2021) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - GREAT BRITAIN (2017) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - GREAT BRITAIN (2019) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - GREECE (2015) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - GREECE (2019) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - HONG KONG (2016) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - HUNGARY (2018) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - ICELAND (2016) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - ICELAND (2017) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - INDIA (2019) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - IRELAND (2016) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - ISRAEL (2020) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - ITALY (2018) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - JAPAN (2017) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - LATVIA (2018) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - LITHUANIA (2016) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - LITHUANIA (2020) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - MEXICO (2018) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - MONTENEGRO (2016) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - NETHERLANDS (2017) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - NETHERLANDS (2021) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - NEW ZEALAND (2017) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - NEW ZEALAND (2020) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - NORWAY (2017) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - PERU (2021) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - POLAND (2019) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - PORTUGAL (2019) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - ROMANIA (2016) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - SLOVAKIA (2020) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - SOUTH KOREA (2016) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - SWEDEN (2018) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - SWITZERLAND (2019) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - TAIWAN (2016) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - TAIWAN (2020) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - THAILAND (2019) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - TUNISIA (2019) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - TURKEY (2018) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - UNITED STATES (2016) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - UNITED STATES (2020) >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS - URUGUAY (2019) =========================================================================== ))) OVERVIEW OF "CODEBOOK PART 6: STUDY DESIGNS AND WEIGHTS" =========================================================================== Part 6 of the CSES Codebook provides users with general information about the design of each election study included in MODULE 5, as well as the original polity level weights for each study. The purpose of these overviews is to provide users with a quick summary of the study and the weights, including information about the sample size, the fieldwork period, sample selection procedures, the mode(s) of interview, and the language(s) the survey was administered in. For more detailed information about each study's design and its weights, including information on response rates, refusal conversion, questionnaire translation, respondent incentives etc., users are advised to consult the Design Reports for each polity included in the study which are available on the CSES MODULE 5 Study Page: (see https://cses.org/data-download/cses-module-5-2016-2021/). =========================================================================== ))) HOW TO NAVIGATE THE CSES MODULE 5 CODEBOOK =========================================================================== In the CSES MODULE 5 dataset, all variables begin with the letter "E" (E being the fifth letter of the English alphabet and thus signifying MODULE 5). The CSES Codebook is especially extensive and users are advised that the best way to navigate it is electronically. It is a .txt format which allows it to be accessed via a variety of programs. The CSES Codebook can be navigated quickly in the electronic files, with the following commands allowing for quick searching: ))) = Section Header. >>> = Sub-section Header 1. <<>> = Sub-section Header 2. +++ = Tables. CSES QUESTION CLASSIFICATION = For survey level variables only, CSES Question Classification details whether the variable is part of the CSES Core component, which are questions asked repeatedly in CSES Modules, whether a variable is part of the CSES Module Theme component, which are questions specific to the Module Theme under exploration and might not be included in CSES repeatedly, or whether a variable is a Derivative Variable, which is explained below. VARIABLES NOTES = Notes for particular variables. ELECTION STUDY NOTES = Notes for a particular election study. DERIVATIVE VARIABLE = Highlights a variable derived from another variable or variables within the CSES. POTENTIAL POLITY LEVEL BRIDGING IDENTIFIER = Highlights a variable that may be used for data bridging at polity level. POTENTIAL REGIONAL LEVEL BRIDGING IDENTIFIER = Highlights a variable that may be used for data bridging at regional level. POTENTIAL TIME BRIDGING IDENTIFIER = Highlights a variable that may be used for data bridging by time. POTENTIAL PARTY/COALITION LEVEL BRIDGING IDENTIFIER = Highlights a variable that may be used for data bridging at party/coalition level. POTENTIAL CSES PRODUCT BRIDGING IDENTIFIER = Highlights a variable that may be used for data bridging with other CSES products. For further details on the CSES MODULE 5 documentation, users are advised to consult Part 1 of the CSES Codebook. =========================================================================== ))) LIST OF TABLES IN CODEBOOK PART 6 =========================================================================== Below, we list the Tables located in Codebook Part 6. Tables can be accessed in the electronic version of the CSES Codebook by searching for "+++". - OVERVIEW OF ELECTION STUDIES INCLUDED IN MODULE 5 WITH NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS, MODE OF DATA COLLECTION, AND FIELDWORK DATES - TYPE OF POLITY WEIGHTS BY INDIVIDUAL ELECTION STUDIES =========================================================================== ))) CSES MODULE 5: SUMMARY OF CSES MODULE 5 DATA =========================================================================== The Full Release of CSES MODULE 5 contains data from the following 56 election studies in 45 polities. They are listed below in alphabetic order with an overview of some method parameters of each election study. | +++ TABLE: OVERVIEW OF ELECTION STUDIES INCLUDED IN MODULE 5 WITH | NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS, MODE OF DATA COLLECTION, AND | FIELDWORK DATES | | POLITY (ELEC YEAR) No of Mode of Dates of Fieldwork | Observations Interview (Start-End date) | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | ALBANIA (2017) 1,255 F2F Feb 15, 2018-Apr 11, 2018 | AUSTRALIA (2019) 2,000 MX Jun 03, 2019-Jun 17, 2019 | AUSTRIA (2017) 1,203 TP Oct 19, 2017-Nov 30, 2017 | BEL-FLANDERS (2019) 1,084 MX May 29, 2019-Sep 24, 2019 | BEL-WALLONIA (2019) 730 MX May 29, 2019-Sep 03, 2019 | BRAZIL (2018) 2,506 F2F Nov 10, 2018-Nov 24, 2018 | CANADA (2019) 2,889 MX Oct 22, 2019-Nov 21, 2019 | CHILE (2017) 2,000 F2F1 Dec 18, 2017-Jan 31, 2018 | COSTA RICA (2018) 1,456 TP Feb 27, 2019-Mar 06, 2019 | CZECHIA (2017) 1,559 F2F2 Oct 23, 2017-Nov 12, 2017 | CZECHIA (2021) 1,490 F2F2 Oct 11, 2021-Nov 24, 2021 | DENMARK (2019) 1,418 INT Jun 06, 2019-Sep 28, 2019 | EL SALVADOR (2019) 1,488 F2F Jul 04, 2019-Jul 24, 2019 | FINLAND (2019) 1,598 MX Apr 17, 2019-Oct 05, 2019 | FRANCE (2017) 1,830 F2F May 09, 2017-May 23, 2017 | GERMANY (2017) 2,032 F2F Sep 25, 2017-Nov 30, 2017 | GERMANY (2021) 3,152 MX Sep 27, 2021-Nov 21, 2021 | GREAT BRITAIN (2017) 984 MX Jun 28, 2017-Oct 02, 2017 | GREAT BRITAIN (2019) 2,537 MX Dec 28, 2019-Jul 13, 2020 | GREECE (2015) 1,078 MX Oct 29, 2015-Feb 29, 2016 | GREECE (2019) 1,324 INT Dec 13, 2019-Mar 07, 2020 | HONG KONG (2016) 1,020 TP Sep 06, 2016-Sep 18, 2016 | HUNGARY (2018) 1,208 F2F Apr 23, 2018-May 14, 2018 | ICELAND (2016) 1,295 TP Oct 30, 2016-Jan 25, 2017 | ICELAND (2017) 2,073 TP Oct 30, 2017-Feb 02, 2018 | INDIA (2019) 13,963 F2F May 15, 2019-May 26, 2019 | IRELAND (2016) 1,000 TP Mar 01, 2016-Mar 06, 2016 | ISRAEL (2020) 1,209 TP Jun 07, 2020-Aug 06, 2020 | ITALY (2018) 2,001 MX Mar 08, 2018-May 02, 2018 | JAPAN (2017) 1,688 MX Jan 12, 2018-Feb 01, 2018 | LATVIA (2018) 1,011 F2F Nov 14, 2018-Dec 01, 2018 | LITHUANIA (2016) 1,500 F2F1 Nov 11, 2016-Dec 10, 2016 | LITHUANIA (2020) 1,781 INT Jan 21, 2021-Feb 21, 2021 | MEXICO (2018) 1,239 F2F Jul 12, 2018-Jul 18, 2018 | MONTENEGRO (2016) 1,213 F2F Dec 08, 2016-Jan 16, 2017 | NETHERLANDS (2017) 1,903 MX Mar 16, 2017-Jul 03, 2017 | NETHERLANDS (2021) 3,485 MX Mar 18, 2021-May 16, 2021 | NEW ZEALAND (2017) 1,808 MX Sep 27, 2017-Mar 02, 2018 | NEW ZEALAND (2020) 1,725 MX Oct 21, 2020-May 01, 2021 | NORWAY (2017) 1,792 INT Sep 20, 2017-Oct 26, 2017 | PERU (2021) 1,199 F2F Dec 22, 2021-Jan 07, 2022 | POLAND (2019) 2,003 F2F Oct 24, 2019-Nov 17, 2019 | PORTUGAL (2019) 1,500 F2F Oct 12, 2019-Dec 15, 2019 | ROMANIA (2016) 1,105 F2F Dec 13, 2016-Feb 20, 2017 | SLOVAKIA (2020) 1,003 F2F Jun 10, 2020-Aug 31, 2020 | SOUTH KOREA (2016) 1,199 F2F1 Apr 14, 2016-Apr 23, 2016 | SWEDEN (2018) 3,784 MX Sep 11, 2018-Nov 06, 2018 | SWITZERLAND (2019) 4,645 MX Oct 21, 2019-Jan 05, 2020 | TAIWAN (2016) 1,690 F2F Jan 17, 2016-Apr 21, 2016 | TAIWAN (2020) 1,680 F2F Jan 14, 2020-May 30, 2020 | THAILAND (2019) 1,536 F2F1 Apr 25, 2019-Jun 05, 2019 | TUNISIA (2019) 1,477 F2F Jul 18, 2020-Jul 30, 2020 | TURKEY (2018) 1,069 F2F1 Jul 23, 2018-Sep 09, 2018 | UNITED STATES (2016) 3,648 MX Nov 09, 2016-Jan 09, 2017 | UNITED STATES (2020) 7,449 MX Nov 06, 2020-Jan 03, 2021 | URUGUAY (2019) 1,200 TP Jan 28, 2020-Feb 27, 2020 | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | TOTAL 114,714 | | Key: F2F=Face-to-face (using electronic/computerized questionnaire). | F2F1=Face-to-face (using a paper questionnaire). | F2F2=Face-to-face (using both electronic & paper questionnaire). | TP=Telephone. | INT=Internet/Online. | MX=Mixed. | | Users are advised to consult the VARIABLE NOTES for Variables E1032- | E1034 in Codebook Part 2 concerning fieldwork date classifications. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> IDENTIFICATION, WEIGHT, AND STUDY ADMINISTRATION DATA --------------------------------------------------------------------------- CSES MODULE 5 includes several identification, weight, and study administration variables allowing users the opportunity to account for many methodological differences in the fielding of CSES across different studies and polities. A list of relevant IDENTIFICATION, WEIGHT, AND STUDY ADMINISTRATION DATA are below this explanation and can be navigated in the CSES Codebook by searching for IDENTIFICATION, WEIGHT, AND STUDY ADMINISTRATION DATA in Part 2 of the CSES MODULE 5 Codebook, or by searching the dataset for variables beginning "E1XXX". - E1010_1 ORIGINAL WEIGHT: SAMPLE - E1010_2 ORIGINAL WEIGHT: DEMOGRAPHIC - E1010_3 ORIGINAL WEIGHT: POLITICAL - E1011_1 FACTOR: MEAN OF SAMPLE WEIGHT - E1011_2 FACTOR: MEAN OF DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT - E1011_3 FACTOR: MEAN OF POLITICAL WEIGHT - E1012_1 POLITY WEIGHT: SAMPLE - E1012_2 POLITY WEIGHT: DEMOGRAPHIC - E1012_3 POLITY WEIGHT: POLITICAL - E1013 FACTOR: SAMPLE SIZE ADJUSTMENT - E1014_1 DATASET WEIGHT: SAMPLE - E1014_2 DATASET WEIGHT: DEMOGRAPHIC - E1014_3 DATASET WEIGHT: POLITICAL - E1022 STUDY TIMING - E1023 STUDY CONTEXT - E1024_1 MODE OF INTERVIEW - STUDY - FIRST - E1024_2 MODE OF INTERVIEW - STUDY - SECOND - E1024_3 MODE OF INTERVIEW - STUDY - THIRD - E1025_1 MODE OF INTERVIEW - RESPONDENT - FIRST - E1025_2 MODE OF INTERVIEW - RESPONDENT - SECOND - E1025_3 MODE OF INTERVIEW - RESPONDENT - THIRD - E1026 SELF-SELECTION INTO MODE OF INTERVIEW - E1027 DURATION OF INTERVIEW - E1028 INTERVIEWER ID WITHIN ELECTION STUDY - E1029 INTERVIEWER GENDER - E1030 DAYS FIELDWORK STARTED POST ELECTION - E1031 DURATION OF FIELDWORK - E1032 DATE QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTERED - MONTH - E1033 DATE QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTERED - DAY - E1034 DATE QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTERED - YEAR - E1035_1 DAYS INTERVIEW CONDUCTED POST FIRST ROUND OF ELECTION - E1035_2 DAYS INTERVIEW CONDUCTED POST SECOND ROUND OF ELECTION - E1036 LANGUAGE OF QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTRATION - E1037 QUESTIONNAIRE VERSION - E1038 STUDY TIMING WITH RESPECT TO COVID-19 PANDEMIC - E1039 ID COMPONENT - WHETHER POLITY ADMINISTERED CSES MODULE 5 MULTIPLE TIMES --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> MODULE 5 QUESTIONNAIRE VERSION --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Studies included in the CSES MODULE 5 fielded one of two versions of the CSES questionnaire: the pilot questionnaire or the finalized questionnaire. While most studies (50 out of 56) fielded the finalized questionnaire, the pilot questionnaire was fielded by five studies in 2016 that administered the preliminary version of the CSES questionnaire before the questionnaire was finalized in September 2016 by the CSES Plenary. Additionally, Sweden (2018) fielded the pilot questionnaire. Variable E1037 "QUESTIONNAIRE VERSION" in the Dataset classifies for Users the studies that fielded the pilot version of the questionnaire and the finalized questionnaire. The differences between the pilot and finalized questionnaire are documented in the VARIABLE NOTES in CSES Codebook Part 2. They are applicable to the following variables: - E2008 SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS - E2012 NUMBER IN HOUSEHOLD - E3004_1_PT ATTITUDES ABOUT ELITES: IMPORTANT TO SEEK COMPROMISE - E3004_8_PT ATTITUDES ABOUT ELITES: POOR PEOPLE SHOULD HAVE GREATER VOICE - E3006_5_PT NATIONAL IDENTITY: TO HAVE LIVED IN COUNTRY FOR MOST OF LIFE - E3006_6_PT NATIONAL IDENTITY: TO BE COUNTRY DOMINANT RELIGION - E3006_7_PT NATIONAL IDENTITY: TO RESPECT POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AND LAWS - E3006_8_PT NATIONAL IDENTITY: TO FEEL COUNTRY NATIONALITY - E3008_PT GOVERNMENT ACTION - ATTITUDES TOWARDS REDISTRIBUTION - E3016_1 WHO IS IN POWER CAN MAKE DIFFERENCE --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> POLITY WEIGHTS IN CSES --------------------------------------------------------------------------- CSES provides users with up to three original weights from each national election study (see variable E1010_), namely: - SAMPLE WEIGHT (variable E1010_1): intended to correct for unequal selection probabilities resulting from booster samples procedures for selection within the household, non-response, or other sample design features - DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT (variable E1010_2): intended to adjust sample distributions of socio-demographic characteristics to more closely resemble the characteristics of the population - POLITICAL WEIGHT (variable E1010_3): intended to reconcile discrepancies in the reported electoral behavior of respondents vis-a-vis official electoral counts. Users are advised to read carefully about the different weights in CSES to ascertain whether their analyses should be subjected to weighting and if so which kind. The CSES project does not provide advice as to which weights are appropriate to use in particular circumstances. This is best left to analysts to decide based on their detailed knowledge of the research question under investigation. We advise analysts to consult each Polity's Design Report on the CSES MODULE 5 Study Page (see https://cses.org/data-download/cses-module-5-2016-2021/). For information on derivative weights calculated for the Cross-National Dataset, users should consult Parts 1 and 2 (variables E1011-E1014) of the CSES Codebook. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> TYPE OF POLITY WEIGHTS BY ELECTION STUDY --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +++ | TABLE: TYPE OF POLITY WEIGHTS | BY INDIVIDUAL ELECTION STUDIES | | Sample Demographic Political | POLITY (ELEC YEAR) Weight Weight Weight | ----------------------------------------------------------- | AUSTRALIA (2019) X X - | AUSTRIA (2017) - X X | BELGIUM-FLANDERS (2019) - X X | BELGIUM-WALLONIA (2019) - X X | CANADA (2019) X X - | CHILE (2017) - X - | COSTA RICA (2018) - X - | CZECHIA (2021) - X - | DENMARK (2019) - X X | EL SALVADOR (2019) - X X | FINLAND (2019) - X X | FRANCE (2017) - X X | GERMANY (2017) X X - | GERMANY (2021) X X - | GREAT BRITAIN (2017) X X - | GREAT BRITAIN (2019) - X - | GREECE (2015) - X - | GREECE (2019) X X - | HONG KONG (2016) - X - | HUNGARY (2018) - X - | INDIA (2019) X X X | IRELAND (2016) - X - | ISRAEL (2020) - X - | ITALY (2018) X X X | JAPAN (2017) X X - | LATVIA (2018) - X - | LITHUANIA (2016) - X - | LITHUANIA (2020) - X X | MEXICO (2018) X X - | MONTENEGRO (2016) - X - | NETHERLANDS (2017) - X X | NETHERLANDS (2021) - X X | NEW ZEALAND (2017) - X - | NEW ZEALAND (2020) - X - | NORWAY (2017) - X - | PERU (2021) - X - | POLAND (2019) - X - | PORTUGAL (2019) - X X | ROMANIA (2016) X X X | SLOVAKIA (2020) X X - | SWEDEN (2018) - X - | SWITZERLAND (2019) X - X | TAIWAN (2016) - X - | TAIWAN (2020) - X - | TURKEY (2018) - X - | UNITED STATES (2016) X X - | UNITED STATES (2020) X X - | URUGUAY (2019) X X X | ----------------------------------------------------------- | KEY: X = available; - = not available. | | Weights are unavailable for ALBANIA (2017), BRAZIL (2018), | CZECHIA (2017), ICELAND (2016 & 2017), SOUTH KOREA (2016), | THAILAND (2019), and TUNISIA (2019). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> DERIVATIVE WEIGHTS IN CSES --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Additionally to the original polity weights listed in the previous section by national election study, CSES provides users with several derivative weights, constructed from the original weights. They are: - FACTOR WEIGHTS (variable E1011) These variables report the mean weight of each type, within each polity. The resulting factors are then used to create the derivative Polity Weights (E1012 explained below). - POLITY WEIGHTS (variable E1012) These variables report standardized versions (with a mean of 1 within the polity) of the original weights provided with the component election studies, described in E1010. They are the ratio of each weighting factor to the mean weight (E1011) of each type, calculated within each polity. - SAMPLE SIZE ADJUSTMENT WEIGHT (variable E1013) This variable reports the ratio of the average sample size to each election study sample. The resulting factor is then used to create the derivative Dataset Weights, E1014. - DATASET WEIGHTS (variable E1014) These variables are intended for micro-level analyses involving the entire CSES sample. Using the sample size adjustment (E1013), the centered weights (E1012) are corrected such that each election study component contributes equally to the analysis, regardless of the original sample size. Details of the calculation of the above derivative weights, including the precise STATA code used to create the weights, can be found in the variable notes for variables E1011, E1012, E1013, and E1014 in Part 2 of the CSES MODULE 5 Codebook. Analysts are advised to read the weight documentation carefully to ensure their analyses are weighted appropriately (if applicable). The CSES project does not provide advice as to which weights are appropriate to use in particular circumstances. This is best left to analysts to decide based on their detailed knowledge of the research question under investigation. We advise analysts to consult variable notes E1011-E1014 in Codebook Part 2 for more specific information on how the derivative weights were calculated for the Cross-National Dataset. =========================================================================== ))) OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN & WEIGHTS BY POLITY & ELECTION YEAR =========================================================================== --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - ALBANIA (2017) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2017 Albanian Parliamentary elections were held on Sunday, June 25, 2017. Fieldwork for the post-election study was carried out between January 20, 2018, and March 20, 2018 (60 days in total). The mode of interview was face-to-face using an electronic questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered in Albanian, and the fieldwork was administered by the ASSA-Zeitgeist based in Tirana, Albania. The total number of observations from the Albania Study is 1,255 interviews. The study interviewed respondents who were eligible to vote in 2017 Parliamentary elections, namely, Albanian citizens who are 18+ years old. Collaborators estimate that around 2% of the population was excluded from the sample, including those institutionalized during the fieldwork. A random probability sample was used for the study, and the sample covered whole Albania. Polling stations were used as primary sampling units (PSUs). In total, 267 PSUs were selected, stratified by regions and rural-urban location. In all PSUs, eight interviews were planned, one per household. In urban areas, 1 out of 10 households was selected, while in rural areas, it was 1 out of 5, and in those rural areas with low density, it was 1 out of 3 households. The person interviewed within the household was selected randomly, following the last birthday rule. In instances when the person chosen was not available on the first visit, two more extra visits were paid. The selected person was not replaced in case of no contact, even after the third visit. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS No weights provided. