=========================================================================== COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ELECTORAL SYSTEMS (CSES) - MODULE 5 (2016-2021) CODEBOOK PART 5: ELECTION SUMMARIES SECOND ADVANCE RELEASE - MAY 14, 2020 CSES Secretariat www.cses.org =========================================================================== HOW TO CITE THE STUDY: The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (www.cses.org). CSES MODULE 5 SECOND ADVANCE RELEASE [dataset and documentation]. May 14, 2020 version. doi:10.7804/cses.module5.2020-05-14 These materials are based on work supported by the American National Science Foundation (www.nsf.gov) under grant numbers SES-1420973 and SES-1760058, the GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, the University of Michigan, in-kind support of participating election studies, the many organizations that sponsor planning meetings and conferences, and the numerous organizations that fund national election studies by CSES collaborators. Any opinions, findings and conclusions, or recommendations expressed in these materials are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding organizations. =========================================================================== =========================================================================== TABLE OF CONTENTS =========================================================================== ))) IMPORTANT NOTE REGARDING ADVANCE RELEASES ))) OVERVIEW OF "CODEBOOK PART 5: ELECTION SUMMARIES" ))) HOW TO NAVIGATE THE CSES MODULE 5 CODEBOOK ))) ELECTION SUMMARIES FOR STUDIES INCLUDED IN CSES MODULE 5 BY POLITY & ELECTION YEAR >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - AUSTRALIA (2019) >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - AUSTRIA (2017) >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - BRAZIL (2018) >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - CHILE (2017) >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - FRANCE (2017) >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - GERMANY (2017) >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - GREECE (2015) >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - HONG KONG (2016) >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - HUNGARY (2018) >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - ICELAND (2016) >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - ICELAND (2017) >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - IRELAND (2016) >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - ITALY (2018) >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - LITHUANIA (2016) >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - MONTENEGRO (2016) >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - NEW ZEALAND (2017) >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - NORWAY (2017) >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - SOUTH KOREA (2016) >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - TAIWAN (2016) >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - TURKEY (2018) >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - UNITED STATES (2016) =========================================================================== ))) IMPORTANT NOTE REGARDING ADVANCE RELEASES =========================================================================== This dataset and all accompanying documentation is the "Second Advance Release" of CSES Module 5 (2016-2021). By definition, an Advance Release is a preliminary version of a dataset, and thus lacks some of the checking, cleaning, processing, documentation, data, and variables that are usual to the Full Release of a dataset. Many election studies that will eventually be present in the CSES Module 5 Full Release are not available in this file. Advance Releases are provided as a service to the CSES user community, for those analysts who find it valuable to work with preliminary versions of the dataset. We would appreciate being notified of any errors in the dataset or documentation by email to "cses@umich.edu". Users should expect future changes and improvements to the naming, data, and documentation of variables and election studies that appear in an Advance Release file. If users wish to re-use their programming code on a future release of the file, the code should be written in a way that is flexible and can be accommodating of these future changes. Users of the Advance Release may also wish to monitor the errata for CSES Module 5 on the CSES website, to check for known errors which may impact their analyses. To view errata for CSES Module 5, go to Data Download on the CSES website, navigate to the CSES Module 5 download page, and click on the Errata link in the white box to the right of the page. We hope that until such time as the Full Release of CSES Module 5 is available, users will find this and future CSES Module 5 Advance Releases to be helpful in their work. =========================================================================== ))) OVERVIEW OF "CODEBOOK PART 5: ELECTION SUMMARIES" =========================================================================== Part 5 of the CSES Codebook presents users with a summary compiled by the CSES Secretariat of each polity's election. The overviews provide details of the type(s) of elections, the dates, the parties/candidates that won or lost and any additional relevant campaign information. We also provide sources for further information on the election in question, sources which helped inform us in devising the summaries, and which users are encouraged to check for more detailed information on the elections. Election Summaries are listed in alphabetical order of the polity. =========================================================================== ))) HOW TO NAVIGATE THE CSES MODULE 5 CODEBOOK =========================================================================== In the CSES Module 5 dataset, all variables begin with the letter "E" (E being the fifth letter of the English alphabet and thus signifying Module 5). The CSES codebook is especially extensive and users are advised that the best way to navigate it is electronically. It is a .txt format which allows it to be accessed via a variety of programmes. The CSES Codebook can be navigated quickly in the electronic files, with the following commands allowing for quick searching: ))) = Section Header >>> = Sub-section Header 1 <<>> = Sub-section Header 2 +++ = Tables VARIABLES NOTES = Notes for particular variables ELECTION STUDY NOTES = Notes for a particular election study For further details on the CSES Module 5 documentation, users are advised to consult part 1 of the CSES Codebook. =========================================================================== ))) ELECTION SUMMARIES FOR STUDIES INCLUDED IN CSES MODULE 5 BY POLITY & ELECTION YEAR =========================================================================== --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - AUSTRALIA (2019) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The 2019 Australian federal election was held on Saturday, May 18, 2019. In the House of Representatives (lower house), 151 seats were contested, an increase of one on the 2016 elections while the Senate (upper house) elections saw 40 of the 76 seats up for grabs. In the lower house elections, the Liberal/National Coalition, led by Scott Morrisson, who had assumed the prime ministership after Malcolm Turnbull was deposed as Liberal leader in August 2018, defied the opinion polls in the lead up to the election to win a third successive term. The Coalition combined won 77 seats, an increase of one seat compared to its 2016 performance, and formed a majority government. The opposition Labor Party, led by Bill Shorten, trailed on 68 seats with Shorten resigning the leadership on election night, to be later replaced by Anthony Albanese. Meanwhile, in the Senate elections, the Liberal-National Coalition gained five seats, primarily at the expense of smaller parties. The Coalition controls 35 seats in the Upper House, just short of a majority. The Greens and the smaller parties maintain the balance of power. <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - AUSTRALIA (2019) McDougall, Derek (2019). ScoMo’s Miracle: The Australian Federal Election of 18 May 2019. The Round Table - The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, 108(5), 493-506. doi: 10.1080/00358533.2019.1657717 Muller, Damon. The 2019 federal election. Parliament of Australia. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary _Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook46p/FederalElection (Date accessed: December 17, 2019). Birrell, Bob (2019). The 2019 election and the impending migrant parent deluge. The Australian Population Research Institute. Available at: https://tapri.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/final-draft -parent-visa-May-2019.pdf (Date accessed: December 17, 2019). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - AUSTRIA (2017) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The 2017 Austrian Federal lower house election took place on Sunday, October 15, 2017. The turnout rate among eligible voters was 80.0%. The election took place early after rising tension between the incumbent coalition partners, the Social Democrats (SPO) and the Christian Democrats (OVP). In May 2017, the OVP leader and Austrian Vice-Chancellor, Reinhold Mitterlehner resigned after internal party disagreements. Foreign Minister, the youthful Sebastian Kurz, became the leader of the OVP and called for snap elections, thus dissolving the grand coalition. In the elections, Kurz’s OVP, running under the name "List Sebastian Kurz, the New People's Party," secured 31.5% of the votes, an increase of 7.5-points compared to the previous election in 2013. The OVP became the largest party in parliament for the first time since 2002, surpassing its coalition partner, the SPO, who held their own in the election, winning 52 seats and 26.9% of the vote. In third place, the Freedom Party (FPO) made gains, winning 11 additional seats. The Green Party (Gruene) failed to surpass the 4 percent threshold, and, for the first time in 21 years, did not secure a seat in parliament, losing 24 seats compared with their 2013 performance. Two other parties, The New Austria (NEOS) and the newly formed Peter Pilz List (PILZ), gained seats. After the election, negotiations between the OVP and FPO led to the first OVP-FPO government since 2005, ending ten years of grand coalitions led by the SPO. Sebastian Kurz became Chancellor in December 2017. <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - AUSTRIA (2013) Bodlos, A. & Plescia, C. (2018). The 2017 Austrian snap election: a shift rightward. West European Politics, 41(6), 1354-1363. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2018.1429057 Federal Ministry of the Interior (Bundesministerium fuer Inneres - BM.I). Available at: https://wahl17.bmi.gv.at/ (Date accessed: March 1, 2019). Inter-Parliamentary Union (n.D.): Austria, Nationalrat (National Council). Available at: http://archive.ipu.org/parline/reports/2017_E.htm (Date accessed: January 11, 2019). Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes (2017). Federal law on national council elections (Last update: April 19, 2017). Available at: https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Erv/ERV_1992_471/ERV_1992_471.pdf (Date accessed: February 27, 2018) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - BRAZIL (2018) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The 2018 Brazilian general elections were held on Sunday, October 7, 2018 (first round) with a second round of Presidential elections on Sunday, October 28, 2018. Voters in Brazil elected President, Vice President, National Congress (lower and upper house). Elections for state governors and vice governors, state legislative assemblies and the Legislative Chamber of the Federal District were held at the same time. In Brazil, there is mandatory voting for those aged 18-70, and in 2018 election turnout was 79.67% in the first round and 78.7% in the second round of the Presidential elections. Elections were held in very turbulent times for Brazil. Namely, Workers' Party (PT) Dilma Rousseff, who was re-elected as Brazilian president in 2014 was impeached in 2015, and removed from office as she was found guilty of breaking budgetary laws. Vice President Michel Temer, of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (MDB), succeeded her. Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, of Workers' Party (PT), who was Brazilian president from 2003 until 2011, announced he would run again for the presidency. However, he was imprisoned because of a corruption scandal, and the Brazilian Superior Electoral Court denied his candidacy on August 31, 2018. In a very controversial and politically heated period for Brazil, Jair Bolsonaro, of the Social Liberal Party (PSL), emerged as the winner and new president, with 55.13% of valid votes in the second round, beating Fernando Haddad of Workers' Party (PT). <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - BRAZIL (2018) Power, Timothy J. & Rodrigues-Silveira, Rodrigo (2019). Mapping Ideological Preferences in Brazilian Elections, 1994-2018: A Municipal-Level Study. Bras. Political Science Review. Vol.13 (1). doi: 10.1590/1981-3821201900010001 Dias, Murillo & Teles, Andre (2018). Vote in Brazil and General elections 2018: Are the pillars of democracy in danger? Global Journal of Politics and Law Research, Vol. 6 (6), 1-15. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Murillo_Dias/ publication/328415172_VOTE_IN_BRAZIL_AND_GENERAL_ELECTIONS_2018_ARE_THE_ PILLARS_OF_DEMOCRACY_IN_DANGER/links/5bcc8f4992851cae21b7b7d6/VOTE-IN- BRAZIL-AND-GENERAL-ELECTIONS-2018-ARE-THE-PILLARS-OF-DEMOCRACY-IN- DANGER.pdf (Date accessed: February 19, 2020) Silva, Antonio Jose Bacelar da & Larkins, Erika Robb (2019). The Bolsonaro Election, Antiblackness, and Changing Race Relations in Brazil. The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology. doi: 10.1111/jlca.12438 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - CHILE (2017) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Chilean general elections were held on Sunday, November 19, 2017. Voters went to the polls to elect a president, the Chamber of Deputies (lower house), 23 of the 43 Senate members (upper house) as well as regional boards. In the presidential elections, 46.7% of registered voters voted, but no candidate won the required majority in the first round, necessitating a second round on Sunday, December 17, 2017. Turnout increased slightly in the second round to 49%, as the opposition candidate and former President Sebastian Pinera (having served as president between 2010-4), defeated Alejandro Guillier, who was representative of The Force of Majority coalition, which held the presidency before the 2017 elections. The legislative elections were the first held since the electoral reform of 2015, whereby a more proportional system replaced the binomial electoral system in operation since 1989. In the Chamber of Deputies, the Chile Vamos coalition, led by National Renewal (RN) and Independent Democratic Union (UDI), won the most seats - 72. They gained 23 seats compared with parliamentary elections in 2013. The governing New Majority alliance lost its majority in both houses of the Chilean Parliament <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - CHILE (2017) Parline database on national parliaments (2017): Chile Camara de Diputados. Available at: http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2063_E.htm (Date accessed: March 20, 2019). Gamboa, R. & Morales, M. (2016). Chile's 2015 Electoral Reform: Changing the Rules of the Game. Latin American Politics and Society, 58(4), 124-144. doi: 10.1111/laps.12005 Representacion politica de mujeres en el poder legislativo. Analisis de la aplicacion de las cuotas de genero en las elecciones parlamentarias de 2017. PNUD, 2018. Available at: http://www.cl.undp.org/content/dam/chile/ docs/gobernabilidad/undp_cl_gobernabilidad_informecuotas2018.pdf (Date accessed: March 13, 2019). Servicio electoral de Chile (Chilean Electoral authority) www.servel.cl (Date accessed: March 13, 2019) Toro Maureira, S., & Valenzuela Beltran, M. (2018). Chile 2017: Ambiciones, estrategias y expectativas en el estreno de las nuevas reglas electorales. Revista de ciencia politica (Santiago), 38(2), 207-232. doi: 10.4067/s0718-090x2018000200207 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - FRANCE (2017) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The 2012 French Presidential elections were held across two rounds: The first round was held on Sunday, April 23, 2017, with the second-round run-off held on Sunday, May 7, 2017. For the first time in the French Fifth Republic, the incumbent President, Francois Hollande of the Socialist Party (PS), who had been first elected in 2012, announced in December 2016 he would not seek a second term, a decision made in light of continued low approval ratings. In the first round, eleven candidates competed for the Presidency, with the top four coming in close together on a turnout of 77.8%. Emmanuel Macron, the former Economy and Industry Minister in the Socialist cabinet of Manuel Vallas (2014-16), competing for his newly-founded liberal party, La Republique en Marche (The Republic Onwards, LaREM), came first with 24% of the vote. He was followed closely by Marine Le Pen of the Front National (FN) on 21.3%. Francois Fillon, former Prime Minister and candidate of the leading right party The Republicans, came third with 19.6%, his campaign having been dogged by corruption allegations. In fourth, Jean-Luc Melenchon of the leftist Indomitable France scored 19.6%. Macron and Le Pen advanced to the run-off election, a contest that for the first time since 1974 contained a candidate from neither the traditional rightist or leftist parties. On a turnout of 74.6%, Macron was elected President, defeating Le Pen in a landslide, scoring 66.1% of the popular vote. He assumed the presidency in May 2017, and called fresh parliamentary elections in June 2017, which his newly formed LaREM won. <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - FRANCE (2017) Evans, J. & Ivaldi, G. (2018). The 2017 French Presidential Elections. A Political Reformation? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-68327-0 Gougou, F. & Persico, S. (2017). A new party system in the making? The 2017 French presidential election. French Politics, 15, 303-321. doi: 10.1057/s41253-017-0044-7 Lachat, R. & Michel, M. (2020). Campaigning in an unprecedented election: issue competition in the French 2017 presidential election. West European Politics, 43(3), 565-586. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2019.1655960 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - GERMANY (2017) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The 2017 German Federal election to the lower house was held on Sunday, September 24, 2017. 76.2% of registered voters turned out to vote. The incumbent Chancellor Angela Merkel fought for a fourth term in office as the joint candidate of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and its sister party, the Christian Social Union (CSU). Despite remaining the strongest parliamentary group with a vote share of 32.9%, the Union parties experienced a significant loss of votes, scoring its worst result since 1949. Likewise, the Union’s outgoing coalition partner, the Social Democratic Party (SPD) suffered its worst electoral performance in post-war history, only gaining 20.5% of the vote. Making a return to parliament after failing to pass the electoral threshold in 2013, the Liberals (FDP), under Christian Linder, won 10.7%. Meanwhile, the radical party, the Alternative for Germany (AfD) entered the parliament for the first time in it's history with a vote share of 12.6%, scoring third place. Due to the shrinking vote share of the two traditional of the major party blocs, two additional parties in parliament and the SPD’s initial announcement to break with the Grand Coalition, government formation was unprecedentedly challenging. After failed exploratory talks between the Union parties, the Liberals and the Greens, the Federal President of Germany acted as a facilitator, initializing first meetings between the Union and the Social Democrats. Following lengthy negotiations and a vote by SPD-members on the coalition agreement, the Grand Coalition was re-constituted with Angela Merkel beginning a fourth successive term as Chancellor on March 14, 2018. <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - GERMANY (2017) Braeuninger, T., Debus, M., Mueller, J. & Stecker, C. (2018). Party Competition and Government Formation in Germany: Business as Usual or New Patterns? German Politics, 28(1), 80-100. doi: 10.1080/09644008.2018.1538362 Dostal, J.M. (2017). The German Federal Election of 2017: How the Wedge Issue of Refugees and Migration Took the Shine off Chancellor Merkel and Transformed the Party System. The Political Quarterly, 88(4), 589-602. doi: 10.1111/1467-923X.12445 Hansen, M.A., & Olsen, J. (2019). Flesh of the Same Flesh: A Study of Voters for the Alternative for Germany (AfD) in the 2017 Federal Election. German Politics, 28(1), 1-19. doi: 10.1080/09644008.2018.1509312 Inter-Parliamentary Union (n.D.): Germany, Deutscher Bundestag (German Bundestag). Available at: http://archive.ipu.org/parline/reports/2121_E.htm (Date accessed: January 11, 2019). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - GREECE (2015) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Parliamentary elections in Greece were held on Sunday, September 20, 2015. These were the second parliamentary elections in Greece within the year, with an election previously held in January 2015. It was the sixth general election in Greece since 2007, a country still dealing with the catastrophic aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). The elections were called after Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras agreed a new European Stability Mechanism for Greece in July 2015. Initially, his government struggled to convince the Parliament to accept the deal. Eventually the deal was passed, with the help of opposition parties but more than 40 SYRIZA (main government party) MPs voted against the deal. Tsipras tendered his resignation as Prime Minister shortly afterwards. Turnout in the elections was 56.6%, 7 percentage points lower than the January poll, and the lowest turnout recorded in a Greek election since the restoration of democracy in 1974. SYRIZA and its coalition partner ANEL surprised many by retaining their majority in the Greek Parliament, with SYRIZA falling just six seats short of winning an overall majority in its own right. Six other won parliament representation, with New Democracy (ND) the biggest opposition party. Tsipras remained Prime Minister. <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - GREECE (2015) Andreadis, I. (2018). Measuring Authoritarian Populism with Expert Surveys Extending CHES estimates on populism and authoritarianism (Electoral Integrity Project (EIP) Seminar Series No. 29-5-2018). Sydney. (Date accessed: March 29, 2019) Parline database on national parliaments (2016): Hellenic Parliament. Available at: http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2125_E.htm (Date accessed: March 29, 2019) Rori, L. (2016). The 2015 Greek parliamentary elections: from great expectations to no expectations. West European Politics, 39(6), 1323-1343. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2016.1171577 Tsatsanis, E. & Teperoglou, E. (2016). Realignment under Stress: The July 2015 Referendum and the September Parliamentary Election in Greece. South European Society and Politics, 21, 427-450. doi: 10.1080/13608746.2016.1208906 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - HONG KONG (2016) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The 2016 elections to the Hong Kong Legislative Council (LegCo) were held on Sunday, September 4, 2016. In total, 70 seats were at stake. The CSES covers vote choice for the 35 seats that were elected by geographical constituencies where all eligible voters can cast a ballot. The remaining 35 seats were returned by functional constituencies (FCs), for which representatives of interest groups constitute the electorate (traditional FCs, 30 seats), or all remaining voters who are not a member of one of the traditional FCs (District Council FC, five seats). The 2016 LegCo election was the first election after the Occupy Central Movement in 2014, a movement of 79-day protests against the blocking of the electoral reform meant to introduce universal suffrage in electing Hong Kong's highest government official, the Chief Executive. A record high of 58.3% of registered voters turned out to vote in the GCs. Overall, despite losing three seats, the pro-Beijing camp secured its majority in the LegCo, keeping 40 of the 70 seats. Inside the pro-Beijing camp, the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) remained the strongest party by winning 12 seats, seven of these in the geographical constituency election. While the pan-democrats group won 23 seats, localists emerged as a new force in the LegCo, increasing their seat share from one to six, all gained in the geographical constituencies. <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - HONG KONG (2016) Kaeding, M.P. (2017): The Rise of “Localism” in Hong Kong. Journal of Democracy, 28, 157-171. doi: 10.1353/jod.2017.0013 Report on the 2016 Legislative Council General Election (by Electoral Affairs Commission, December 2016). Available at: https://www.eac.gov.hk/pdf/legco/2016LCE_Report/en/2016lce_full_report.pdf (Date accessed: April 3, 2019). The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. Available at: http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/index.html (Date accessed: April 3, 2019). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - HUNGARY (2018) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The 2018 Hungarian Parliamentary election took place on Sunday, April 8, 2018. Turnout was 69.7% of all registered voters, up 8-points on the 2014 elections. The outgoing governing alliance of Fidesz and the Christian Democrats (KDNP) won the election, with 49.3% of votes, maintaining its two thirds majority in parliament it had obtained in 2014. The coalition had strongly campaigned on their opposition to immigration and a Eurosceptic nationalist platform. The Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP)scored its worst performance since 1990, falling to third place winning only 11.9% of the vote, and losing 12 seats, the third successive election where it lost votes. Leader Gergely Karacsony quit the leadership. Main opposition party Jobbik also saw its leader Gabor Vona resign after the election. While the incumbent government's victory was marked by protests in the capital Budapest on April 14, 2018, Orban was elected to a third successive term as Prime Minister on May 10, 2018, his fourth in all as he served as Prime Minister between 1998-2002. <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - HUNGARY (2018) Election results, Hungary 2018 http://www.valasztas.hu/ogy2018 (Date accessed: February 17, 2019) Hungarian National Assembly web site http://www.parlament.hu/web/house-of-the-national-assembly (Date accessed: February 17, 2019) Hungarian National Election Office http://www.valasztas.hu/ (Date accessed: February 17, 2019) Bogaards, M. (2018). De-democratization in Hungary: diffusely defective democracy. Democratization, 25, 8, 1487-1499. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2018.1485015 Parline database on national parliaments (2018): Hungary National Assembly. Available at: http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2141_E.htm (Date accessed: January 18, 2019) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - ICELAND (2016) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The 2016 Icelandic lower house election took place on Saturday, October 29, 2016. The poll was triggered approximately one year earlier than anticipated following the resignation of Prime Minister Sigmundur Gunnlaugsson (Progressive Party) in the wake of mass protests with revelations of financial scandal emanating from the so-called Panama Papers in April 2016. Gunnlaugsson stood down as Prime Minister and was replaced by Fisheries Minister Sigurour Ingi Johannsson. However, opposition parties pressed for early elections, and in August 2016, elections were called for October 2016. In the election, turnout among eligible voters was 79.2%, and seven parties won representation in parliament (Althingi). The Progressive Party suffered significant losses, losing 11 seats and winning only 11.5% of the vote, down nearly 13-points on its performance in the 2013 election. As in 2013 (and throughout most of Iceland's democratic history), the Independence Party secured the most votes (29.0%), but it was the Pirate Party and the newly created Reform Party who made most gains. The former won 14.5% of the vote and increased its seat tally by 7, to become the third-largest party in parliament. Reform, consisting of some members who had split from the Independence Party, won 7 seats and 10.5%. Meanwhile, the Social Democratic Alliance suffered its worst result since 1999, losing six seats and coming seventh in vote share. Following lengthy coalition negotiations, the Independence Party, the Reform Party and Bright Future agreed to form a three-party coalition. On January 11, 2017, former Finance Minister and Independence Party leader Bjarni Benediktsson became Prime Minister. <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - ICELAND (2016) Hardarson, O. Th., & Kristinsson, G. H. (2017). Iceland. European Journal of Political Research – Political Data Yearbook, Vol.56(1), pp.129-136. doi: 10.1111/2047-8852.12173 Parline database on national parliaments (n.d.): Iceland Althingi (Parliament). Available at: http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2143_16.htm (Date accessed: July 20, 2019). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - ICELAND (2017) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The 2017 Icelandic lower house election took place on Saturday, October 28, 2017. The election was the second one within a year, with the incumbent three-party government comprising the Independence Party, the Reform Party, and Bright Future, collapsing in September 2017 in scandal. The scandal centred on a letter written by Prime Minister Bjarni Benediktsson's father recommending a convicted child molester having his "honor restored", a mechanism under Icelandic law where certain civil rights can be resorted after convicts serve the sentence if three letters of recommendations attesting the convicts good character are received. It was discovered that Prime Minister Benediktsson (Independence Party) had knowledge of the letter written by his father but failed to tell his coalition partners about the letter for two months. Bright Future quit the coalition and new elections were called. Turnout among eligible voters was 81.2%. The Independence Party lost five seats, winning 25.2% of the vote and 16 seats, its poorest performance since 2009, although it still remained the largest party in parliament. the most votes. After posting a disappointing result in 2016, the Social Democratic Alliance bounced back, winning 12.1% of the vote and four additional seats, bringing its tally to 7 seats. The biggest winner was the Centre Party which had been formed in September 2017 after splitting from the Progressive Party. Under the leadership of former Prime Minister Sigmundur Gunnlaugsson, it won 10.9% of the vote, and 7 seats. Bright Future, which had spent just nine months in government, lost four fifths of its popular support and lost all four of its seats. Overall, eight parties gained representation in the Icelandic lower house. On November 30, 2017, the Left-Green Movement’s leader Katrin Jakobsdottir successfully negotiated a three-party coalition government consisting of her party, the Independence Party, and the Progressive Party. Jakobsdottir became Iceland's second female Prime Minister and the first Green-Left leader to occupy the office. <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - ICELAND (2017) Hardarson, O. P., & Oennudottir, E. H. (2018). Election Report Iceland, Scandinavian Political Studies, Vol.41(2), pp.233-237. doi: 10.1111/1467-9477.12112 Oennudottir, E. H., & Hardarson, O. P. (2018). Political cleavages, party voter linkages and the impact of voters’ socio-economic status on vote- choice in Iceland, 1983-2016/17. Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration. Vol.14(1), pp.101-130. doi: 10.13177/irpa.a.2018.14.1.5 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - IRELAND (2016) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The 2016 Irish parliamentary election took place on Friday, February 26, 2016. Turnout among registered voters was 65.1%. The election was the first since the 2011 "Earthquake" election which saw the dominant party, Fianna Fail, suffer a crushing defeat over its handling of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). The election was also the first since the introduction of a gender-quota law for candidate selection which permits a party must have at least 30% of candidates from each gender or lose half of the state party funding for the subsequent parliamentary term. The 2016 election resulted in significant losses for the incumbent Fine Gael/Labor coalition. The outgoing coalition, swept to office with a record majority in 2011, lost 57 seats. Fine Gael lost 11-points in vote share but still managed to secure the most votes (25.5%), but only 50 seats, down 26 on its 2011 performance. The Labor Party suffered its worst result since 1987, losing all but 6 of its seats and its leader and deputy Prime Minister Joan Burton resigning. Fianna Fail, under the leadership of Michael Martin, resurged, winning 44 seats and 24% of the vote. There were also significant gains for the Nationalist Sinn Fein and Independent candidates. The government formation following the election lasted for 63 days as Fine Gael struggled to securing a government partner. After three failed attempts to elect a Taoiseach (Irish PM) votes, Fine Gael finally secured support from nine independent candidates and agreed a confidence and supply deal with the main opposition party, Fianna Fail. Enda Kenny was re-elected Taoiseach on May 6, 2016, the first Fine Gael Prime Minister to secure a second successive term since 1927. <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - IRELAND (2016) Barrett, D. (2016): Irish general election 2016 report: whither the party system?. Irish Political Studies, 31(3), 418-431. doi: 10.1080/07907184.2016.1195814 Gallagher, M. & Marsh, M. (eds.) (2016): How Ireland Voted 2016. The Election that Nobody Won. Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-40889-7 Marsh, M., Farrell, D. M., & Reidy, T. (eds). (2018): The Post-Crisis Irish Voter. Voting Behaviour in the Irish 2016 General Election. Manchester, Manchester University Press. doi: 10.7765/9781526122650 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - ITALY (2018) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The 2018 Italian general election, involving elections to both the lower and upper house, took place on Sunday, March 4, 2018. The elections were the first held under the new electoral system, approved in late 2017, by parliament, which involved both houses being elected using a parallel voting system. Voters had one vote and could cast their ballot for a party list only, a district candidate only, or a party list and a district candidate (split-ticket voting was not allowed). The vote was a fused vote in that a ballot for a party list would be extended to the party list’s district candidate and a vote for a district candidate would be extended to the candidate’s party. Of the deputies (Lower House), 232 were elected in single-member constituencies (plurality), and 386 were elected in multi-member constituencies by national proportional representation. Also, 12 deputies were elected in multi-member abroad constituencies. The 315 senators (Upper House) were elected in 116 single-member constituencies (plurality) and 193 were elected in multi-member districts by national proportional representation. Additionally, six deputies were elected in multi-member abroad constituencies. Turnout among registered voters was 72.9%. In the Chamber of Deputies (Lower House), the Five Star Movement (M5S) won the most seats, securing 265 out of the 630 total seats, and achieving 32.7% of the vote, but the center-right coalition emerged with the most votes and seats when counted together. The leading party of this alliance was the League (LN), who won 125 seats, an increase of 109 on the previous election. The incumbent Democratic Party (PD), the main party of the center-left coalition, was decimated, winning 18.8% of the vote and 112 seats, a loss of 180 compared to its 2013 performance. Meanwhile, in the Upper House, the Five Star Movement (M5S) also won the most seats but the center-right coalition together had the most votes and seats. Nearly three months after the election, on June 1, 2018, the Independent Guiseppe Conte was sworn in as Prime Minister, leading a coalition between the Five Star Movement (M5S) and the League (LN). <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - ITALY (2018) Baldini, G. & Giglioli, M.F.N. (2019). Italy 2018: The Perfect Populist Storm?. Parliamentary Affairs. OnlineFirst. doi: 10.1093/pa/gsy052 Chiaramonte, A. & D’Alimonte (2018). The new Italian electoral system and its effects on strategic coordination and disproportionality. Italian Political Science, 13(1), 8-18. Chiaramonte, A., Emanuele, V., Maggini, N. & Paparo, A. (2018). Populist Success in a Hung Parliament: The 2018 General Election in Italy. South European Society and Politics, 23(4), 479-501. doi: 10.1080/13608746.2018.1506513 Garzia, D. (2019). The Italian election of 2018 and the first populist government of Western Europe. West European Politics, 32(3), 670-680. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2018.1535381 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - LITHUANIA (2016) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The first round of Parliamentary elections in Lithuania was held on Sunday, October 9, 2016. In constituencies where no candidate won the required majority, the second round of elections was held on October 23, 2016. In the first round, 50.61% of registered voters turned out to cast a vote. These were the first elections in the country since the introduction of the EURO as the new currency. The campaign primarily focused on the issues of emigration, inequality, economy, and labor and business conditions. The Lithuanian Social Democratic Party (LSDP) entered the election as the largest party in outgoing governing coalition comprised additionally of Lithuanian Poles Electoral Action - Christian Families Alliance, Party Order and Justice, and the Labour Party. The LSDP came third by the number of seats. The Lithuania Union of Farmers and Greens won the most seats, 54 out of 141. Two weeks after the elections, on November 9, 2016, the Lithuania Union of Farmers and Greens signed a coalition agreement with the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party to form the government. Twelfth Seimas (independent) became the Prime Minister, endorsed by these two parties. <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - LITHUANIA (2016) Duvold K. and Jurkynas M. (2013) Lithuania. The Handbook of Political Change in Eastern Europe, 125 - 166. Jastramskis, M. and Ramonaite, A. (2017). Lithuania. European Journal of Political Research Political Data Yearbook, 56(1), 176-184. Jurkynas, Mindaugas (2017). The parliamentary election in Lithuania, October 2016. Electoral Studies, 47, 46-50. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2017.04.001 Parline database on national parliaments (2016): Lithuania Seimas. Available at: http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2189_E.htm (Date accessed: February 20, 2019). The Central Electoral Commission of the Republic of Lithuania https://www.vrk.lt/en/home (Date accessed: February 20, 2019) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - MONTENEGRO (2016) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The 2016 Montenegrin parliamentary elections were held on Sunday, October 16, 2016. The elections were held in the midst of controversy and anti-government protests which had taken root in autumn 2015. After corruption allegations concerning Montenegro's long-time President and Prime Minister Milo Djukanovic, street demonstrations erupted, with serious riots in the capital Podgorica in October 2015. The main opposition alliance, the Democratic Front (DF), called for Djukanovic to resign and the formation of a cross-national transitional government to ensure fair elections in 2016. In January 2016, the governing coalition between the Democratic Party (DPS) and the Social Democratic Party (SDP) collapsed after disagreements on the organization of the 2016 elections. In April 2016, the DPS struck a deal to form a provisional government with several opposition parties (Positive Montenegro, DEMOS, and the SDP), although the Democratic Front (DF), the main opposition, did not participate. The dominant DPS, in power since Montenegro's first elections in 1991, won the elections, winning 41.4% of the vote and 36 seats, an increase of 3 on its 2012 performance. The main opposition, DF, won 20.3% of the vote. Positive Montenegro were the big losers, losing all seven seats in parliament. Justice Minister Dusko Markovic became Prime Minister on November 28, 2016, succeeding Djukanovic. The election was overshadowed by a coup d'etat plot on election day, when several people, including two Russian nationals, were arrested and later charged in relation to the incident. The issue led to opposition parties declaring a collective boycott of parliament and the main opposition party later refusing to participate in local elections. <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - MONTENEGRO (2016) Darmanovic, S. (2017): The Never-Boring Balkans: The Elections of 2016. Journal of Democracy, 28, 116-128. doi: 10.1353/jod.2017.0010 Inter-Parliamentary Union (n.D.): Montenegro Skupstina (Parliament). Available at http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2385_E.htm (Date accessed: March 29, 2019). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - NEW ZEALAND (2017) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The 2017 New Zealand parliamentary election was held on Saturday, September 23, 2017. The turnout among registered voters was 79.8%, an increase of two points on the previous election in 2014. The results of the general election were surprising and far-reaching. Opinion polls had anticipated a repeat of the 2014 election with the National Party expected to win a fourth term in office and the leading opposition party Labor lagging. When the votes were counted, the National Party won the most votes and seats but fell short of an overall majority with 56 seats, losing four seats overall. Labor surpassed expectations, winning 36.9% of the vote and 46 seats (29 electorate wins and 17 list seats), an increase of 14 seats on 2014, meaning a Labor-led minority administration was viable. NZ First won the third most votes - 7.2% and formed a minority coalition with Labor, facilitated by a confidence and supply agreement with the Green Party. Jacinta Ardern became Prime Minister, New Zealand's third female head of government with NZ First leader Winston Peters as her Deputy and Minister for Foreign Affairs. At the same time, outgoing Prime Minister Bill English resigned as leader of the Nationals, having served as Prime Minister for ten months. <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - NEW ZEALAND (2017) Greaves, L. M., Sengupta, N. K., Townrow, C. S., Osborne, D., Houkamau, C. A., & Sibley, C. G. (2018). Maori, a politicized identity: Indigenous identity, voter turnout, protest, and political party support in Aotearoa New Zealand. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 7(3), 155. doi: 10.1037/ipp0000089 New Zealand Electoral Commission: https://www.electionresults.org.nz/electionresults_2017/ (accessed on October 29, 2019). Parline database on New Zealand House of Representatives, available at: http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2233_E.htm (accessed on October 29, 2019). Skiling, P., & Molineaux, J. (2017). New Zealand's minor parties and ER policy after 2017. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 42(2), 110. Vowles, J. (2018). Surprise, surprise: the New Zealand general election of 2017. Kotuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online, 13(2), 147-160. doi: 10.1080/1177083X.2018.1443472 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - NORWAY (2017) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The 2017 Norwegian parliamentary election took place on Monday, September 11, 2017. Turnout among registered voters was 78.2%. Although the Labor Party (Ap), led by former Foreign Minister Jonas Gahre Store, won the most votes and seats in the Storting (Norwegian Parliament), the party lost six seats, achieving its worst result since 2001 and its second-worst result since 1924. The non-left parties retained their majority in parliament. Despite losing three seats, the Conservatives (H) remained the largest party of this bloc, winning 25% of the vote and 45 seats. The Centre Party (Sp) advanced, winning 10.3% of the vote, up nearly five points on its 2013 performance, and netting an additional nine seats. The Progress Party (FrP), part of the outgoing coalition with the Conservatives, held their own, winning 15.1% of the vote, coming in third place nationally, with 27 seats. On January 14, 2018, the Conservative Party (H), the Progress Party (FrP), and the Liberal Party (V) agreed to form a minority coalition with Erna Solberg, Prime Minister since 2013, remaining premier. The Christian Democrats (KrP) later voted to join the coalition, marking the first time since 1985 that Norway's right bloc had formed a majority government. <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - NORWAY (2017): Aardal, B. & Bergh, J. (2018). The 2017 Norwegian election. West European Politics, 41(5), pp.1208-1216. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2017.1415778 Kalsnes, B., & Larsson, A. O. (2019). Facebook News Use During the 2017 Norwegian Elections Assessing the Influence of Hyperpartisan News. Journalism Practice, 1-17. doi: 10.1080/17512786.2019.1704426 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - SOUTH KOREA (2016) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The 2016 South Korean lower house election was held on Wednesday, April 13, 2016. 58.15% of registered voters turned out to vote. Less than two months ahead of the election and after several rounds of failed negotiations, the governing Saenuri Party and the major opposition party, the Democratic Party, agreed to an electoral district reform, as demanded by a ruling of South Korea's Constitutional Court. Due to the late agreement, registered candidates were allowed to start campaigning for the 2016 election even without predefined electoral districts. Compared to the previous legislative election in 2012, the number of single-member constituencies increased from 246 to 253, while the number of seats returned by proportional representation decreased from 54 to 47. Further, the 2016 election was the first major legislative election after the dissolution of the Unified Progressive Party (UPP) in 2014 and the formation of the People's Party in December 2015. Surprisingly to many observers, the Saenuri Party led by Kim Moo-sung lost its majority in the National Assembly, by securing only 122 out of 300 seats. Additionally, for the first time since 2000, the Saenuri Party lost its plurality of seats to the Democratic Party led by Kim Chong-in, which obtained 123 seats and thus one more seat than the Saenuri Party. Ahn Cheol-soo's People's Party entered parliament for the firs time by securing 38 seats. As a response to electoral defeat, party leaders of the Saenuri party resigned. <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - SOUTH KOREA (2016) Rich, T.S. (2019). Explaining the Success of the People's Party: An Analysis of South Korea's 2016 Legislative Elections. Asian Politics & Policy, 11(1), 27-42. doi: 10.1111/aspp.12432 The National Election Commission (NEC) of the Republic of Korea. http://www.nec.go.kr (Date accessed: April 7, 2019). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - TAIWAN (2016) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- General elections in Taiwan were held on January 16, 2016. Voters were called to polling stations to elect the 14th President of Taiwan and 113 members of Taiwan Legislative body - Yuan. The turnout for Presidential elections was 66.27%. Going into the election, The Kuomintang of China, one of the major parties in Taiwan, held both the presidency and majority in parliament. However, the 2016 elections saw a complete change, as the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) candidate Tsai Ing-wen won 56.1% of votes and became the new president of Taiwan, and first women elected into the office. The DPP also won a majority in the Parliamentary elections. One of the surprises of the 2016 elections was the result of the New Power Party (NPP). Only one year after the party was formed, it became the third largest party in Taiwan, winning five seats in the legislature. <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - TAIWAN (2016) Hsiao, Hsin-Huang Michael (2016). 2016 Taiwan Elections: Significance and Implications. Orbis, 60(4), 504-514. doi: 10.1016/j.orbis.2016.08.006 Hsieh, John Fuh-sheng (2016). Taiwan's 2016 Elections: Critical Elections? American Journal of Chinese Studies, 23(1), 9-23. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44289122 (Date accessed: March 24, 2019). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - TURKEY (2018) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The 2018 Turkish General Elections took place on June 24, 2018. Turkish citizens elected both the Grand National Assembly, Turkey’s unicameral parliament, and the President. Elections were initially scheduled for November 2019 but were held early following an agreement between the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) in April 2018. Further, elections took place under an ongoing state of emergency, which was declared after a failed coup d’etat against the government on July 15, 2016. The 2018 elections also marked a turn in Turkey’s political system, as the new Presidential system, which was adopted by a referendum in April 2017, fully came into effect after the election. The 2017 referendum approved major constitutional changes, such as the abolition of the office of the Prime Minister, the strengthening of executive powers of the President, and the reduction of parliamentary oversight. Additionally, constitutional amendments increased the number of members of parliament from 550 to 600, resulting in two additional electoral districts (87 in total) and many districts gaining additional seats. 86.24% of registered voters turned out to vote in the Presidential election. Also supported by the MHP, incumbent President and party leader Recep Tayyip Erdogan (AKP) won the election with 52.59% of the vote in the first round. Following the constitutional amendments adopted by the referendum in 2017, Erdogan became both the head of state and the head of government. For the parliamentary election, the turnout rate among registered voters was 86.22%. The governing Justice and Development Party (AKP) emerged as the most successful party but lost its absolute majority in parliament, achieving 42.56% of the vote (295 seats). Together with the MHP (11.1%, 49 seats) the AKP formed the “People’s Alliance” for the election. The opposition parties Republican People’s Party (CHP), Good Party (IYI), and Felicity Party (SP) formed the “Nation Alliance”, which together won 33.94% of the vote and 189 seats. The People’s Democratic Party (HDP) came in third by winning 11.7% of the vote (49 seats). <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - TURKEY (2018) Carkoglu, A., Yildirim, K. (2018). Change and Continuity in Turkey’s June 2018 elections. Insight Turkey 20(4): 153-182. DOI: 10.25253/99.2018204.07 Tas, H. (2018). Contained Uncertainty: Turkey’s June 2018 Elections and Their Consequences. GIGA Focus Middle East 04/2018. Retrieved from https://www.giga-hamburg.de/de/system/files/publications/gf_nahost_ 1804_en.pdf (Date accessed: October 23, 2019) OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR). (2018). Republic of Turkey Early Presidential and Parliamentary Elections 24 June 2018. ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report. Retrieved from https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/turkey/397046?download=true (Date accessed: October 22, 2019) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> ELECTION SUMMARY - UNITED STATES (2016) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The 2016 United States general election were held on Tuesday November 8, 2016. Voters elected the President, all 435 members of the Lower House (House of Representatives) and 34 out of 100 members of the Upper House (Senate), as well as many state offices. Incumbent President Barack Obama (Democrat), in office since 2009, was ineligible for re-election because of term limits. Contesting the election for the Presidency were former Secretary of State and First Lady of the United States Hillary Clinton, nominated by the Democratic Party, and businessman and television personality Donald Trump for the Republican Party. The election campaign was marred by controversy over Hillary Clinton's use of a private e-mail server during her time as Secretary of State and Donald Trump's fitness for office after a series of controversial statements and behaviors were exposed. Turnout among registered voters was 63.8%. Although Clinton won the popular vote, obtaining 48.2% to Donald Trump's 46.1%, Trump won the electoral college, winning 304 to 228 electoral votes. He assumed office on January 20, 2017. Meanwhile, in the House of Representatives, the Republicans maintained their control, securing 241 seats, while the Democrats won 194. In the Senate, the Republicans won 22 of the 34 races, resulting in them holding 52 seats, and a majority in the Senate. It was the first time since 2004 that Republicans controlled the Presidency, the House, and the Senate simultaneously. <<>> SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE ELECTION - UNITED STATES (2016) Lewis-Beck, M. & Quinlan, S. (2019): The Hillary Hypotheses: Testing Candidate Views of Loss. Perspectives on Politics, 17(3), 646-65. doi: 10.1017/S153759271800347X Sides, J. Tesler, M., & Vavreck, Lynn (2017): The 2016 U.S. Election: How Trump Lost and Won. Journal of Democracy, 28(2), 34-44. doi: 10.1353/jod.2017.0022 Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017): Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211-236. doi: 10.1257/jep.31.2.211 Enli, G. (2017): Twitter as an arena for the authentic outsider: exploring the social media campaigns of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election. European Journal of Communication, 32(1), 50-61. doi: 10.1177/0267323116682802 //END OF FILE