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - AUSTRALIA (2019) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2019 Federal election in Australia occurred on Saturday, May 18, 2019. Fieldwork for the Australian study began on June 3, 2019, 16 days after election day. Data collection was completed after 15 days, ending on June 17, 2019. The study, undertaken by Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra, was conducted as part of wave 28 of the Social Research Center's Life in Australia panel. Members of the panel are Australian residents aged 18 years or more. A total of 2,676 active panel members were invited to participate in the study, and the total number of observations from the Australia Study is 2,000 interviews. The survey was administered in English. The study used a mixed-mode approach, including both Internet and telephone (landline and cell) surveys. Respondents were initially contacted and recruited via their landline or mobile phone and offered to complete the questionnaire online. Still, they could self-select into the alternative mode and complete the study via telephone if they were uncomfortable completing surveys over the Internet or if Internet access was problematic. A dual-frame random digit dialing (RDD) sample design was employed to undertake recruitment of the Life in Australia panel in 2016, with a 30:70 split between the landline RDD sample frame and a cell phone RDD sample frame. An alternating next/last birthday method was used for the landline phone sample to randomly select respondents from households with two or more in-scope persons. For the cell phone sample, the individual who answered the call was the selected respondent. Only one member per household was invited to join the panel. In May 2018, the panel was refreshed with 267 new panelists. For both the recruitment in 2016 and panel refreshment in 2018, the RDD sample was provided by SamplePages. Panelists receive a small incentive to join the panel and another incentive for each survey they complete. For the Australian (2019) study, all respondents were offered a 10 Australian dollars (AUD) incentive, and they had a choice to either collect the money or transfer it as a charitable donation to a designated charity. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2019 Australia Study provides a COMBINED SAMPLE and DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. This weight adjusts for the unequal probability of selection. Since some units in the population may not have a chance of selection (for instance, persons without a telephone have no chance of selection for a telephone survey) and there may be different rates of response across unit characteristics, sample weights reduce the extent of any biases introduced through non-coverage. Weights are constructed in the following two steps: 1. Compute a base weight for each respondent as the product of two weights: a. their enrollment weight, accounting for the initial chances of selection and subsequent post-stratification to key demographic benchmarks; b. their response propensity weight, estimated from enrollment information available for both respondents and non-respondents to the present wave. 2. Calibrate the base weights so that they satisfy the latest population benchmarks for several demographic characteristics. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - AUSTRIA (2017) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2017 Austrian Federal lower house election was held on Sunday, October 15, 2017. Fieldwork for the study began on October 19, 2017, lasting 42 days, with completion on November 30, 2017. All interviews were conducted by IPR Umfrageforschung via telephone (mobile and landline). Surveys were administered in German. The total number of observations from the Austria Study is 1,203 interviews. The sample is meant to be representative of all eligible voters in Austria as of election day (Austrian citizens aged 16 or older). The primary sampling units were Austrian municipalities, all of which were included in the first stage of the sampling procedure. The sampling procedure included two further stages, namely, at the household and respondent level. Households within the municipalities were randomly selected (proportional to the size of the municipality), using a dual-frame (50% list frame and 50% random digit dial). Within households, the target person was randomly selected using the next-birthday method. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2017 Austria Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT and a COMBINED DEMOGRAPHIC and POLITICAL WEIGHT. The demographic weight (E1010_2) adjusts the sample to match known demographic characteristics in the voting age population (age, gender, education, region, household size, and employment type). The political weight (E1010_3) is a combined weight that adjusts the sample to match the national election results on top of the demographic weight. The combined weight E1010_3 is a winsorized weight in which upper and lower boundaries were determined by the field institute. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - BELGIUM-FLANDERS (2019) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2019 Federal elections in Belgium were held on Sunday, May 26, 2019. The study had two dimensions: a component designed to capture a representative sample of French speakers and a component designed to capture a representative sample of Dutch speakers. These two components are mapped onto Belgium's two principal regions - Wallonia, composed principally of French primary speakers, and Flanders, composed primarily of Dutch speakers. Consequently, separate samples were drawn for both Belgium-Wallonia and Belgium-Flanders, which also captures the fact that both regions have substantially different political configurations, with different political actors contesting each region, and most parties contesting one of the regions only. The Belgium-Flanders sample is representative of the eligible voting population residing in Belgium-Flanders only (i.e., electoral regions of Antwerp, East Flanders, Flemish Brabant, Limburg, and West Flanders). Fieldwork for the Belgium-Flanders component of the Belgian study began three days after the election, on May 29, 2019. Data collection ended after 119 days, on September 24, 2019, with the total number of observations from the Belgium-Flanders Study being 1,084 interviews. The study employed a mixed-mode approach, with respondents having the option to self-select into a mail-back survey or to participate in the survey via the Internet. Respondents in Belgium-Wallonia received the Dutch questionnaire. KU Leuven, Center for Political Research, conducted the fieldwork. All respondents had to be Belgium citizens with registered residence in Flanders and eligible to vote in the Belgian federal elections. Belgium citizens living in foreign countries have the right to vote but were not sampled for the election study. Also, voters above 85 years old were not approached to participate. This group comprises between 2 and 3 percent of the population in Flanders. A random selection of 4,000 voters in Flanders was selected by the Belgian National Register and drawn from their National Register of all voters in Flanders. The Belgian National Register made the random selection due to strict privacy regulations. The entire sample of 4,000 voters was used in the initial approach, and all drawn voters were invited to fill out the questionnaire. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2019 Belgium-Flanders Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC and a COMBINED POLITICAL and DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The weights were created using the IPF-procedure in STATA. The demographic weight (E1010_2) was constructed based on the most recent available data for age, gender, and education level. The political weight (E1010_3) includes the same variables as the demographic weight, and the vote choice as reported by the respondents compared to the official election results. Where necessary, Collaborators calculated distributions themselves to make sure all information was correct for the specific geographical region. Available information was subdivided by age so that the distributions are corrected for the population older than 18 (which should give a better estimate for educational level, for example). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - BELGIUM-WALLONIA (2019) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2019 Federal elections in Belgium were held on Sunday, May 26, 2019. The study had two dimensions: a component designed to capture a representative sample of French speakers and a component designed to capture a representative sample of Dutch speakers. These two components are mapped onto Belgium's two principal regions - Wallonia, composed principally of French primary speakers, and Flanders, composed principally of primary Dutch speakers. Consequently, separate samples were drawn for both Belgium-Wallonia and Belgium-Flanders, which also captures the fact that both regions have substantially different political configurations, with different political actors contesting each region, and most parties contesting one of the regions only. The Belgium-Wallonia sample is representative of the eligible voting population residing in Belgium-Wallonia only (i.e., electoral regions of Brabant, Hainaut, Liege, Luxembourg, and Namur). The Belgium-Capital Region (Brussels), which is principally French-speaking is deliberately not sampled because of logistical challenges in the implementation of the study - principally its geographic location within the Flanders region, and the challenges of distributing the appropriate language mail-back questionnaire to respondents as a result. Fieldwork for the Belgium-Wallonia component of the Belgian study began three days after the election, on May 29, 2019. Data collection ended after 119 days, on September 24, 2019, with the total number of observations from the Belgium-Flanders Study being 730 interviews. The study employed a mixed-mode approach, with respondents having the option to self-select into a mail-back survey or to participate in the survey via the Internet. Respondents in Belgium-Wallonia received the French questionnaire. KU Leuven, Center for Political Research, conducted the fieldwork. All respondents had to be Belgium citizens with registered residence in Wallonia and eligible to vote in the Belgian federal elections. Belgium citizens living in foreign countries have the right to vote but were not sampled for the election study. Also, voters above 85 years old were not approached to participate. This group comprises between 2 and 3 percent of the population in Wallonia. A random selection of 4,000 voters in Wallonia was selected by the Belgian National Register and drawn from their National Register of all voters in Wallonia. The Belgian National Register made the random selection due to strict privacy regulations. The entire sample of 4,000 voters was used in the initial approach, and all drawn voters were invited to fill out the questionnaire. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2019 Belgium-Wallonia Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC and a COMBINED POLITICAL and DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The weights were created using the IPF-procedure in STATA. The demographic weight (E1010_2) was constructed based on the most recent available data for age, gender, and education level. The political weight (E1010_3) includes the same variables as the demographic weight, and the vote choice as reported by the respondents compared to the official election results. Where necessary, Collaborators calculated distributions themselves to make sure all information was correct for the specific geographical region. Available information was subdivided by age so that the distributions are corrected for the population older than 18 (which should give a better estimate for educational level, for example). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - BRAZIL (2018) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2018 Brazilian general elections were held on Sunday, October 7, 2018 (first round) with a second round of Presidential elections on Sunday, October 28, 2018. The Brazilian Election Study was conducted between November 10 and November 14, 2018. Fieldwork lasted 15 days, starting 34 days after the first round. IBOPE Inteligencia of Sao Paolo collected data in face-to-face interviews using an electronic questionnaire. Interviewing was conducted in Portuguese, with all Brazilian citizens aged 16 years old and older and registered to vote eligible to be interviewed. The total number of observations from the Brazil Study is 2,506 interviews. The sample for the Brazilian study is stratified per state. In the case of states with metropolitan areas, its universe is stratified in metropolitan areas and the countryside. The cities, which constitute the primary sampling units, were probabilistically selected in each stratum in the first step through a systematic PPS (Probability Proportional to Size) method. By this method, 172 cities were selected. In the second stage, census tracts were selected with systematic PPS. In the third stage, a fixed number of respondents were selected within each sampled tract according to quotas based on gender, age, education, line of work, and the number of bathrooms in the household. These quotas were set considering the census update survey from IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) 2010, PNADC 2016 (National Survey by Household Sample) and TSE 2018 (Superior Electoral Court). The households to be contacted within census tracts were chosen by random walk. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS No weights provided. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - CANADA (2019) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 43rd Canadian general election took place on Monday, October 21, 2019. The Canadian Election Study comprised a post-election survey fielded between October 22, 2019, and November 21, 2019 (lasting 31 days), although some respondent demographic information was collected in pre-election interviews. The data was collected by the organization Advantis Inc and data collection was funded by the Social Science and Research Council of Canada and archived by the Canadian Opinion Research Archive. The fieldwork for the survey was conducted by telephone and the Internet, (mixed-mode approach) although all information gathered pre-election was collected via telephone between September 10 and October 20, 2019. All 4,021 respondents were called or e-mailed after the election according to their stated preference and asked to complete the post-election survey. Hence, respondents could self-select into modes for the post-election interview. Fieldwork commenced on October 22, 2019, and finished on November 21, 2019, with 2,889 respondents participating (72% of the original sample). 72% (2,067 respondents) participated via telephone, while the remaining 28% (822 respondents) did so online, with an attrition rate of 28% vis-a-vis the pre-election sample. Interviews were conducted in English and in French, and the sample is designed to be representative of the Canadian population aged 18 years and older in the ten Canadian provinces. The territories, namely Northwest Territories, Yukon Territory, and Nunavut, were excluded from the sampling frame, in line with previous Canadian Election Studies. The population of those areas is approximately 0.3%. Non-residential respondents were excluded as well (0.2%). As the interviews were conducted by telephone, another 0.7% of the population without a phone could not be reached. In sum, it is estimated that 1.2% of the population was excluded from the sampling frame. Respondents were selected by modified random digit dialing and a birthday selection method within households. If there was more than one eligible person in the household at a landline phone number, the person with the next birthday was requested as the survey respondent. The birthday selection method was used as it ensures a random selection of respondents and is a much less intrusive way to start an interview than asking about the number of people in the household, thus making it easier for the interviewer to secure the respondent's cooperation. The sample was stratified by province, targeting 20% of the sample from each of Ontario, Quebec, the Prairies (Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Alberta), the Atlantic provinces (divided evenly among Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Newfoundland) and British Columbia. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2019 Canada Study provides a COMBINED SAMPLE and DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT for the post-election survey. The Collaborators decided the weight is required due to the stratification and the dual-frame (cell/landline phone) design. In order to produce national estimates, it was necessary to correct for both the province of residence and the phone ownership type, as these are both factors that influenced the sample design for the Canadian Election Study. In order to determine the phone ownership type and hence the probability of inclusion of a particular respondent in the study, each respondent was asked at the end of the pre-election survey if they had a wireless phone (if they completed on landline) or a landline phone (if they completed on wireless). Respondents were then assigned an ownership type of landline only, wireless only, both, or refused/don't know. Population proportions among the ten provinces were taken from the 2016 Census and 2017 data for phone ownership by province was used to create a joint probability for phone ownership among each of the provinces. Respondents who refused to provide details about their phone ownership were given a phone ownership type population proportion equal to their sample proportion within province, so as not to artificially create population proportions for this subset. Weights are calculated by dividing the population proportion by the sample proportion for each subgroup so that each is "adjusted up" or "adjusted down" in the overall picture to provide a sample distribution representative of the joint population proportion on the province and phone ownership metrics. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - CHILE (2017) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The Chilean general elections were held on Sunday, November 19, 2017, with parliamentary elections to the lower and upper houses and the first round of Presidential elections. A second round of Presidential elections followed on December 17, 2017. The fieldwork for the Chilean study started one day after Round 2 of the Presidential elections (December 18, 2017), lasting until January 31, 2018 (45 days). Fieldwork was carried out by the agency Feedback, based in Santiago, Chile. The survey was fielded in Spanish, with face-to-face interviewing using a paper questionnaire. The total number of observations from the Chile Study is 2,000 interviews. The Chilean 2017 study is meant to be representative of all citizens of Chile aged 18 years living in Chile, including immigrants with at least five years of residence, which is a requirement to get the right to vote in Chile. The sample for the study was created in four stages. In the first stage, primary sampling units ("communas") were selected. These are the smallest administrative units in Chile. They were ordered by size, and every comuna with 50,000 inhabitants or more was automatically selected. Additionally, a sample of 22 comunas (with less than 50,000 inhabitants) was randomly selected. In the second stage, blocks inside the communas were selected using stratified random sampling, with a probability of selection proportional to the size of the blocks. In the third stage, households within blocks were selected using random systematic sampling procedures. Finally, respondents within households were selected using a Kish table. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2017 Chile Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. This post- stratification weight adjusts the sample to known characteristics of the population. The weight was constructed using Census data and adjusts for gender and age of the respondents. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - COSTA RICA (2018) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2018 Costa Rica general election occurred on Sunday, February 4, 2018. The post-election study was fielded between February 27, 2019, and March 6, 2019 (8 days), with fieldwork commencing 388 days after election day. The Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) funded the data collection, with fieldwork administered by the Political Studies and Research Center (CIEP) at the University of Costa Rica. The total number of observations from the Costa Rica Study is 1,456 interviews. Interviews were conducted in Spanish via the telephone. Costa Ricans without access to a cell phone were excluded from the sampling frame (estimated to be 2.5% of the eligible population). Additionally, voters abroad are not included in the sampling frame, but there are no official estimates about the impact of this exclusion on the sampling frame. The sampling frame is derived from Superintendence of Telecommunications (SUTEL), which publishes a list of cell phone numbers potentially for use by cell phone operators in Costa Rica. These potential numbers form the sampling units for the study. As the study was sampling individuals assigned as owner of a cell phone number, it was theoretically possible for more than one person in a single household to be interviewed. Collaborators applied a formula that randomized numbers from the interval of each operator, with a stratification procedure applied taking into account the market share of each operator. Applying this procedure to the SUTEL database, fifteen thousand potential cell phone numbers were generated. Approximately 70% of these numbers were found to be inactive. Of the remaining 4,570 numbers found to be valid, a sample was drawn, with three contact attempts made to each number telephoned. Calls were made to the numbers at different times of the day over a twelve-hour period. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2018 Costa Rica Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The weight was constructed after Collaborators compared expected values of demographic characteristics (gender, age and education) of the general population to the sample population. The expected values of those characteristics of the population were obtained from the National Household Survey. Collaborators found that over- and under-representation in the survey were related to the educational level. Respondents with higher education, namely university degrees, were over-represented compared to those with lower education, namely primary education. The weight adjusts for educational differences. The weight was constructed by dividing the value obtained in the sample by the expected value of the population. For those respondents for whom no information on their education is available, the demographic weight is coded 1. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - CZECHIA (2017) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2017 Czech parliamentary elections were held on Friday, October 20, and Saturday, October 21, 2017. The post-election survey was fielded between October 23, 2017, and November 12, 2017, with fieldwork lasting 21 days. The surveys were conducted face-to-face using either an electronic questionnaire or a questionnaire on paper. Surveys were administered in Czech. The total number of observations from the Czechia Study is 1,559 interviews. The fieldwork was carried out by the Center for Public Opinion Research (CVVM) at the Institute of Sociology at the Czech Academy of Sciences. It was funded by the Czech Academy of Sciences. For participation, a person needs to be an inhabitant of Czechia and above 18 years old, the eligible age to vote. The sample did not include people without a house or an apartment to live in, about 1% of the eligible population. The survey involved a quota sampling approach. Quotas were designed for each of the 14 electoral constituencies based on age, sex and education. Interviewers selected respondents in their county area based on fulfilling the quota without further specifications. Hence, interviewers could technically contact any address in the area. If a contacted person refused to take part in the survey, another person suitable to the quota was selected. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS No weights provided. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - CZECHIA (2021) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2021 Czech parliamentary elections were held on Friday, October 8, and Saturday, October 9, 2021. The elections and fieldwork took place during the COVID-19 pandemic. The post-election survey was fielded between October 11, 2021, and November 24, 2021. The surveys were conducted face-to-face using either an electronic questionnaire or a questionnaire on paper. Fieldwork lasted for 45 days. Surveys were administered in Czech. The total number of observations from the Czechia Study is 1,490 interviews. The fieldwork was carried out by the Center for Public Opinion Research (CVVM) at the Institute of Sociology at the Czech Academy of Sciences. It was funded by the Czech Academy of Sciences. For participation, a person needs to be an inhabitant of Czechia and above 18 years old, the eligible age to vote. The sample did not include people without a house or an apartment to live in, about 1% of the eligible population. The survey involved a quota sampling approach. Quotas were designed for each of the 14 electoral constituencies based on age, sex and education. Interviewers selected respondents in their county area based on fulfilling the quota without further specifications. Hence, interviewers could technically contact any address in the area. If a contacted person refused to take part in the survey, another person suitable to the quota was selected. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2021 Czechia Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The data file contains the post-stratification weighting variable created using the iterative proportional weighting method. The variables used for the construction of the weight are gender, age (5 categories), education (4 categories), size of a municipality (8 categories), and region (14 categories). The source of data for weighting is the Czech Statistical Office. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - DENMARK (2019) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2019 Danish general election took place on Wednesday, June 5, 2019. The 2019 Danish post-election study was conducted via the Internet between June 6 and September 28, 2019 (lasting 115 days), by Epinion A/S. The questionnaire was administered in Danish. The sample is meant to represent eligible voters in Denmark - Danish citizens aged 18 and older who are registered to vote automatically if they permanently live in Denmark. The total number of observations from the Denmark Study is 1,418 interviews. The study is based on a simple random sample drawn from the Danish person register ("CPR-register") wherein all Danish citizens and long-term inhabitants of Denmark must be registered. Hence, individuals were the primary sampling unit and had the same probability of being selected. Respondents were initially contacted via both postal and "digital mail". With few exceptions, digital mail is mandatory for Danish citizens. The survey was personally sent to respondents by the Danish digital post and verified by a personal access coding system. To increase response rates, Collaborators conducted a lottery among all survey participants. Respondents could win gift cards with a total value of 75,000 DKK. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2019 Denmark Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT and a COMBINED DEMOGRAPHIC and POLITICAL WEIGHT. The demographic weight corrects distributions in the sample to known socio-demographic population characteristics (age, region, gender and education). The political weight was created using raking and builds upon the demographic weight, additionally adjusting the sample according to vote choice in the 2019 Danish general election. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - EL SALVADOR (2019) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2019 El Salvador Presidential elections were held on Sunday, February 3, 2019. The post-election survey was fielded between July 4, 2019, and July 24, 2019 (21 days in total). The survey was administered in Spanish, and the fieldwork was carried out by the Fundacion Dr. Guillermo Manuel Ungo (FUNDAUNGO). The surveys were conducted face-to-face using an electronic questionnaire. The total number of observations from the El Salvador Study is 1,488 interviews. A person needed to be an inhabitant of El Salvador and above 18 years old to be interviewed. The sample did not include institutionalized people, about 0.9% of the eligible population, and military personnel, about 0.45% of the eligible population. The survey employed a stratified random sample. In the stratified two-stage sample, the primary sample unit was made up of the census segments and the second one of the qualified respondents within the census segments. Within each census segment, participants were selected by age and gender, according to the national population distribution. The primary sampling units were census segments selected by simple systematic random sampling. The secondary sampling units were households. Within each census segment, six households were selected, in which one person completed the interview. The six respondents were selected and interviewed according to gender and age quotas determined in accordance with the national population distribution. The sample design also included stratification, as the population was divided into geographic areas (urban and rural). Within each geographic area, random selection was used. Participants received a 3 USD telephone recharge. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2019 El Salvador Study provides a COMBINED DEMOGRAPHIC and POLITICAL WEIGHT. The weight ensures that the respondents who took part in the study represent, as well as possible, the views of the population. The weight controls for age, education and gender, as well as electoral participation and self-reported voting. It was calculated using the raking procedure in SPSS. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - FINLAND (2019) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2019 Finnish Parliamentary elections were held on Sunday, April 14, 2019. Fieldwork for the Finnish election study began three days after the election, on April 17, 2019. After 172 days, on October 5, 2019, data collection was completed, with the total number of observations from the Finnish Study being 1,598 interviews. Market research company Taloustutkimus Oy conducted the fieldwork, which was initially implemented using face-to-face interviews using an electronic questionnaire (although a subsequent contact by telephone for some respondents was required later - see below for more information). Hence, the study is classified as using a mixed-mode approach. The survey was administered in Finnish and Swedish. Respondents were citizens living in Finland who had the right to vote in the Finnish 2019 parliamentary elections (18 years old and older). Citizens from Aland Islands were excluded from the sample (approximately 0.65% of the population in Finland). The sampling method was random route sampling within primary sampling units used as starting points. ZIP codes were used as primary sampling units (PSU) and these were randomly selected within each stratum. The sample was stratified according to Eurostat NUTS-3 regions and degrees of urbanization (DEGURBA) and allocated to quotas based on gender, age, area, and degree of urbanization. The number of interviews was distributed to each stratum in proportion to the 18+ population in each stratum. Overall, 12,442 households were in the sample. Households were selected so that the interviewer was assigned a random starting address within the PSU. Then interviewers selected households randomly. The interviewer screened household members at the beginning of the interview. If the selected respondent fitted the quotas, he/she was eligible for an interview. If an individual refused to participate in the interview, another respondent was recruited using random route sampling. A telephone follow-up with some respondents after the initial fielding of the survey was required due to a programming error by the data collection organization. This error impacted two CSES measures, namely, turnout and vote choice variables. To alleviate the issue to the extent possible, the fieldwork agency attempted to recontact respondents by telephone impacted by this error (N=288) to ask these respondents the questions that had not been included in the original interview. These respondents were not required to re-do the entire interview, merely the missing questions. Consequently, 173 respondents are classified as having completed the interview in a mixed-mode fashion. For more information, please consult ELECTION STUDY NOTES for Finland (2019) for variable E1007 (Sampling Component), available in Part 2 of the CSES MODULE 5 Codebook. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2019 Finland Study provides a COMBINED DEMOGRAPHIC and POLITICAL WEIGHT. The combined weight (E1010_2 & E1010_3) is constructed according to the results of the 2019 General Election. Weights correct any over- or under- representation in the political party support data. Gender, age, language, party choice, and electoral district are variables that were used for the construction of the combined weight in the Finland (2019) dataset. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - FRANCE (2017) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2017 French Presidential elections were held across two rounds: The first round was held on Sunday, April 23, 2017, and the second-round run-off held on Sunday, May 7, 2017. Interviewing for the French election study began on May 9, 2017 (two days after Round 2 of the Presidential elections) and continued until May 23, 2017, for a total of 15 days. Kantar Public conducted fieldwork, and the survey was administered in French, face-to-face using an electronic questionnaire. The total number of observations from the France Study is 1,830 interviews. The sample is meant to be representative of the voting-eligible population, i.e., French citizens who were 18 years or older at the time of the election and registered to vote. Institutionalized persons were excluded from the sample, as were citizens living in the overseas territories due to cost considerations. The sample was realized as a two-stage stratified quota sample. Stratification was based on a matrix cross-tabulating eight regions and four different types of agglomeration (with Paris and its suburbs forming one of these four categories). From the resulting matrix with 29 valid cells, 100 primary sampling units were randomly selected at the electoral district level (circonscriptions). Within the selected circonscriptions, interviewers were instructed to follow random routes starting from a random departure point within the district, including instructions on how to navigate through roads, intersections, city blocks, buildings, and mailboxes. In the second stage, respondents were selected to match predefined quotas for gender (two categories), age (five categories), level of education (four categories), and a combination of occupation (retired or not) and profession (six categories). Quotas were designed to match the latest available data from official statistical sources, with one exception: For education, quotas deliberately underrepresent the lowest education level, reflecting differences in voter registration patterns based on education. For each of the 100 primary sampling units, Collaborators aimed for 18 interviews. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2017 France Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT and a COMBINED DEMOGRAPHIC and POLITICAL WEIGHT. The demographic weight corrects distributions in the sample to known socio-demographic population characteristics (gender, age, occupation, region, size of agglomeration, and respondents' diplomas). The political weight builds upon the demographic weight and additionally adjusts the sample according to the official election results of the first and the second round of the 2017 Presidential election. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - GERMANY (2017) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2017 German Federal election was held on Sunday, September 24, 2017. The CSES survey was part of the German Longitudinal Election Study (GLES) post-election cross-sectional component. Fieldwork was administered between September 25 and November 30, 2017 (67 days in total) by Infratest dimap Gesellschaft fuer Trend-und Wahlforschung GmbH. The survey was administered in German face-to-face using an electronic questionnaire. The total number of observations from the Germany Study is 2,032 interviews. The sample is designed to be representative of all German citizens with registered residence in Germany, aged 16 and older, who would be eligible to vote in the German Federal elections by polling day. The CSES sample includes respondents aged 18 or over by election day. Residents of islands without land connection and institutionalized persons were excluded from the sampling frame (together, less than 0.3% of the eligible population). The survey employed a two-stage stratified random sampling procedure based on resident registers. The primary sampling units were 162 randomly selected sampling points (108 in Western Germany, 54 in Eastern Germany). The sampling points corresponded to a set number of addresses to be selected in the respective municipality during the second stage. Sampling points were allocated to municipalities following a Cox algorithm. Because of the designed oversampling of Eastern Germans, this procedure was conducted separately for Eastern and Western Germany. The allocation procedure of sampling points to municipalities accounted for stratification along regional criteria. Larger municipalities could be allocated multiple sampling points. After the allocation, a total of 162 sampling points were selected by a systematic drawing procedure with random starts for each regional stratum. In case multiple sampling points were drawn in a municipality, the number of addresses selected was increased accordingly. In the second stage, individual respondents were selected from the sampled municipalities. The raw sample of respondents was drawn randomly from the pre-selected municipalities. The selection made use of the state resident register. Again, the procedure used stratification with an age-group x gender-structure matrix. Large municipalities (100,000 inhabitants and above) selected in the first stage were divided into up to 12 spatial clusters. Out of those, four were randomly selected to be included in the individual sampling procedure of the second stage. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2017 Germany Study provides a SAMPLE WEIGHT and a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The sample weight is designed to account for the oversampling of East German respondents. The demographic weight controls for gender, age, educational attainment, functional regional centrality/periphery, and residence in Eastern or Western Germany. Weights were calculated with an iterative proportional fitting procedure. The weighting factors calculated at each step are used as the basis for the respective following steps. Excessively large individual weighting factors were avoided by trimming to a set maximum after each step. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - GERMANY (2021) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2021 German Federal election was held on Sunday, September 26, 2021. The elections and fieldwork took place during the COVID-19 pandemic. The CSES survey was part of the German Longitudinal Election Study (GLES) post-election cross-sectional component. Fieldwork was administered between September 27 and November 31, 2021 (56 days in total) by Kantar Public, Germany. The questionnaire was administered in German. Respondents could self-select into two self-administered modes (mixed-mode approach), namely: an Internet survey and a self-completion mail-back questionnaire. To encourage participation in the Internet segment, Collaborators employed a push-to-Internet design, in which sampled persons younger than 70 were only provided with the weblink initially and received the paper questionnaire with the second reminder. The total number of observations from the Germany Study is 3,152 interviews. The sample is designed to be representative of all German citizens with registered residence in Germany, aged 16 and older, who would be eligible to vote in the German Federal elections by polling day. The CSES sample includes respondents aged 18 or over by election day. Residents of islands without land connection and institutionalized persons were excluded from the sampling frame (together, less than 0.3% of the eligible population). The survey employed a two-stage stratified random sampling procedure based on resident registers. The primary sampling units were 162 randomly selected sampling points (108 in Western Germany, 54 in Eastern Germany). The sampling points corresponded to a set number of addresses to be selected in the respective municipality during the second stage. Sampling points were allocated to municipalities following a Cox algorithm. Due to the designed oversampling of Eastern Germans, this procedure was conducted separately for Eastern and Western Germany. The allocation procedure of sampling points to municipalities accounted for stratification along regional criteria, such that larger municipalities could be allocated multiple sampling points. After the allocation, a total of 162 sampling points were selected by a systematic sampling procedure with random starts for each regional stratum. In cases where multiple sampling points were drawn within a municipality, the number of addresses selected was increased accordingly. In the second stage, individual respondents were selected from the sampled municipalities. The raw sample was drawn randomly from the pre-selected municipalities based on state resident registers. Again, the procedure used stratification with an age-group x gender-structure matrix. Large municipalities (100,000 inhabitants and above) selected in the first stage were split into up to 12 spatial clusters. Out of those, four were randomly selected to be included in the individual sampling procedure of the second stage. Sampled individuals were invited to the survey by mail. Invitation letters included a link to the online version of the questionnaire. All persons within the sample received an unconditional pre-paid incentive of 5 EUR and up to two reminders. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2021 Germany Study provides a SAMPLE WEIGHT and a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The sample weight is designed to account for the oversampling of East Germans. The demographic weight adjusts the sample to known population distributions regarding gender, age, educational attainment, functional regional centrality/periphery, and residence in Eastern or Western Germany. Weights were calculated through iterative proportional fitting (IPF). Hence, the weighting factors calculated at each step were used as the basis for the respective following steps. Excessively large individual weighting factors were avoided by trimming to a set maximum after each step. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - GREAT BRITAIN (2017) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2017 British general election took place on Thursday, June 8, 2017. The post-election survey, part of the larger British Election Study (BES), was fielded between June 26, 2017, and October 2, 2017, lasting 96 days. The data was collected by a consortium of three fieldwork agencies: Gfk, Kantar Public, and NatCen. The fieldwork was coordinated by Gfk. The survey was principally administered face-to-face using an electronic questionnaire, although some CSES questions were included in the self- completion questionnaire, which respondents could choose to self-complete and mail-back or do so via the Internet (i.e., mixed-mode). Hence, respondents could self-select into interview modes for the supplementary questionnaire. The survey was administered in English, with the total number of observations from the Britain Study being 984 interviews (37% of which were a mix of face-to-face and mail self-completion, and the remaining 63% a mix of face-to-face and the Internet). The sample is representative of the population of 18 years and older inhabitants living in Great Britain who were eligible to vote in the 2017 election. Those who are eligible to vote are British citizens, citizens of the Republic of Ireland and citizens of a Commonwealth country with the right to remain in the UK. The sampling frame is restricted to mainland Britain and does not include Northern Ireland or any other island territory, estimated to be less than 0.25% of the eligible population. The sample frame also omitted institutionalized people, defined here as individuals who in incarceration, persons in residential care, or military personnel based overseas), as the sample was drawn from the Small User Postcode Address File (PAF), which does not include these individuals. The sample was selected based on a multi-stage design based on: (1) a stratified random sample of 234 Parliamentary constituencies in mainland Britain; (2) two Lower Layer Super Output Areas (LSOAs) per constituency which were selected with probability proportional to size, (3) selection of addresses from the Small User Postcode Address File (PAF), and (4) one individual randomly selected per address by the interviewer. The primary sampling units are parliamentary constituencies in mainland Britain (234 from 630 were sampled). In the first stage, the constituencies were stratified by country and then (within England) by Region. Within each country/region, constituencies were classified by party competition, defined as a combination of winning party and party competition from the 2010 election. The final stage of stratification was to sort the constituencies within each cell from the least to the most marginal. The constituencies were then selected with probability proportional to population size. At each address, the interviewer established the number of dwellings, then households, and finally people aged 18 or over who were eligible to vote in the general election. At each of these levels, if there was more than one unit present, one was selected by the interviewer using a Kish grid, randomized for each address. Respondents received a gift voucher between 10 GBP and 25 GBP for their participation. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2017 Great Britain Study provides a COMBINED SAMPLE and DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. There were two weights that were applied: selection weights to correct for unequal selection probabilities and post-stratification weights, accounting for differing levels of response from various groups in the population. The combined weight included in CSES was constructed after Collaborators found several demographics need to be considered for the non-response weighting. They decided that the demographics that should be corrected were age, gender, and region. The targets for these were taken from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) mid-year population estimates, and weights were calculated after the selection weights had been applied. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - GREAT BRITAIN (2019) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2019 British general election took place on Thursday, December 12, 2019. The post-election survey, part of the larger British Election Study (BES), was fielded between December 21, 2019, and July 13, 2020. The election took place before the COVID-19 pandemic declared on March 11, 2020. However, fieldwork was partially conducted during the pandemic, lasting longer than initially anticipated and involving a mixed-mode strategy due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. Fieldwork was administered by a consortium of two fieldwork agencies: Ipsos and NatCen. Fieldwork commenced nine days after polling day on December 21, 2019, and lasted 206 days, with the survey administered in English. Initially, the mode of interview was planned to be in-person using an electronic questionnaire. However, when lockdown restrictions arising from the COVID-19 pandemic were implemented in Britain in spring 2020, the study adopted a mixed-mode approach, with a push-to-mail and push-to- Internet strategy. Hence, respondents could self-select into self- administered interview modes. Twenty-two percent (573 respondents) of the sample in part responded to the survey face-to-face using an electronic questionnaire. The remaining segment of the sample (1,914 respondents) were interviewed via the Internet or self-completion mail questionnaire or a mixture of face-to-face (electronic questionnaire), and Internet or self- completion mail. The total number of observations from the Britain Study is 2,537 interviews. The sample is representative of the population of 18 years and older inhabitants living in Great Britain who were eligible to vote in the 2019 election. Those who are eligible to vote are British citizens, citizens of the Republic of Ireland and citizens of a Commonwealth country with the right to remain in the UK. The sampling frame is restricted to mainland Britain and does not include Northern Ireland or any other island territory, estimated to be less than 0.25% of the eligible population. The sample frame also omitted institutionalized people, defined here as individuals who were in incarceration, persons in residential care, or military personnel based overseas), as the sample was drawn from the Small User Postcode Address File (PAF), which does not include these individuals. The sample was selected based on a multi-stage design based on (1) a stratified random sample of 400 Parliamentary constituencies, (2) two Lower Layer Super Output Areas (LSOAs) per constituency, which were selected with probability proportional to size, (3) selection of addresses from the Small User PAF, and (4) one individual randomly selected per address by the interviewer. The primary sampling units are parliamentary constituencies in mainland Britain (400 out of 630 are sampled). In the first stage, the constituencies were stratified by country and then (within England) by Region. Within each country/region, constituencies were classified by party competition, defined as a combination of winning party and party competition from the 2010 election. The final stage of stratification was to sort the constituencies within each cell from the least to the most marginal. The constituencies were then selected with probability proportional to population size. At each address, the interviewer established the number of dwellings, then households, and finally people aged 18 or over who were eligible to vote in the election. At each of these levels, if there was more than one unit present, one was selected by the interviewer using a Kish grid, randomized for each address. Respondents received a gift voucher between 10 GBP and 25 GBP for their participation. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2019 Great Britain Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The weight ensures that the respondents who took part in the study represent the views of the population. It was constructed after Collaborators found several demographics needed to be considered for the non-response weighting. They decided that the demographics that should be corrected were age, gender, education and region. The targets for these were taken from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) mid-year population estimates. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - GREECE (2015) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN Parliamentary elections in Greece were held on Sunday, September 20, 2015. This post-election cross-sectional study fielded the CSES MODULE 5 pilot questionnaire. The fieldwork started 39 days after the election and ran from October 29, 2015, to February 29, 2016 (106 days in total). Data collection was conducted by the School of Political Sciences at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The survey was fielded in Greek and is meant to be representative of all Greek citizens with voting rights (18 years of age and older). The study employed a mixed-mode approach: telephone and Internet. Respondents were recruited via telephone and offered to complete the survey via either mode if they did not have an e-mail address or Internet access. Hence, respondents could self-select into interview modes. With this recruitment procedure, approximately 18% of households in Greece were excluded because they did not have a phone. The total number of observations from the Greece Study is 1,078 interviews. The geographical area was sampled at the first stage, and the area code was identified. In stage two, the telephone numbers were selected by random sampling. Random Digital Dialing (RDD) method was used to select respondents for the study. The individual who answered the phone call was asked to participate in the survey after verifying that they were eligible to vote. If the respondent had an e-mail address, he/she would be encouraged to fill out the questionnaire online. If the respondent had no e-mail address or Internet access, they would be offered a telephone interview. More than 800 respondents from the study conducted after the January 2015 elections said they were willing to participate again. They were also contacted, either via e-mail or via telephone. Up to four follow-up reminders were sent through email to all the respondents to increase the response rate of the survey. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2015 Greece Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The Weight was constructed using the method of raking on gender, age and education. With post-stratification, the population was partitioned into subgroups, then the original weights (in Greek case all equal to one) were multiplied by a ratio which was formed by the corresponding population post-stratum size in the nominator and the corresponding sample post-stratum size in the denominator. Raking allows multiple grouping variables to be used by post-stratifying on each variable in turn, and the process was repeated until the weights stopped changing. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - GREECE (2019) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2019 Greek Parliamentary election was held on Sunday, July 7, 2019. The 2019 Greek study was a post-election cross-sectional Internet survey that was conducted between December 12, 2019, and March 7, 2020 (96 days in total). The survey was administered in Greek and the School of Political Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki was responsible for data collection. The total number of observations from the Greece Study is 1,324 interviews. The sample is meant to be representative of registered voters, that is, Greek citizens aged 17 or above. Respondents were recruited via random digit dialing of mobile phone numbers, such that individuals were the primary sampling unit. Before their inclusion into the sampling frame, Collaborators verified mobile phone numbers were active. Respondents not owning a personal mobile phone were excluded from the sampling frame (about 1% of the total eligible population according to a 2021 Eurobarometer survey). The individual who answered the phone call was asked to participate in the online survey after verifying their eligibility to vote. Collaborators initially planned on offering alternative modes but eventually refrained from doing so after contacting about one-third of sample members, as less than 1% preferred a different mode to Internet interviews. Up to four follow-up reminders were sent through SMS to all respondents to increase the survey's response rate. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2019 Greece Study provides a SAMPLE WEIGHT and a COMBINED SAMPLE and DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The sample weight compensates for disproportionate selection probabilities and was calculated as one divided by the number of cell phones owned by an individual. The combined sampling and demographic weight is built on top of the sampling weight and adjusts the data to match known demographic characteristics in the voting population (gender, age, education, and region of residence). It was constructed using raking and trimmed at a value of 8. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - HONG KONG (2016) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2016 elections to the Hong Kong Legislative Council (LegCo) were held on Sunday, September 4, 2016. This post-election cross-sectional study fielded the CSES MODULE 5 pilot questionnaire and was a telephone survey, conducted between September 6 and September 18, 2016 (13 days in total). Fieldwork was administered by the Public Governance Programme, with the survey administered in Cantonese and Putonghua. The total number of observations from the Hong Kong Study is 1,020 interviews. The sample is meant to be representative of registered voters, that is, permanent residents of Hong Kong who are aged 18 or above. Institutionalized persons were excluded from the sample (at most 0.3% of the total eligible population). The same is true for military personnel who do not have permanent residency in Hong Kong and therefore are not eligible to vote. As fixed-line telephone numbers were called for interviews, other possible exclusions resulted from an unknown percentage of residents without a fixed-line phone connection. The residential fixed-line penetration rate (RFLPR) was used as a proxy measurement and suggested that for every 100 households, there were 94.5 fixed telephone lines in 2016 in Hong Kong. However, as some households have more than one fixed line, the number of households without a fixed line is unknown. The total percentage of excluded persons from the sample was estimated to be 5.8%. The study was realized as a two-stage random sample. In the first stage, phone numbers were selected randomly from the pool of numbers maintained by Collaborators. The last two digits were exchanged with random numbers to account for numbers not listed in the sampling frame. In the second stage, individual respondents were randomly selected from the households called. The person answering the phone call was asked how many registered voters lived within the household. That number was logged, and from this, a random draw would determine one eligible person for interview. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2016 Hong Kong Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. It was constructed to correct for known divergences of the sample in comparison to the population of registered voters. The weights take the distributions of age and gender into account, as indicated by official statistics. For each particular age-gender category, the weight was obtained by dividing the share of persons in the population for that category by the share of respondents in the sample for that category. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - HUNGARY (2018) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2018 Hungarian Parliamentary election took place on Sunday, April 8, 2018. Interviewing for the Hungarian post-election study started 15 days after the election, on April 23, with fieldwork lasting 13 days. The survey was fielded in Hungarian, using face-to-face interviewing with an electronic questionnaire and was administered by Median Opinion and Market Research Institute from Budapest, Hungary. All individuals residing in Hungary who are 18 years and older and have the right to vote were eligible respondents for the study. Institutionalized persons were excluded from the sample. The total number of observations from the Hungary Study is 1,208 interviews. The sample for the study was created using the multi-stage randomized procedure. In the first stage, 120 sampling units representative of the local population were selected based on the census data of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH). Then 20 addresses from each sampling unit were drawn. In the final stage, at each address, interviewers only interviewed one member of the household determined using the Leslie Kish key. In total, 1,097 interviews were conducted using this process, although 120 interviews were excluded after audio recordings of the interviews were assessed, yielding 957 completed and verified respondents. However, the composition of the sample was heavily distorted regarding gender and age. The distortion of the sample was compensated in an additional round of data collection by determining quotas based on gender and age and the missing components of the study. Through this process, 251 additional interviews were collected, yielding 1,208 participants in total. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2018 Hungary Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. This weight was designed to compensate for the demographic distortions of the sample and is based on census data. The weight is calculated based on four dimensions: gender, age (five categories), place of residence (three categories) and education. Extreme values on the weight variable are recoded to the interval between the minimal (0.3) and maximal (3.5) values. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - ICELAND (2016) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2016 Icelandic lower house election took place on Saturday, October 29, 2016. Fieldwork for the post-election study began on October 30, 2016, lasting 87 days, and finishing on January 25, 2017. All interviews were conducted by the Social Science Research Institute of the University of Iceland via telephone (landline and cell phones). The survey was administered in Icelandic. The total number of observations from the Iceland Study is 1,295 interviews. The sample is meant to be representative of the eligible voting population in Iceland (aged 18 or older). The primary sampling unit was individual voters on the Iceland National Register. Individuals were selected from the register using a simple random sample. This method yielded 2,600 potential respondents in the final sample. Approximately 9.9% of the population were excluded from the initial sampling procedure because they were listed as "Do Not Call" in the National Iceland Register. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS No weights provided. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - ICELAND (2017) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2017 Icelandic lower house election took place on Saturday, October 28, 2017. Fieldwork for the post-election study began two days later, on October 30, 2017. The fieldwork period lasted for 83 days and was completed on February 2, 2018. All interviews were conducted by the Social Science Research Institute of the University of Iceland via telephone (landline and cell phone). The survey was administered in Icelandic. The total number of observations from the Iceland Study is 2,073 interviews. The sample is meant to be representative of the eligible voting population in Iceland (aged 18 or older). The primary sampling unit was individual voters on the Iceland National Register. Individuals were selected from the register using a simple random sample. The generated sample included 4,000 people who were sent a letter informing them about the study. Approximately 9.9% of the population was excluded from the initial sampling procedure because they were listed as "Do Not Call" in the National Iceland Register. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS No weights provided. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - INDIA (2019) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2019 Indian general election was held across seven phases between Thursday, April 11, 2019, and Sunday, May 19, 2019. Fieldwork for the post- election study was conducted between May 15 to May 26, 2019 (12 days in total), by Cicero Associates & Consultants Pvt Ltd. All respondents eligible to vote, including those participating in the election in the seventh phase (on May 19, 2019), were interviewed after they had cast their ballot (i.e., all interviews were conducted post-election). The survey was administered face-to-face using an electronic questionnaire and in the following eleven languages: Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Tamil, and Telugu. The total number of observations from the India Study is 13,963 interviews. The sample is designed to represent all eligible voters within India's largest 19 largest states, that is, citizens aged 18 and above who were registered to vote. Out of India's 543 parliamentary constituencies, 509 are located in the 19 largest states covered in the survey. The states excluded from the sampling frame are part of the hill states of the Himalayan range or small Union Territories with five or fewer Parliamentary Constituencies (4.0% of the total voting-eligible population). The survey employed a multi-stage stratified random sample design. In the first stage, 336 assembly segments were sampled from India's 19 largest states using the Probability Proportionate to Size (PPS) random sampling technique. These assembly segments constituted the primary sampling unit and were finalized after checking demographic and political representativeness against demographic data from India's 2011 Census and past official election results. Within each sampled assembly segment, two polling booths were randomly sampled by systematic random sampling. Afterward, the latest electoral rolls for all 672 sampled polling stations were downloaded from India's election commission website. From each list, 30 voters were selected again by systematic random sampling. The sampled individual was substituted in case of non-contact with the housing unit after two callbacks or refusals. For this purpose, separate lists of randomly sampled substitute respondents within the polling station were maintained. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2019 India Study provides one combined SAMPLE, DEMOGRAPHIC and POLITICAL WEIGHT. The weight adjusts the data to match known demographic characteristics (state, gender, locality, religious denomination, caste groups) and vote choice. Furthermore, the weight adjusts for over- or under-representation of Indian States in the dataset. The survey covered 19 big states of India, representing 96.0% of the total electorate. Hence, the remaining states not covered by the survey represent 4.0% of eligible voters. The weight adjusts this 4.0% proportionately to the size of the sampled states. All remaining weighting variables were applied at the national rather than the state level. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - IRELAND (2016) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2016 Irish general election took place on Friday, February 26, 2016. This post-election study fielded the CSES MODULE 5 pilot questionnaire, with fieldwork beginning on March 1, 2016, and being completed on March 6, 2016 (6 days in total). The fieldwork was administered by REDC Research & Marketing Ltd. The survey was fielded in English via telephone. The total number of observations from the Ireland Study is 1,000 interviews. To be eligible for inclusion in the study, respondents had to be Irish citizens and be at least 18 years old. Institutionalized persons were excluded from the sample. The sample was drawn in two stages. In the first stage of the sampling procedure, the field institute used the random digit dial (RDD) method to randomly select households. These respondents were interviewed in twelve pre-election polls leading up to the election. Half of the sample was interviewed using an RDD landline, the other half using an RDD mobile phone line. Approximately 65% of the respondents interviewed in the pre-election polls agreed to be re-contacted for the post-election study in which the CSES questionnaire was administered. This led to a sample poll of 8,000 respondents. A random contact approach was conducted among this set of respondents, applied to both landline and cell phones. The sample was stratified along quotas so that it would accurately represent the electorate. If necessary, to fulfill the quotas, new interviews from the initial RDD were conducted. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2016 Ireland Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The weight adjusts the sample to match known demographic characteristics in the voting age population (age, class, gender, and region). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - ISRAEL (2020) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2020 Israeli legislative election was held on Monday, March 2, 2020. The post-election survey was fielded between June 7, 2020, and August 6, 2020 (51 days). The election took place before the COVID-19 pandemic was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020, although fieldwork for the 2020 study was conducted during the pandemic. The survey was administered by telephone in Hebrew and Arabic. The fieldwork was carried out by the B.I. and Lucille Cohen Institute for Public Opinion Research and funded by the Israeli Science Foundation. The total number of observations from the Israel Study is 1,209 interviews. To be interviewed, a person needed to be an Israeli citizen above 18 years old. Institutionalized persons were excluded from the sample as sampling was done using the country's official household registrar, which only includes registered landline telephone numbers. The primary sampling units (PSU) were individuals in households. These PSUs were selected using random sampling from the national household registrar. The sampling was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, a random sample of adult citizens was compiled based on the national household registrar. In the second stage, this sample was matched with phone numbers. Only one adult in each household was interviewed. Respondents' identity was verified verbally using full name and surname, including middle name when relevant. A household was designated non-sample when there was no answer after five callbacks or all members of the household were deemed ineligible. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2020 Israel Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. This weight adjusts the sample to match known demographic characteristics in the voting age population (age, gender, education, ethnic group). The post-stratification weight was calculated using an iterative proportional fitting algorithm (raking). To ensure that no single respondent receives too much influence over weighted estimates, the final weights were trimmed using an upper threshold of four. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - ITALY (2018) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2018 Italian general election, involving elections to both the lower and upper house, took place on Sunday, March 4, 2018. Fieldwork for the study began four days later, on March 8, 2018, lasting 55 days, ending on May 2, 2018. All surveys were administered by Demetra Opinioni.net, using a mixed-mode approach with respondents interviewed by telephone, cell phone, and the Internet. The total number of observations from the Italy Study is 2,001 interviews. The sample is meant to be representative of the voting age population according to eligibility rule for the lower house elections, namely: Italian residents aged 18 or older. The region Valle d'Aosta/Vallee d'Aoste and the province Bolzano/Bozen were excluded from the sample frame because voters living in the region voted under different electoral rules compared to the rest of Italy. This resulted in the exclusion of approximately 1.5% of the eligible voting population. The sample was drawn in two ways. Stage 1 involved Collaborators randomly drawing electoral districts within seven macro areas excluding large urban areas. Nine large urban areas were denoted and considered separately. This sampling at the first stage produced 92 clusters, 83 districts and 9 urban areas. Stage 2 involved a random selection of districts for non-urban areas, while individuals were randomly sampled in the urban areas. Based on this sampling approach, the field institute selected respondents for an Internet component of the study, a landline telephone component, and a cell phone component. For the Internet component (N=501), panelists of an existing Demetra Opinioni.net Internet panel (total N of panel=13,734; initial recruitment by telephone) were randomly selected within the selected districts from the first sampling step as well as the nine larger cities. The chosen panelists were invited to participate in the study via e-mail and provided with the opportunity to complete the survey online. These respondents were offered a telephone top-up voucher or Amazon voucher worth 1EUR upon completion. Of the approximately 800 panel respondents invited to participate, 59.6% (N=501) did so (3.7% of the total panel). For the second set of respondents (N=1,501), respondents were selected using a dual frame (66% list frame and 34% Random Digit Dialing) through random digit dialing based on the national phone book and random digit dialing for cell phone interviews. Respondents selected from the national phone book were interviewed using Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (N of completed interviews=1,000) and respondents selected by random digit dialing for cell interviews were interviewed using Computer- Assisted Mobile Interviewing (N of completed interviews=500). Respondents chosen for the mobile phone interviews were asked at the beginning of the interview about the city and neighborhood they resided in. If they did not live in a city or district sampled in the first stage, the interviews were canceled, and the respondents were flagged as ineligible. In total, the two-stage sampling procedure resulted in approximately 20 interviews per electoral district (range: 14 to 26 interviews) except for Milan (73 interviews), Naples (38 interviews), Rome (102 interviews) and Turin (47 interviews), where more respondents were interviewed. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2018 Italy Study provides a SAMPLE WEIGHT, a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT, and a POLITICAL WEIGHT, each of which was created for the whole sample. The sample weight (E1010_1) adjusts the sample to correct for the different selection probabilities of clusters (i.e., constituencies and large cities) within different macro-areas as well as for the different probabilities of selection of individuals within clusters. The demographic weight (E1010_2) adjusts the sample to match known demographic characteristics, namely gender (male, female), age group (18-44, 45-59, 60+), geographical area (north, center, south), and education (low, middle, high). The political weight (E1010_3) adjusts the sample to the population frequencies by vote shares of the major coalitions and parties (center-right and center-left) in the lower house election and abstainers at the regional level. Because the voting age differs between the lower house (18 years and older) and the upper house (25 years and older), users should be aware that applying any of the three weights when analyzing upper-house elections may result in non-representative results. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - JAPAN (2017) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2017 Japanese general election was held on Sunday, October 22, 2017. Fieldwork for the Japanese study began on January 12, 2018 and was completed on March 13, 2018 (61 days in total). The survey was administered by The Central Research Services, Inc. The study employed a mixed-mode approach. Most data were collected face-to-face, using a paper questionnaire. Respondents not reached in person were sent a copy of the questionnaire to self-complete and mail-back. Surveys were administered in Japanese. Respondents were adult citizens (18 years old and older) who held Japanese citizenship and were registered voters for the 2017 general election. The total number of observations from the Japan Study is 1,688 interviews. The sample for the Japanese study was drawn randomly in a stratified multi-stage procedure. Electoral district's "chiten" (comparable to precincts in the US) were the primary sampling unit, stratified by region (eleven categories) and city size based on the following five categories: 21 big cities, cities with a population of more than 200,000, cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, other smaller cities, and towns or villages. This resulted in an 11 x 5 table with 55 cells. The number of chitens (220 in total) was assigned to each cell proportionally to the size of the population. Within the 220 chiten, 3,000 individuals were randomly selected from municipalities' electoral registers. These voter registration lists provide names, gender, and age of the sampled individual, allowing interviewers to assess respondents' identities before the interview. After their participation, respondents received a voucher worth 1,000 JPY (roughly 10 USD). <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2017 Japan Study provides a COMBINED SAMPLE and DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT and a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The combined weight (E1010_1) corrects for variations in response rates between geographic regions and demographic characteristics, while the demographic weight (E1010_2) only corrects for demographic characteristics. The combined weight was constructed using the categories of gender by age by location. The age variable was grouped into five categories, and the location was grouped into six categories to avoid using 11 locations and small weighting cells, given that the Japanese sample includes only 1,688 respondents in total. The demographic weight was constructed using gender by age, with age being grouped into five categories. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - LATVIA (2018) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2018 Latvian parliamentary elections were held on Saturday, October 6, 2018. Fieldwork for the study began 39 days after the elections and was conducted between November 14, 2018, and December 1, 2018 (18 days in total). The fieldwork was carried out by TNS Latvia. The survey was administered in Latvian and Russian via face-to-face interviews using an electronic questionnaire. The total number of observations from the Latvia Study is 1,011 interviews. The sample is meant to be representative of Latvian citizens aged 18-75 years old at the time of the election. The study employed a stratified four-stage quasi-random probability approach. The size of each geographic region determines proportionally the number of sampling points to be allocated for each stratum. In total, there were four stages of sampling: 1) selection of sampling points; 2) selection of addresses; 3) selection of households; and 4) selection of respondents. The selection of sampling points comes from a list of Latvia's populated points with the number of citizens designating size. These are sorted by region, district and urbanization level to ensure appropriate representation of regional and urban populations. The planned number of sample points is calculated based on the assumption of 10 interviews per sample point. A random number procedure determines the starting point in the list of cities or parishes from which the selection of addresses/households starts. Households are selected according to the route instructions - each second dwelling in apartment buildings, each second home in an area of individual houses; ascending or descending sequence varies depending on odd and even sizes of the streets. In the last stage, individuals were selected granting precedence to the youngest male in the household. At each address, the interviewer clarified who of the present household members was the youngest man. If no male was present during the visit, the youngest woman in the household was selected for the interview. If selected persons refused to participate or could not be contacted after two visits, the household was dropped from the sample. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2018 Latvia Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. This weight was designed to make the data representative of the total population by age, nationality, region, type of residence, and gender. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - LITHUANIA (2016) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The first round of Parliamentary elections in Lithuania was held on Sunday, October 9, 2016. In constituencies where no candidate won the required majority, the second round of elections was held on Sunday, October 23, 2016. Interviewing for the Lithuanian post-election study started 33 days after the first round on November 11, 2016, running for thirty days. Baltic Surveys Ltd from Vilnius, Lithuania, conducted the fieldwork. The survey was administered in Lithuanian, using face-to-face interviews with a paper questionnaire. The study is meant to be representative of all citizens of Lithuania aged 18 years or older who are registered to vote, with only homeless people being excluded from the sample frame. The total number of observations from the Lithuania Study is 1,500 interviews. The sample for the study was created using multi-stage stratified proportional sampling. In the first stage, based on the Nomenclature of Territorial Units as used in the official EU statistics, the Republic of Lithuania was divided into ten administrative units (counties). Then, the total number of interviews in each survey region (county) was allocated to six strata in proportion to the population of each stratum. The stratum is defined by settlement size. In the third stage, primary sampling units were randomly selected from each stratum (county and settlement size combination cell) list. After that, households were selected using the random route from the starting point, and respondents within households were selected by using the "last birthday rule" among all household members aged 18 years and older. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2016 Lithuania Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. This weight was designed to make the data representative of the total population by gender, age and urban/rural population. Weights were calculated by dividing counts based on official statistics with those achieved in the survey sample. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - LITHUANIA (2020) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The first round of Lithuania's Parliamentary elections were held on Sunday, October 11, 2020. In constituencies where no candidate won the required majority, the second round of elections was held on Sunday, October 25, 2020. The election and the fieldwork for the study took place during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fieldwork for the Lithuanian study started on January 21, 2021, 102 days after the first round (88 days after round 2) and was completed on February 21, 2021 (32 days in total). UAB Norstat LT was responsible for fieldwork, and the survey was administered in Lithuanian. The study is meant to be representative of all Lithuanian citizens aged 18 years or older registered to vote. The total number of observations from the Lithuania Study is 1,781 interviews. Respondents were interviewed via the Internet due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. The sample was recruited via telephone using random digit dialing (dual-frame with 10% landline and 90% cell phone numbers). Hence, telephone numbers were the primary sampling unit. However, respondents without telephone access were excluded from the sampling frame. All phone numbers used for recruiting interviewees were randomly generated as follows: All numbers started with "8" as the first digit, the general code for dialing within Lithuania. In a second step, city or mobile dialing codes were added randomly. The remaining five or six digits were selected randomly as well, resulting in a final nine-digit number. In total, 120,000 randomly generated numbers were uploaded into the calling systems and used for the survey. Depending on whether interviewers worked from the office or remotely, two different calling systems were used. After a short telephone screening interview assessing eligibility, respondents were invited to participate in the online survey upon providing their mobile phone number or email address. If interviewees refused to participate via the Internet, they were invited to answer a selected subset of the questionnaire via telephone. However, as only a subset of CSES survey questions were asked with this approach, the 47 respondents who participated in this way are not included in the CSES. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2020 Lithuania Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT and a COMBINED DEMOGRAPHIC and POLITICAL WEIGHT. Both weights were constructed using the function "rake()" available in the R-package "survey". The demographic weight corrects distributions in the sample to known socio-demographic population characteristics (gender, age, education, and settlement size) based on the Lithuanian official statistics portal. The political weight builds upon the demographic weight, additionally adjusting the sample according to district candidate votes in the first round of the 2020 Lithuanian parliamentary election, based on numbers provided by Lithuania's Central Electoral Commission. Due to sample imbalances, some of the weights were unusual in size. Therefore, both weights were trimmed to range between 0.2 and 5 using the function "trimWeights()" available in the R-package "survey". In total, weights for 12 respondents were trimmed for the demographic and 133 for the combined weight (0.7% and 7.5% of the sample, respectively). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - MEXICO (2018) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2018 Mexican general elections took place on Sunday, July 1, 2018. The Mexican study featured a pre and post-election panel design in which respondents were interviewed four times: twice before the general election and twice after. The CSES sample comprises the third wave of interviews, with 47.7% of respondents from the first pre-election wave completing the the third wave and thus answering the CSES survey. The total number of observations from the Mexico Study is 1,239 interviews. Post-election interviewing featuring the CSES survey started on July 12, 2018 and was completed on July 18, 2018 (7 days in total). Ipsos Mexico conducted the fieldwork, administering the survey face-to-face using an electronic questionnaire and in Spanish. The study is meant to be representative of the national population aged 18 years or older, excluding those who were institutionalized at the time of the survey (approx. 0.06% of the total eligible population). The study was realized as a stratified multi-stage random cluster sample. In the first stage, the universe was divided into three regions: states with a governor by the National Action Party (PAN), states with a governor by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), and states with a governor by the Party of Democratic Revolution (PRD). An independent sample was drawn for each region. Within each region, precincts were clustered by county (municipalities), where clusters were divided into four equally sized groups ordered by the vote for PRI in the last election. These resulting clusters served as the primary sampling unit (PSU), where precincts within each group were clustered with probability proportional to size (PPS). In a subsequent stage, precincts were selected with PPS. The sampled precincts were then passed on to the fieldwork teams, who randomly selected blocs within each respective precinct area. In each block, houses were selected following systematic methods of random start. At the last stage, respondents within households were chosen with the last-birthday method. In case the selected person was not available for an interview at the time, replacements with another eligible household member with the second to last birthday were permissible. If none of the selected household members could be interviewed after two visits, interviewers moved on to the next household to the right. Respondents received an incentive of 150 MXN (approximately 7 USD) if they participated in the second and third waves of the panel survey. Incentives were paid after each wave (waves 2 and 3). All respondents received the same incentives, even the reluctant respondents. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2018 Mexico Study provides one COMBINED SAMPLE and DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. For each respondent, the combined weight provides the inverse of the selection probability for the first panel wave, based on the voting age population within counties and precincts. The sampling weight is combined with a post-stratification weight for gender and age distributions from the 2015 Mexican census. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - MONTENEGRO (2016) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2016 Montenegrin Parliamentary elections were held on Sunday, October 16, 2016. The post-election cross-sectional study was fielded between December 8, 2016, and January 16, 2017 (40 days in total). The fieldwork was conducted by De Facto Consultancy based in Podgorica, with surveys administered face-to-face using an electronic questionnaire and in Montenegrin. The sample is meant to be representative of eligible Montenegrin citizens aged 18 years or older and registered to vote. Institutionalized persons (people in prison or hospitals) were excluded from the sample (less than 1 percent of the eligible population). The total number of observations from the Montenegro Study is 1,213 interviews. The sampling was conceptualized as a stratified multi-stage random sample with three stages in total. In the first stage, the population was divided into three regions, North, Center and South. These regions were the primary sampling unit and chosen based on differences in population size, the distribution of ethnic groups within a region, age groups, and the region's geography, economy, and history. Second, inside each regional stratum, polling stations were identified, which constitute the smallest municipal unit and are at the same time a unit for voting. These polling stations formed the second level of stratification and were divided into three groups according to their size. Polling stations were selected randomly from each group. In the third and final stage, a random procedure based on 'step-and-go' was employed inside polling stations to choose the household. The last person to have had their birthday within the household was interviewed. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2016 Montenegro Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT based on census data from 2011. The demographic weight is composed of two separate weights, one adjusting for the four main national groups (Montenegrins, Serbs, Albanians, and Bosniaks-Muslims), the other adjusting for gender and age groups (18-34, 35-54, 55+). The weight included in E1010_2 is a multiplication of the two individual weights. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - NETHERLANDS (2017) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2017 Dutch general election was held on Wednesday, March 15, 2017. The Dutch study was fielded between March 16, 2017, and July 4, 2017 (111 days in total). The study featured a mixed-mode design combining face-to-face interviews using an electronic questionnaire with a self- completion mail-back component, and a separate sample interviewed via the Internet drawn from an online panel, where respondents were administered the survey in a series of different interview blocks. Interviews were conducted in Dutch. Kantar Public administered the face-to-face and self- completion mail-back component of the study, while CentERdata were responsible for the Internet (online panel) component. The total number of observations from the Netherlands Study is 1,903 interviews: 723 from the face-to-face/self-completion component and 1,180 from the Internet component. For both sampling components, questions were split between the main post- election interview and a supplementary questionnaire, the latter of which contained most CSES survey items. The CSES sample only includes respondents who completed both questionnaires. Samples were drawn independently for face-to-face and Internet interviews. Both samples aim to represent eligible voters - i.e., Dutch citizens aged 18 years or older. The face-to-face/self-completion component was realized as a probability sample provided by Statistics Netherlands (CBS) with population registers as the sampling frame. Sampling occurred in two steps: First, a sample of municipalities was drawn, excluding only the small, Northern islands, followed by a sample of individuals within those municipalities. Interviewers visited respondents at home, reading the questions and entering their answers on a tablet. After completing the questionnaire, interviewers left a self-completion paper questionnaire with the respondent. Respondents were asked to complete this questionnaire at their convenience and return it by mail. In a final attempt to increase response rates at a late fieldwork stage, a small number of respondents were provided with a link to complete the supplementary questionnaire online. Eight respondents in the sample made use of this opportunity. Respondents were initially offered 15 EUR for participation in the survey, with the option to donate it to charity. This amount was escalated to a maximum of 50 EUR in subsequent rounds of refusal conversion. The online sample component was drawn randomly from the ongoing "LISS panel" (Langlopende Internet Studies voor de Sociale Wetenschappen). Members of the LISS panel participate in regular online surveys over an extended time period. To reach people without a computer or Internet access, LISS provides the option to lend an easy-to-use computer with free Internet access. Managed by the research agency CentERdata, the LISS panel was launched in 2007. To maintain the representativeness of the panel, respondents who dropped out are replaced by new participants with similar registered characteristics. Overall, the panel was refreshed in four subsequent waves in 2009, 2011-2012, 2013-2014 and 2016-2017. All four refreshment samples were based on probability sampling from register data. Further, all but the 2011-2012 refreshment wave over-sampled difficult-to-reach groups with a below-average response in the main recruitment - stratified by household type, age, and ethnicity. LISS panel respondents were incentivized relative to the length of the questionnaire and paid about 5 EUR for filling in a 20-minute questionnaire. For this purpose, the questionnaire was broken up into three parts of roughly 20 minutes each. Upon completing the main questionnaire, respondents from the LISS panel were invited to fill in the supplementary questionnaire as a second online form. Survey data from both face-to-face and Internet interviews were supplemented with data from population registers for a selected list of demographic variables, namely marital status, household income, region of residence and country of origin. Respondents provided consent before data collection. Generally, register data is based on the most recently available data, usually the year preceding data collection. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2017 Netherlands Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT and a COMBINED DEMOGRAPHIC and POLITICAL WEIGHT. The demographic weight (E1010_2) corrects distributions in the sample to known socio-demographic population characteristics (age, gender, municipality's degree of urbanization, region of residence, marital status, and country of origin). The political weight (E1010_3) builds upon the demographic weight and additionally adjusts the sample according to vote choice (party vote shares and abstention). Weights were calculated step-wise based on the univariate distribution of every characteristic. For every category of the first characteristic, the count in the population was first divided by the count in the survey. Subsequently, every respondent was assigned a weight reflecting the ratio of their category. The sample distribution of the second characteristic was calculated after applying weights for the first characteristic. This procedure was repeated for every other characteristic. All individual weights were then multiplied to obtain a single combined weight variable for all characteristics together. In the final step, this variable was divided by its mean such that all weights have an average of 1. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - NETHERLANDS (2021) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2021 Dutch general election was held on Wednesday, March 17, 2021, (with additional voting taking place March 15-16, 2021). The election and the fieldwork for the study took place during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Dutch study was fielded between March 17, 2021 and May 17, 2021 (61 days in total). The study had a panel design with two distinct and independent sampling components: 1) A fresh random register sample and 2) a sample drawn from the "LISS" online panel (Langlopende Internet Studies voor de Sociale Wetenschappen). All respondents were invited to be interviewed both before and after the election, with respondents in both components interviewed at least twice. The study featured a mixed-mode design. All respondents to the LISS Panel component were interviewed via the Internet. Respondents from the register sample could choose to participate via Internet or a self-completion mail- back questionnaire. In a few instances, Collaborators received two completed questionnaires for the register sample: one on paper and one digitally. In those cases, the questionnaire in which most questions were answered was included. In case of a tie, the dataset includes the interview that was completed first. Interviews were conducted in Dutch. I&O Research administered the register sample (Internet & Self-Completion), while CentERdata were responsible for the Internet (online panel) component. The total number of observations from the Netherlands Study is 3,485 interviews: 1,797 from the LISS Panel and 1,688 from the register sample. The register sample completed the CSES survey without interruption. Respondents to the LISS Panel had the CSES survey split into two components. Given that most of the demographic questions and some CSES survey level questions were elicited in pre-election interviews, in addition to CSES survey questions being spread evenly across both waves of the LISS post-election interview, only respondents who participated in all interview rounds appear in the data. The fresh 2021 sample is meant to be representative of eligible voters in the Dutch 2021 parliamentary election, that is, registered Dutch citizens aged 18 years on election day or older. Institutionalized persons were excluded from the sampling frame (less than one percent of the voting eligible population), as were Dutch nationals living abroad. The sample was realized as a two-stage stratified cluster sample provided by Statistics Netherlands (CBS), with population registers as the sampling frame. Sampling occurred in two steps: First, a stratified sample of municipalities was drawn with probability proportional to population size, followed by a simple random sample of persons within those municipalities. Hence, individuals were the primary sampling unit. Sampled interviewees were invited to an online survey via mail but provided with the option to complete paper-assisted self-interviews. After one week, respondents not having participated yet received a reminder together with the paper questionnaire. Respondents were initially offered 5 EUR for participation in the pre- and post-election survey each. This amount was increased to a maximum of 15 EUR per interview in subsequent rounds of refusal conversion. In the final contact approach of the post-election wave, incentives were raised to 25 EUR. Additionally, respondents could participate in a lottery with a chance of winning 400 EUR in the form of a tablet, a gift card or a donation to a charity. This incentive was used both for the pre- and the post-wave. The second sample component interviewed entirely online was drawn randomly from the ongoing LISS panel, based on panel members eligible to vote in the 2021 election. Panelists participate in regular online surveys over an extended period. To reach people without a computer or Internet access, LISS provides the option to lend an easy-to-use computer with free Internet access. Managed by the research agency Centerdata, the LISS panel was launched in 2007. To maintain the representativeness of the panel, respondents who dropped out are replaced by new participants with similar registered characteristics. Overall, the panel was refreshed in five subsequent waves in 2009, 2011-2012, 2013-2014, 2016-2017 and 2019-2020. All five refreshment samples were based on probability sampling from register data. Further, all but the 2011-2012 refreshment wave oversampled difficult-to-reach groups with a below-average response in the main recruitment - stratified by household type, age, and ethnicity. LISS panelists are incentivized relative to the length of the questionnaire. As the questionnaire was split into three parts of equal size, respondents received 7.50 EUR per wave, amounting to 22.50 EUR. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2021 Netherlands Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT and a COMBINED DEMOGRAPHIC and POLITICAL WEIGHT. The demographic weight (E1010_2) corrects distributions in the sample to known socio-demographic population characteristics (age, gender, and respondents' origin, i.e., migration background). The political weight (E1010_3) builds upon the demographic weight and additionally adjusts the sample according to vote choice (party vote shares and abstention). Weights were calculated step-wise based on the univariate distribution of every characteristic. For every category of the first characteristic, the count in the population was first divided by the count in the survey. Subsequently, every respondent was assigned a weight reflecting the ratio of their category. The sample distribution of the second characteristic was calculated after applying weights for the first characteristic. This procedure was repeated for every other characteristic. All individual weights were then multiplied to obtain a single combined weight variable for all characteristics together. In the final step, this variable was divided by its mean such that all weights have an average of 1. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - NEW ZEALAND (2017) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2017 New Zealand Parliamentary election was held on Saturday, September 23, 2017. Fieldwork for the post-election study, part of the New Zealand Election Study (NZES), was conducted between September 26, 2017 and February 28, 2018 (156 days in total) and the survey was administered by COMPASS (Centre of Methods and Policy Applications in the Social Sciences) at the University of Auckland. The survey was administered in English, and the study employed a mixed-mode approach, with respondents having the choice to participate via the Internet or via self-completion mail-back. Hence, respondents could self-select into interview modes. The total number of observations from the New Zealand Study is 1,808 interviews: 1,558 via self-completion mail-back and 250 via the Internet. While the NZES had a panel component, only respondents joining the sample afresh in 2017 are included in the CSES. The sample consists of all eligible citizens that registered on the electoral roll on the writ day, then aged between 18 and older. On the writ day, the electoral roll contained about 88% of those eligible. Enrollment continued after writ day until the day before the election, with the final roll including just over 92% of the eligible population. Those in prison were excluded from the sample, but as they are not eligible to enroll or vote, this does not influence the sampling frame. Military personnel was included in the sample. The survey employed a random sampling procedure based on the electoral rolls as of August 23, 2017. The electoral roll was split into four groups to determine sampling units, namely: - electors aged 18-30. - electors aged 31 and over. - electors in Maori electorates aged 18-30. - electors in Maori electorates aged 31 and over Young voters and those residing in Maori electorates were deliberately oversampled as they are known to have a lower likelihood of responding to surveys. The sample design included clustering and quota sampling in the sense that it was sampled within the four segments. The survey used a draw for four small monetary prizes as participation incentives. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2017 New Zealand Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The weight controls for gender and age as some groups were under or over-represented even after re-sampling the over samples. Therefore, the weight makes the survey representative of the electoral roll from which it was sampled (about 92 percent of the voting population). For the weight construction, respondents' age and gender were used. It was generated from a table breaking down the entire roll by age and gender. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - NEW ZEALAND (2020) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2020 New Zealand Parliamentary election was held on Saturday, October 17, 2020. The election and the fieldwork for the study took place during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fieldwork for the post-election study, part of the New Zealand Election Study (NZES), was conducted between October 21, 2020 and May 1, 2021 (192 days in total) and the survey was administered by the Public Policy Institute at the University of Auckland. The survey was administered in English, Chinese, and Maori, and the study employed a mixed-mode approach, with respondents having the choice to participate via the Internet or via self-completion mail-back. Hence, respondents could self-select into interview modes. The total number of observations from the New Zealand Study is 1,725 interviews: 999 via self-completion mail-back and 726 via the Internet. A person needed to be registered and above 18 years old to be interviewed. The sample did not include institutionalized persons who were ineligible to vote and people on the confidential roll (about 1% of the eligible population). The survey employed a random sampling procedure based on the computerized electoral rolls. The primary sampling units were individuals nested within Maori descent and age. Maori descent and individuals between 18 and 29 were over-sampled to adjust for lower response rates. In a further stage of selection, the Maori sub-sample was randomly resampled to correspond to the percentage on the electoral roll. The sample design thus included clustering and stratification by Maori descent and age. Respondents received a 20 NZD grocery voucher for their survey participation. For 90% of the completed surveys, survey verification checked whether the reported age and gender correctly matched. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2020 New Zealand Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The weight controls for gender, age and Maori descent as some groups were under or over-represented even after re-sampling the over samples. Therefore, the weight makes the survey representative of the electoral roll from which it was sampled. For the weight construction, respondents' age, gender and descent were used. It was generated from a table breaking down the entire roll by those three factors. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - NORWAY (2017) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2017 Norwegian Parliamentary election took place on Monday, September 11, 2017. The study is a post-election survey, and in a change to previous practice, was conducted as a standalone study to the Norwegian National Election Study. The study was fielded between September 20, 2017, and October 16, 2017 (36 days in total). Statistics Norway handled the fieldwork with interviews via the Internet. The total number of observations from the Norway Study is 1,792 interviews. The sampling frame for the study is a two-stage design. In the first stage, the country was divided into 363 primary sampling units (PSUs) based on the local municipalities. All PSUs with more than 30,000 inhabitants and some with a population number between 25,000 and 30,000 constitute separate strata. For the remaining PSUs, strata were formed as homogeneously as possible. In the second stage of the sampling, survey units (individuals) were drawn from the population register, selected from the 109 sampling areas, using systematic random sampling. The sampling fraction in the second stage is proportional to the inverse selection probability in the first stage. The final sample then is self-weighting when both stages are taken into consideration. If a sampled unit from the panel sample had moved out of their original PSU, it was still included in the sample. The sample is meant to be representative of Norwegian citizens aged between 18 and 91. Norwegians without Internet access were excluded from the sampling frame (estimated to be 2% of the eligible population). The sample consisted of 5,000 people over the age of 18 drawn randomly from the National registry covering all Norwegian inhabitants. As they sampled individuals and not households, more than one person could have been interviewed from a single household. Potential respondents received both an e-mail and a text message for participation. Both contained a weblink which, when activated, guided respondents to the survey. Additional reminders were sent to those who did not participate in the survey after the initial contact. The respondents did not receive any incentives for their participation in the study. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2017 Norway Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The weight was constructed after Collaborators found over- and under-representation in the survey were related to particular demographic characteristics. Respondents with higher education were over-represented compared to those with lower education. Those in the age group 45-66 years were over-represented as well, whilst the oldest in the sample were underrepresented. The weight adjusts for gender, age, and education, dividing the sample into 18 different strata. Gender contained two categories: male and female. Age was divided into three categories: 30 years or under, 31 to 59 years, and 60 years and over. Education was also divided into three categories: first no education/ primary school or unspecified, second high school, and third university/ college. The stratified weight is set then as equal to the number of persons in the strata in the population divided by the number of persons in the strata in the net sample. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - PERU (2021) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2021 Peruvian general elections were held on Sunday, April 11, 2021 (first round) with a second round of Presidential elections on Sunday, June 6, 2021. The post-election survey was fielded between December 22, 2021, and January 7, 2022 (17 days in total). The survey was administered face-to-face using an electronic questionnaire. The survey was administered in Spanish, with fieldwork carried out by Ipsos Group S.A. The total number of observations from the Peru Study is 1,199 interviews. A person needed to be registered and above 18 years old to be interviewed. The sample did not include institutionalized persons who were not eligible to vote, about 0.3% of the eligible population. The survey employed a stratified multi-stage sampling where the primary sampling units were the localities of the country. The localities were selected using a systematic random selection proportional to the number of inhabitants of each locality. In the second stage of selection, the zones were selected. A zone is a subdivision of the district defined by the National Institute of Statistics (INEI) and corresponds to about 40 blocks. In the third stage, households were selected and in the last one, individuals. Whilst sampling units in the first three stages were randomly selected, individuals in the last stage were selected by quotas of sex and age. Clustering was included in the first stage using localities. Stratification was used for selecting geographical regions in the country. For all completed surveys, respondents' identities were verified in real- time using the tablet with which the interviewees answered the questions. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2021 Peru Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The weight controls for the distribution of the socioeconomic status and population of each region from the Registro Nacional de Identificacion y Estado Civil (RENIEC) and the Asociacion Peruana de Empresas de Mercado (APEIM). For the weight calculation, the data collection organization Ipsos Group S.A. used the Quantum Weighting Program and a method called Rim Weighting. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - POLAND (2019) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2019 Polish parliamentary election was held on Sunday, October 13, 2019. The post-election survey was fielded between October 24, 2019, and November 17, 2019 (a total of 25 days). The surveys were conducted face-to- face using an electronic questionnaire and were administered in Polish. The fieldwork was carried out by the Polish research company PBS. The total number of observations from the Poland Study is 2,003 interviews. A person needed to be registered and above 18 years old to be interviewed. Institutionalized and military personnel were included in the address-based sampling frame. The survey employed a random sampling procedure where the primary sampling units were the respondents. Respondents were selected in the household using a Kish selection grid procedure. Stratification was used for selecting geographical regions in the country. Four attempts were made to contact potential respondents before designating it as a failed contact attempt. Interview verification was completed for 5% of respondents by experienced fieldwork coordinators. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2019 Poland Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The weight adjusts the sample to population estimates for region, habitat, gender, age, and education. For the weight calculation, the data collection organization used a method called Rim weighting building on three dimensions: (1) region/ habitat, (2) gender/ education, and (3) habitat/ gender/ age. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - PORTUGAL (2019) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2019 Portuguese lower house election took place on Sunday, October 6, 2019. The post-election study was administered between October 12 and December 15, 2019 (65 days in total), with interviewing face-to-face using an electronic questionnaire. Fieldwork was conducted by GfK Portugal, with questionnaires administered in Portuguese. The total number of observations from the Portugal Study is 1,500 interviews. The sample is meant to be representative of individuals aged 18 years or older residing in continental Portugal. Portuguese citizenship was not required to participate in the interview. The two autonomous regions Madeira and the Azores were excluded from the sample frame (5 percent of the eligible population). The same holds for institutionalized persons (less than 1 percent of the eligible population). The study is based on a multi-stage stratified random sample. The sample was stratified according to locality size ("habitat") and EU NUTS II regions; a hierarchical geocode standard subdividing the territories of EU member states. The NUTS II regions North, Centre, Lisbon, Alentejo, and Algarve were also the primary sampling unit. In the first step, the random selection of localities within each of the five listed NUTS II regions was carried out following the General Index of INE's Population Census, based on the sample matrix of NUTS II regions and habitat. In each designated locality, sample points were then again sampled randomly. Afterward, households were selected through random route. From within each household, the adult who had the most recent birthday was selected for the interview in the last step. If the selected person was not available, up to three more revisits were made to reach the potential interviewee on different days (week and weekend) and throughout different times of the day. After a fourth unsuccessful visit, the selected individual was replaced by another person with similar characteristics (sex, age group and location) from a different household. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2019 Portugal Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT and a COMBINED DEMOGRAPHIC and POLITICAL WEIGHT. Both weights were created through iterations in Marktab software. The demographic weight (E1010_2) adjusts the sample to known population characteristics regarding gender, age, and educational attainment. Population estimates were taken from the Portuguese National Institute for Statistics INE 2017 Estimates and Eurostat 2017 Schooling. The political weight (E1010_3) is a combined weight that adjusts the sample to match the 2019 legislative election results on top of the demographic weight. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - ROMANIA (2016) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2016 Romanian Parliamentary elections were held on Sunday, December 11, 2016. This post-election study was carried out between December 13, 2016, and February 20, 2017 (70 days in total). Interviews were conducted in Romanian via face-to-face using an electronic questionnaire. The fieldwork was conducted by the CCSAS from Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The total number of observations from the Romania Study is 1,105 interviews. The sample is meant to be representative of Romanian citizens aged 18 years or older at the time of the election, but it excluded institutionalized citizens (estimated to be 0.25% of the Romanian population). The sample was designed by stratified two-stage probability sampling, with stratification of the primary units (voting districts, namely areas comprising a number of streets allocated to a polling station) proportional to the number of secondary units (adults registered in the electoral register). In the second stage, 10 respondents were selected by systematic sampling with equal probabilities from the electoral register of each voting district selected (the main sample). A reserve sample of 10 respondents was chosen to compensate for refusals. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2016 Romania Study provides a SAMPLE WEIGHT, a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT and a POLITICAL WEIGHT. The sample weight (E1010_1) is designed to correct for the variations in the probability of selection in the sample (as voting polls differ in size). The demographic weight (E1010_2) was computed after including the sample weight. It is designed to match known demographic characteristics of the population (according to the last available Census, from 2011). Demographic weight was computed by dividing the population structure to the sample structure. The structure was defined by the joint distribution of several variables: Gender (male/female), age categories (18-34, 35-49, 50-64, 65+), residence (urban/rural), and region (8 categories). The political weight (E1010_3) was computed after including the demographic weight, thus also consequently including the sample weight. It is designed to correct the sample to match the official (Central Electoral Bureau) election results at the national level for both Parliament houses simultaneously. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - SLOVAKIA (2020) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2020 Slovakian Parliamentary elections were held on Saturday, February 29, 2020. The election took place just before the COVID-19 pandemic was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020, although fieldwork for the 2020 study was conducted during the pandemic. Fieldwork began on June 9, 2020, after a wait of three months for the government to lift COVID-19 pandemic restrictions which made face-to-face interviewing impossible. Fieldwork lasted 84 days, was completed on August 31, 2020, and was administered by Kantar Slovakia. Data were collected via face-to-face interviewing using an electronic questionnaire. The survey was administered in Slovakian. The total number of observations from the Slovakia Study is 1,003 interviews. The sample is meant to be representative of Slovakian citizens aged 18 years or older on election day. Up to 3% of citizens (homeless, imprisoned, persons living in retirement homes) were excluded from the sample frame. The Slovakian study sample was created by random sampling from the register of all communities (villages and towns) in Slovakia based on the proportions of the population of age 18+ and the size of the community. In total, 143 territory sampling units were selected. Households in these units were chosen by a random walk (according to strict rules). Further, respondents in the household were selected following the closest birthday method. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, the interviewing took longer than envisaged, and some PSUs were hard to reach. Because of that, interviewers could not cover approximately 20% of the PSUs selected in the original sample. To compensate for this, the Slovakian team agreed they would do another wave of sampling to collect the missing approximately 33% of the sample. In the end, 668 respondents answered the survey from the first round of fieldwork where 20% of PSUs were not visited, and 335 respondents answered the survey in the second round of fieldwork. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2020 Slovakia Study provides a COMBINED SAMPLE and DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The weight compensates for disproportionate probability of selection and additionally adjusts the data to match known demographic characteristics, namely gender (two categories), age (five categories), region (eight categories), education (five categories) and community size (five categories). Weights were calculated using an iterative proportional fitting algorithm (raking). After combining the sample with the demographic weight, the weight was trimmed to a range between 0.3 and 3. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - SOUTH KOREA (2016) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2016 South Korean lower house election was held on Wednesday, April 13, 2016. This post-election cross-sectional study fielded the CSES MODULE 5 pilot questionnaire. Fieldwork began on April 14, 2016, running seven days until April 20, 2016, and was administered by the Korean Social Science Data Center. Interviews were conducted face-to-face using a paper questionnaire and were administered in Korean. The total number of observations from the South Korea Study is 1,199 interviews. The sample is meant to be representative of registered South Korean voters aged 19 and above. People living on Cheju Island and other small islands were excluded from the sample frame. This is common for Korean national surveys, as people living in these regions are difficult to contact and make up less than one percent of the population. The sample was realized as a multi-stage random sample, for which electoral districts represented the primary sampling units. In the first stage, 80 electoral districts were randomly sampled from a list of all electoral districts in South Korea. In the second stage, voting districts within each sampled electoral district were randomly sampled. In the third and final stage, a simple random sample of voters was drawn within each voting district, based on electoral registers provided by the Central Election Management Committee. When contacting a respondent's household, interviewers asked for the name of the respondent and identified her or him to be the right person listed. Prior to the study, a token gift (folding umbrella) was sent to the sampled individuals. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS No weights were provided. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - SWEDEN (2018) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2018 Swedish lower house election took place on Sunday, September 9, 2018. The Swedish study, part of the larger Swedish National Election Study (SNES), was administered as a standalone study for the 2018 contest, and fielded between September 10 and November 6, 2018 (a total of 58 days) by Statistics Sweden (SCB). Due to an administrative lapse, this study fielded the CSES MODULE 5 pilot questionnaire and employed a mixed-mode approach with respondents initially contacted via mail and offered the choice of participating via the Internet or self-completing and mail-back. Hence, respondents could self-select into interview modes. The total number of observations from the Sweden Study is 3,784 interviews: 2,897 via self- completion mail-back and 887 via the Internet. The sample was conceptualized as a simple random sample and is meant to be representative of Swedish citizens living in Sweden who were entitled to vote and between 18 and 80 years old. Eligible Swedish citizens living abroad were excluded from the sample frame (about 2% of the population). Individuals were sampled directly from population registers provided by Statistics Sweden and were hence the primary sampling unit. To encourage participation, sampled respondents were sent letters to inform them about the study's purpose and offered a gift card worth 50 SEK. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2018 Sweden Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. Weights were calculated using an iterative proportional fitting algorithm (raking). The demographic weight (E1010_2) adjusts the data to match known demographic characteristics, namely gender (male, female), age groups (18-25, 26-40, 41-64, 65-80), and education (seven categories based on the Swedish education classification scheme "Svensk utbildningsnomenklatur (SUN)"). In general, Collaborators used public register data on respondents to calculate the demographic weight, with the following exceptions: For age groups, no public records data were available for one respondent, and the survey information was used instead. For education, public records data were unavailable for 857 respondents, due to the respondents not approving of the use of public records data. For these 857 individuals, Collaborators imputed data based on sex and age groups. Collaborators note they chose to make imputations based on census data even though survey data was available because they found an unexpectedly low correlation between survey responses and census register data on education in previous analyses. Particularly older age groups tend to overestimate their formal level of education. To get a cleaner measure, Collaborators hence decided against mixing survey responses with census data. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - SWITZERLAND (2019) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2019 Swiss Federal elections were held on Sunday, October 20, 2019. Fieldwork for the Swiss election study began on October 21, 2019, and was completed on January 5, 2020 (77 days in total). The fieldwork was administered by FORS - the Swiss Centre for Expertise in the Social Sciences. The total number of observations from the Switzerland Study is 4,645 interviews. The study employed a mixed-mode approach with interviews collected via the Internet and mail-back self-completion. All selected respondents were first invited to complete the survey via the Internet. With the second reminder (out of three), a paper version of the questionnaire was sent to those who had not yet participated in the survey. Hence, all respondents who completed the survey after the reception of the second reminder self-selected into the mode of interview. The survey was administered in German, French and Italian. The sample was designed to be representative of all Swiss citizens residing in Switzerland who were at least 18 years old on Election Day (October 20, 2019) and thus eligible to vote. Only Swiss citizens living abroad were not included in the sample - 3.4% of all registered voters. The sample was drawn by the Federal Statistical Office (FSO) from their sampling frame of Swiss citizens who were at least 18 years old and residing in Switzerland at the time of the elections, with individuals as primary sampling units. The total number of individuals in the sample was 17,866. The sample size was adjusted to have a minimum of at least 80 respondents per canton in each of the 26 cantons (oversampling of small cantons). Additionally, the cantons of Ticino, Geneva and Zurich are traditionally over-sampled in the Swiss Election Study in order to have a larger N for the three main language regions (Italian-speaking, French-speaking and German-speaking, respectively). <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2019 Switzerland Study provides a SAMPLE WEIGHT and a COMBINED SAMPLE and POLITICAL WEIGHT. The Sample Weight (E1010_1) corrects for the oversampling of small cantons and two larger cantons (Ticino and Zurich). This weight was calculated as the quotient of the proportion of eligible voters in the population of each canton and the proportion of respondents in the sample that falls within the canton. The Political Weight (E1010_3) corrects biases that result from oversampling, turnout, and party choice in the data. The weight is calculated by multiplying three weights, namely the Design, Turnout and Party Choice Weights. The turnout and party choice biases in survey data are common phenomena in Switzerland. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - TAIWAN (2016) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN General elections in Taiwan were held on January 16, 2016. These included Taiwan Presidential and legislative elections. This post-election study fielded the CSES MODULE 5 pilot questionnaire, with fieldwork starting on January 17, 2016, and was completed on April 28, 2016 (96 days in total). Fieldwork was administered by the Election Study Center at the National Chengchi University. The survey was administered in Chinese including the Hakka, Mandarin, and Taiwanese dialects, and respondents were interviewed face-to-face using an electronic questionnaire. For a small number of interviews, Collaborators report due to technical difficulties such as tablet power failure or system re-set, the mode shifted to a face-to-face interview using a questionnaire on paper, with the data inputted into the system at a later time. The total number of observations from the Taiwan Study is 1,690 interviews. The sample is meant to be representative of all qualified voters in Taiwan. These are all Taiwanese citizens who are 20 years or older. The survey used a probability proportional to size (PPS) three-stage systematic sampling. In the first stage, legislative constituencies were sampled according to major geographic regions. In the second stage, urban villages or rural villages were selected as sampling units. In the third stage, respondents were selected from household registration data provided by the Ministry of the Interior. In total, 7,601 citizens were selected for a potential interview. All respondents received a gift as an incentive to participate in the study. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2016 Taiwan Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The provided data weights are constructed by raking with gender, age (5 groups), education (5 groups), and area (6 regions) to fit the sample to eligible voters in 2016 Presidential and legislative elections. The demographic characteristics are based on "2015 Taiwan-Fuchien Demographic Fact Book, Republic of China", published by the Ministry of Interior, Republic of China. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - TAIWAN (2020) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN General elections in Taiwan were held on January 11, 2020. The election took place just before the COVID-19 pandemic was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020, although fieldwork for the 2020 study was conducted in part during the pandemic. The post-election survey was fielded between January 13 and May 30, 2020 (139 days in total). The data was collected by the Election Study Center, National Chengchi University. The survey was conducted face-to-face using an electronic questionnaire, with the survey administered in Chinese. The total number of observations from the Taiwan Study is 1,680 interviews. To be interviewed, a person needed to be a Taiwanese citizen aged at least 20 years old. Institutionalized persons (estimated to be 0.04% of the population) were excluded from the sample as felons are ineligible to vote in Taiwan. In the first stage of sampling, legislative constituencies were sampled according to major geographic regions. In the second stage, urban villages or rural villages were selected as sampling units. In the third stage, samples were selected from address-based sampling of a geographical information system (GIS). The final stage was implemented via in-house sampling that included two steps. First, the interviewer asked, "How many adults who are over 20 years old and whose household registration is at this address (regardless of whether they live here or not)?" Second, "among these adults, [computer sampling results] is the person we wanted to interview." To increase the response rate, a notification letter for the interview was sent to the respondents in advance, and they received a gift after finishing the interview. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2020 Taiwan Study provides a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. Collaborators decided the weight is needed to adjust the sample to the general population of eligible voters in the 2020 Presidential and legislative elections. Therefore, the survey data are weighted by gender, age (5 groups), education (5 groups), and area (6 regions). The population parameters are taken from the Statistical Yearbook of Interior published by the Ministry of The Interior Republic of China in 2019. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - THAILAND (2019) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2019 Thai general election was held on Sunday, March 24, 2019. The Thai 2019 study was conceptualized as a post-election survey conducted between April 25 and June 5, 2019 (42 days in total). Fieldwork was administered by the King Prajadhipok's Institute. Interviews were conducted in local Thai dialects and Tribe languages and face-to-face using a paper questionnaire. The multi-stage systematic random sample is meant to represent Thailand's eligible voting population (i.e., Thai citizens aged 18 years or above and registered to vote). For this survey, the country was divided into five regions corresponding to the four regions of Thailand plus the special administrative area of Bangkok. Within each of the four regions, a list of Amphoe (districts) per region was randomly selected (stage 1), with these districts serving as the primary sampling units. In stage 2, Tambol (subdistricts)were randomly selected within each Amphoe. Afterward, a specified number of villages (Muban) were sampled within each Tambol (stage 3). Stage 4 determined the number of people to be surveyed within a village. In each stage, the number of units for sampling within a geographic area was chosen proportionally to population size. Individual respondents were systematically sampled from lists provided by the Community Department of the Ministry of Interior. In Bangkok, a list of sub-districts was randomly selected in stage 1 in proportion to population size. Subsequently, systematic sampling was applied to select individual respondents from electoral registers. After the interview, respondents received a notebook and a pen to thank them for their participation. Researchers are advised that substitution of individuals was permissible at the final stage of selection in all five regions. The substitution process was coordinated by Collaborators and applied in cases where interviewers could not contact the sampled person due to relocation, decease, illnesses etc. Substituted individuals were sampled in the same manner as regular respondents, matching the age and gender of the originally sampled person. The total number of observations from the Thailand Study is 1,536 interviews, of which 370 have been conducted with substituted persons. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS No weights included. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - TUNISIA (2019) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2019 Tunisian parliamentary election took place on Sunday, October 6, 2019. The election took place before the COVID-19 pandemic was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020, although fieldwork for the study was conducted during the pandemic. The post-election study was fielded between July 18 and July 30, 2020 (11 days in total) and was administered face-to-face using an electronic questionnaire in Arabic, by the polling agency One to One for Research and Polling. COVID-19 restrictions in Tunisia were eased in Summer 2020, permitting face-to-face fieldwork. The total number of observations from the Tunisia Study is 1,477 interviews. To be interviewed, a person needed to be a Tunisian citizen 18 years old or older. Institutionalized persons were excluded from the sample as surveys were only conducted within households. The 2019 Tunisian Study used a stratified multi-stage probability sample. The primary sampling units (PSU) are the smallest units in the sampling frame called blocks. The PSUs are randomly selected with the population proportional to size method. Tunisia is divided into 24 governorates, 264 delegations and 2,084 sectors. Each sector was divided into two independent categories: urban and rural. The population was classified into 46 strata (two governorates, namely Tunis and Monastir, are 100% urban). The sectors were then divided into "blocks". The total number of blocks was 27,466. The largest administrative unit, namely each governorate, got a portion of the sample based on the percentage of the population related to the total population. The rural and urban areas in each governorate then received a portion from the sampling points based on the percentage of each area within the governorate. The three stages of selection were: selecting the blocks, selecting households, and selecting respondents. In the final stage, the interviewers used the Kish table to randomly select one respondent. From one house to another, the interviewers alternated between female and male. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS No weights provided. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - TURKEY (2018) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2018 Turkish General Elections took place on Sunday, June 24, 2018. This study was a post-election cross-sectional study, with fieldwork taking place between July 23, 2018 and September 9, 2018 (49 days in total). The fieldwork was conducted by Frekans Arastirma and the questionnaire was administered face-to-face using a paper questionnaire in Turkish. The total number of observations from the Turkey Study is 1,069 interviews. The sample is designed to be representative of the Turkish voting-age population (i.e., citizens aged 18 years or older). Institutionalized persons in prisons or hospitals and military personnel were excluded from the sampling frame (estimated to be 1% of the voting-eligible population). The sample was realized as a stratified multi-stage random sample. NUTS-2 regions, as given by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK), formed the basis for stratification. In the first step, the target sample was stratified according to each region's share of the urban and rural population following the Address-Based Population Registration System (ADNKS) records as of the end of 2017. Next, TUIK's address block data were used with a block size set at 400 residents. Address blocks were the primary sampling unit. Twenty voters were targeted to be reached within each block, and no substitution was allowed. Based on the probability proportionate to population size (PPPS) principle, blocks were distributed to NUT1 regions. In a third step, for each of the twenty addresses within each block, up to three visits were carried out with the expectation that approximately 50% of the addresses would result in a completed interview. In rural areas where TUIK was unable to provide addresses, Collaborators contacted the village's headman (muhtar) and selected twenty addresses in a systematic random sample from the list of households in the village. To select individuals within sampled households, names of all reported eligible household members were written on cards. Then, a person in the household was asked to randomly select one card with the name of the individual to be interviewed. If, for any reason, the selected individual could not participate in the survey at the first visit, the same household was visited up to three times to obtain the interview. If the interview could not be realized after three visits, the respective household was dropped from the sample without being substituted. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2018 Turkey Study includes a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The weight adjusts the sample to the following known population distributions of gender, age, and educational attainment: Males and Females, six age groups (18-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64 and 65+-year-olds), and five education groups (below primary school, primary school graduates, secondary school graduates, high school graduates, University graduates and above). The resulting 60 cells (2 x 6 x 5) were filled with the respective respondents from within the sample to calculate the weight and to obtain the national aggregates. As there are minor variations in the geographic planned distribution of observations and realized interviews, Collaborators calculated a separate geographic weight. The Demographic Weight included in CSES is the product of this Geographic Weight and the Demographic Weight described above. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - UNITED STATES (2016) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2016 United States general election was held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016 and was part of the larger American National Election Study (ANES). The ANES 2016 Time Series has a pre and post-election panel design in which respondents were interviewed twice: once before the election and once after. The CSES sample only includes respondents who took part in both rounds of interviews. The study features a mixed-mode design combining face-to-face interviewing with an electronic questionnaire with a separate sample interviewed on the Internet. Respondents were assigned to modes which remained consistent. Fieldwork featuring the CSES survey started on November 9, 2016, and continued until January 9, 2017 (61 days in total). The study was fielded by Westat, Inc. in both English and Spanish. The total number of observations from the United States Study is 3,648 interviews: 1,058 via face-to-face, and 2,590 via the Internet. Probability samples were drawn independently for face-to-face and Internet components. Both samples are meant to be representative of U.S. citizens aged 18 or older at the time of recruitment. As the sampling frame for both modes was composed of lists of residential addresses provided by the U.S. Postal Service, a respondent had to reside at the sampled address to be eligible. Addresses where mail is not delivered were excluded from the sampling frame. Residents from the states of Alaska and Hawaii were not sampled for face-to-face interviews (less than one percent of the population). Furthermore, addresses associated with more than one dwelling unit ("drop point addresses") were excluded from the sampling frame for Internet surveys (2.9 percent of residential addresses). The face-to-face sample was realized as a multi-stage stratified cluster sample. Primary sampling units (PSUs) were counties, or a combination of counties, with a minimum population of 50,000 people. The Los Angeles County was divided into two PSUs due to its large size. For the face-to-face mode, 60 PSUs were selected with probability proportional to the number of adult citizens, previously stratified by Census region, the prevalence of poverty, members of minority groups and population size. The five largest PSUs were selected with certainty. In the second stage, within each PSU, four Census Block groups were drawn as the secondary sampling units. Within these areas, households were sampled randomly from addresses included in the U.S. Postal Service's computerized delivery sequence file (DSF). Interviewers were sent to the sampled address and conducted a brief screening interview in which eligible respondents from the household were listed. One person was randomly selected from this list. During the last two weeks of pre-election fieldwork, half of the remaining eligible cases were sub-sampled out to concentrate resources on a smaller set of cases (adaptive design). Depending on the level of pre-election incentives, respondents were initially offered 25, 50 or 100 USD for completing the post-election interview. These amounts were increased to 50 or 100 USD, respectively, at the end of the fielding period. The Internet sample is based on a simple random sample from the list from the DSF file, excluding drop point addresses and addresses contacted for the ANES pretest. Selected addresses were sent letters asking one household member to go online to complete a survey. That survey contained a screening instrument to randomly select one person from all eligible household members for the final interview. For post-election Internet interviews, incentives were set to the amount paid for the pre-election interview, that is, either 40 or 80 USD. Panel attrition rates were 10 percent for the face-to-face component, and 16 percent for the Internet component. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2016 United States Study includes a COMBINED SAMPLE and DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The weight adjusts for unequal probability of selection, non- response, age by gender, race/ethnicity by educational attainment, marital status by gender, race/ethnicity by census region, nation of birth and home tenure by metropolitan status. The weight deposited with CSES is targeted to the complete U.S. 2016 dataset (including both Internet and face-to-face modes). Users interested in conducting analyses with either face-to-face or web interviews only are referred to the ANES 2016 Time Series Study, which provides individual weights for each mode. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - UNITED STATES (2020) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2020 United States general election was held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020 and was part of the larger American National Election Study (ANES). The elections and the fieldwork took place during the COVID-19 pandemic. The ANES 2020 Time Series study has a pre and post-election panel design in which 4,779 respondents were interviewed twice: once before the election and once after. Another 2,670 respondents were sampled for the 2016 ANES Time Series Study and were re-interviewed in 2020 before and after the election. The CSES sample includes respondents sampled in 2016 and 2020 who took part in both rounds of the 2020 interviews. Fieldwork featuring the CSES survey started on November 8, 2020, and continued until January 4, 2021 (58 days in total). The COVID-19 pandemic made face-to-face interviewing unfeasible. In response, the 2020 ANES implemented a contactless, sequential mixed-mode design. This design combined self-administered Internet surveys, live in-person video interviews, and telephone interviews. Respondents were assigned to modes which remained consistent. The study was fielded by Westat, Inc. in both English and Spanish. The total number of observations from the United States Study is 7,449 interviews: 115 were completed via telephone, 7,060 via the Internet, and 274 using in-person video call. The fresh 2020 cross-sectional sample is meant to represent eligible voters in the 2020 Presidential election, as defined by being age 18 as of election day and being a U.S. citizen. Institutionalized persons were excluded from the sampling frame. Further details on the sampling process with which panelists from 2016 were recruited are detailed in CSES Codebook Part 6 in the "Overview of Study Design and Weights - United States (2016)". The 2020 fresh cross-sectional sample is based on a simple random sample drawn from the computerized delivery sequence file (C-DSF) provided by the U.S. Postal Service. All included residential addresses across the 50 states and Washington DC had an equal probability of selection. Selected addresses were sent a series of letters, asking one household member to go online to complete a survey. That survey contained a screening instrument to randomly select one person from all eligible household members for the final interview. Upon completion of the screener, the selected individual was randomly assigned to one of three sequential mode conditions: Internet-only, mixed Internet, and mixed video. Cases assigned to the Internet-only group were released in two replicates for the pre-election survey and solely interviewed online. The first was released in mid-August 2020 with the other sample groups. The second replicate was released on September 11, 2020, after the Republican and Democratic conventions, roughly corresponding to the field period of previous ANES Time Series studies. Respondents in the mixed Internet group were initially invited to complete the survey online. Non-responding persons and refusals were shifted to the telephone at the case level in the final weeks of the pre-election period. Finally, upon completing the web screener, respondents in the mixed video group were invited to complete the survey by live video interview via Zoom. Following the invitation link, respondents were instructed to wait briefly to connect with an interviewer or set an appointment. In case of refusal or non-response, respondents were shifted to the Internet. At the final stage, non-respondents to the Internet survey were subsequently pushed to telephone. Similar to the mixed Internet group, this shift occurred at the case level in the final weeks of the pre-election period. All panelists from the 2016 ANES Time Series study completed the 2020 survey via the Internet. Invitations were made by e-mail and mail. Before the pre-election interview, selected addresses were sent invitation letters, including 10 USD in cash, that promised an additional 40 USD for completing a survey online. Among all groups of the fresh 2020 sample, non-responding households were offered escalated incentives of 100 USD for completing the screener later in the field period. Additionally, individuals from under-represented groups with a low response rate were offered 200 USD as part of a targeted, adaptive design approach in the mixed-Internet group and for panelists from 2016. Likewise, to counter initial non-response, 200 USD escalations were offered to respondents from the mixed video group for completing interviews by video. For the post-election survey, pre-election respondents were offered the incentive amount they received previously. The pre-election re-interview rate for the 2016-2020 panel cases was 77.9%. Of these, post-election re-interviews were conducted with 94.0% of panelists. The cumulative 2020 re-interview rate was thus 73.2%. For the fresh 2020 sample, 87.9% of respondents from the pre-election survey also completed the post-election interview (88.1% in Internet-only, 88.7% in mixed Internet and 84.6% in the mixed video group, respectively). <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2020 United States Study includes a COMBINED SAMPLE and DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT. The weight adjusts for unequal probability of selection, non- response, age by gender, marital status by gender, race/ethnicity by educational attainment, race/ethnicity by Census region, nation of birth, home tenure by metropolitan status, population density, household income, and early voter status. The weight deposited with CSES (variable V200010b in the ANES 2020 Time Series data) is targeted to the full post-election dataset, namely all three mode conditions from the 2020 fresh cross-sectional sample and sample members from the 2016 ANES Time Series Study. Users interested in conducting analyses with a subset of these sample components only are referred to the ANES 2020 Time Series Study, which provides individual weights for selected components. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND WEIGHTS - URUGUAY (2019) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <<>> STUDY DESIGN The 2019 Uruguayan general election took place on Sunday, October 27, 2019. The Uruguayan Study was carried out between January 28 and February 27, 2020 (31 days) with interviews conducted by telephone. The questionnaire was administered in Spanish, and the fieldwork was carried out by Instituto Factum. The total number of observations from the Uruguay Study is 1,200 interviews. The sample is meant to be representative of the voting-eligible population, namely, Uruguayan citizens aged 18 years or older on election day. The survey was realized as a two-stage quota sample with departments as the primary sampling unit. The departments were selected proportionally to the electorates and hence not randomly. In a subsequent step, dual-frame telephone surveys were conducted within departments (50% mobiles and 50% landlines). While mobile phone numbers were sampled via random digit dialing, landline numbers originate from a listed sample. Apart from clustering by departments, the sample design includes quota sampling by sex and age. <<>> POLITY WEIGHTS The 2019 Uruguay Study provides a SAMPLE WEIGHT, a DEMOGRAPHIC WEIGHT, and a POLITICAL WEIGHT. The sample weight is designed to account for a sampling bias related to the different Uruguayan territories (based on variable E2022 - Rural or Urban Residence). The demographic weight controls for gender and age. The political weight adjusts for discrepancies in the reported electoral behavior of respondents and the official electoral results. /// END OF FILE